Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Anticancer Screening of Ester-based Thiazole Derivatives

This study investigates the potential of five compounds as novel anticancer agents. We examined their efficacy, mechanisms of action, and impact on various cancer cell lines, through a comprehensive set of experiments. Notably, compound 3e demonstrated superior activity compared to the positive control cisplatin, with a GI50 value of 6.3±0.7 μM against the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Compound 3b also displayed remarkable growth inhibition, yielding GI50 values of 8.7±0.2 μM (MCF-7) and 8.9±0.5 μM against the colon cancer cell line (HCT-116). Cell count experiments further confirmed the potent inhibitory effects of compounds 3e, 3b, and 3c on MCF-7 and HCT-116 cell growth. Compound 3e demonstrated a reduction of 55-60 % at GI50 and complete inhibition (100 %) at 2x GI50. Compound 3b exhibited 50-55 % reduction (GI50) and 90-95 % inhibition (2x GI50) in HCT-116 cells. Compound 3c displayed 75-80 % inhibition (2x GI50) and 35-40 % inhibition (GI50) in HCT-116 cells. In-depth mechanistic investigations unveiled valuable insights into the mode of action of compound 3e. The cell-cycle assay demonstrated G2/M phase arrest, DNA damage, and caspase-mediated apoptosis in both MCF-7 and HCT-116 cells. Caspase activation indicated a significant increase in apoptosis following exposure to compound 3e. Furthermore, compound 3e induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, influencing HCT-116 and MCF-7 cells differently. Elevated ROS production in HCT-116 cells and distinct effects in MCF-7 cells contribute to a deeper understanding of the cytotoxic mechanisms of compound 3e. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of the investigated compounds, particularly compound 3e, as effective inducers of apoptosis in cancer cells. Mechanistic insights into cell cycle arrest, caspase-mediated apoptosis, and ROS modulation provide a comprehensive understanding of their cytotoxic effects. This study offers significant contribution to the development of promising anticancer agents and their therapeutic applications.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluations of Novel Azothiazoles Based on Thioamide

Herein we studied the preparation of different thiazoles via the reaction of 2-(3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (1) with hydrazonoyl halides under base-catalyzed conditions. The reactions proceed through nucleophilic substitution attack at the halogen atom of the hydrazonoyl halides by the thiol nucleophile to form an S-alkylated intermediate. The latter intermediate undergoes cyclization by the loss of water to afford the final products. The structures of the azo compounds were confirmed by FTIR, MS, NMR, and elemental analyses. Indeed, the newly synthesized azo compounds were estimated for their potential anticancer activities by an MTT assay against different human cancer cells, such as lung adenocarcinoma (A549) and colorectal adenocarcinoma (DLD-1). The caspase-3 levels were also estimated using Western blotting and the dual staining technique to evaluate the potency of the titled compounds to promote apoptosis.

Synthesis of antimicrobial azoloazines and molecular docking for inhibiting COVID-19

Diverse new azoloazines were synthesized from the reaction of fluorinated hydrazonoyl chlorides with heterocyclic thiones, 1,8-diaminonaphthalene, ketene aminal derivatives, and 4-amino-5-triflouromethyl-1,2,4-triazole-2-thiol. The mechanistic pathways and the structures of all synthesized derivatives were discussed and assured based on the available spectral data. The synthesized azoloazine derivatives were evaluated for their antifungal and antibacterial activities through zone of inhibition measurement. The results revealed promising antifungal activities for compounds 4, 5, 17a,b, 19, and 25 against the pathogenic fungal strains used; Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans compared to ketoconazole. In addition, compounds 4, 5, 19, and 25 showed moderate antibacterial activities against most tested bacterial strains. Molecular docking studies of the promising compounds were carried out on leucyl-tRNA synthetase active site of Candida albicans, suggesting good binding in the active site forming stable complexes. Moreover, docking of the synthesized compounds was performed on the active site of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro to predict their potential as a hopeful anti-COVID and to investigate their binding pattern.