1
|
Zhong C, Nidetzky B. Bottom-Up Synthesized Glucan Materials: Opportunities from Applied Biocatalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400436. [PMID: 38514194 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Linear d-glucans are natural polysaccharides of simple chemical structure. They are comprised of d-glucosyl units linked by a single type of glycosidic bond. Noncovalent interactions within, and between, the d-glucan chains give rise to a broad variety of macromolecular nanostructures that can assemble into crystalline-organized materials of tunable morphology. Structure design and functionalization of d-glucans for diverse material applications largely relies on top-down processing and chemical derivatization of naturally derived starting materials. The top-down approach encounters critical limitations in efficiency, selectivity, and flexibility. Bottom-up approaches of d-glucan synthesis offer different, and often more precise, ways of polymer structure control and provide means of functional diversification widely inaccessible to top-down routes of polysaccharide material processing. Here the natural and engineered enzymes (glycosyltransferases, glycoside hydrolases and phosphorylases, glycosynthases) for d-glucan polymerization are described and the use of applied biocatalysis for the bottom-up assembly of specific d-glucan structures is shown. Advanced material applications of the resulting polymeric products are further shown and their important role in the development of sustainable macromolecular materials in a bio-based circular economy is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz, 8010, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, Graz, 8010, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
An R, Liu C, Wang J, Jia P. Wood-Derived Polymers from Olefin-Functionalized Lignin and Ethyl Cellulose via Thiol-Ene Click Chemistry. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081923. [PMID: 37112070 PMCID: PMC10140994 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin and cellulose derivatives have vast potential to be applied in polymer materials. The preparation of cellulose and lignin derivatives through esterification modification is an important method to endow cellulose and lignin with good reactivity, processability and functionality. In this study, ethyl cellulose and lignin are modified via esterification to prepare olefin-functionalized ethyl cellulose and lignin, which are further used to prepare cellulose and lignin cross-linker polymers via thiol-ene click chemistry. The results show that the olefin group concentration in olefin-functionalized ethyl cellulose and lignin reached 2.8096 mmol/g and 3.7000 mmol/g. The tensile stress at break of the cellulose cross-linked polymers reached 23.59 MPa. The gradual enhancement in mechanical properties is positively correlated with the olefin group concentration. The existence of ester groups in the cross-linked polymers and degradation products makes them more thermally stable. In addition, the microstructure and pyrolysis gas composition are also investigated in this paper. This research is of vast significance to the chemical modification and practical application of lignin and cellulose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong An
- School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chengguo Liu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 16 Suojin North Road, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Puyou Jia
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 16 Suojin North Road, Nanjing 210042, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bruña S, Valverde-González A, Montero-Campillo MM, Mó O, Cuadrado I. Thiol-yne chemistry of diferrocenylacetylene: from synthesis and electrochemistry to theoretical studies. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15412-15424. [PMID: 36156664 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02378d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thiol-yne coupling chemistry of diferrocenylacetylene (FcCCFc) 1, bearing two electron rich and redox-active ferrocenyl units (Fc = Fe(η5-C5H4)(η5-C5H5)) and an internal triple bond, has been investigated for the first time. In order to determine whether steric limitations might affect hydrothiolation, a model reaction using a functionalized monothiol was tested, namely 2-mercaptoethanol I. The thiol-diferrocenylacetylene reactions were initiated either thermally (in toluene with AIBN) or by UV light irradiation (in THF and in the presence of DMPA as the photoinitiator). The outcomes of these thiol-yne reactions showed a strong dependence on the initiation method used, with the thermally initiated one being the most efficient. These thiol-diferrocenylacetylene reactions mainly afforded the (Z)-stereoisomer of the newly obtained vinyl thioether sulfide FcCHC(Fc)S-(CH2)2OH (2), unlike the more common (E)-vinyl sulfides found in other additions to alkynes. The hydrothiolation of the internal -CC- bond in 1 was successfully extended to dithiol 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)diethanethiol II, leading to the formation of the (ZZ)-isomer, with four ferrocenyl units, as the major product. According to the electrochemical studies, the new asymmetrical ferrocenyl-vinyl sulfides show iron-iron electronic and electrostatic interactions. Theoretical results for the (Z)-stereoisomer (2) suggest that adiabatic oxidation would lead to the loss of almost one electron on the ferrocenyl subunit closer to the thioether chain. Furthermore, the thiol-yne chemistry of the internal -CC- bond in diferrocenylacetylene has been compared to the external triple bond in ethynylferrocene, the theoretical results of which helped us to rationalize the very different reactivities observed in both metallocenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Bruña
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain. .,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Facultad de Ciencias, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Valverde-González
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Merced Montero-Campillo
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Otilia Mó
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Facultad de Ciencias, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Cuadrado
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain. .,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Facultad de Ciencias, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li H, Guillaume SM, Carpentier J. Polythioesters Prepared by Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Thioesters and Related Monomers. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200641. [PMID: 35816010 PMCID: PMC9543045 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable and biocompatible polyesters with a wide range of applications; in particular, they currently stand as promising alternatives to conventional polyolefin-based "plastics". The introduction of sulfur atoms within the PHAs backbone can endow the resulting polythioesters (PTEs) with differentiated, sometimes enhanced thermal, optical and mechanical properties, thereby widening their versatility and use. Hence, PTEs have been gaining increasing attention over the past half-decade. This review highlights recent advances towards the synthesis of well-defined PTEs by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic thioesters - namely thiolactones - as well as of S-carboxyanhydrides and thionolactones; it also covers the ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of cyclic thioanhydrides or thiolactones with epoxides or episulfides. Most of the ROP reactions described are of anionic type, mediated by inorganic, organic or organometallic initiators/catalysts, along with a few enzymatic reactions as well. Emphasis is placed on the reactivity of the thio monomers, in relation to their ring-size ranging from 4- to 5-, 6- and 7-membered cycles, the nature of the catalyst/initiating systems implemented and their efficiency in terms of activity and control over the PTE molar mass, dispersity, topology, and microstructure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Univ RennesCNRSISCR-UMR 622635000RennesFrance
| | | | | |
Collapse
|