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Hansen T, Vermeeren P, Yoshisada R, Filippov DV, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC, Hamlin TA. How Lewis Acids Catalyze Ring-Openings of Cyclohexene Oxide. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3565-3573. [PMID: 33538169 PMCID: PMC7901664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have quantum chemically studied the Lewis acid-catalyzed epoxide ring-opening reaction of cyclohexene epoxide by MeZH (Z = O, S, and NH) using relativistic dispersion-corrected density functional theory. We found that the reaction barrier of the Lewis acid-catalyzed epoxide ring-opening reactions decreases upon ascending in group 1 along the series Cs+ > Rb+ > K+ > Na+ > Li+ > H+. Our activation strain and Kohn-Sham molecular orbital analyses reveal that the enhanced reactivity of the Lewis acid-catalyzed ring-opening reaction is caused by the reduced steric (Pauli) repulsion between the filled orbitals of the epoxide and the nucleophile, as the Lewis acid polarizes the filled orbitals of the epoxide more efficiently away from the incoming nucleophile. Furthermore, we established that the regioselectivity of these ring-opening reactions is, aside from the "classical" strain control, also dictated by a hitherto unknown mechanism, namely, the steric (Pauli) repulsion between the nucleophile and the substrate, which could be traced back to the asymmetric orbital density on the epoxide. In all, this work again demonstrates that the concept of Pauli-lowering catalysis is a general phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hansen
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam
Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMSS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling
(ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081
HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden
University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The
Netherlands
| | - Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam
Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMSS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling
(ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081
HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ryoji Yoshisada
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden
University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The
Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden
University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The
Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden
University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The
Netherlands
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam
Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMSS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling
(ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081
HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Thiery E, Le Bras J, Muzart J. Reactivity versus Stability of Oxiranes under Palladium‐Catalyzed Reductive Conditions. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Thiery
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 6229, CNRS – Université de Reims Champagne‐Ardenne, B. P. 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France, Fax: +33‐3‐26913166
| | - Jean Le Bras
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 6229, CNRS – Université de Reims Champagne‐Ardenne, B. P. 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France, Fax: +33‐3‐26913166
| | - Jacques Muzart
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 6229, CNRS – Université de Reims Champagne‐Ardenne, B. P. 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France, Fax: +33‐3‐26913166
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