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Rosenkranz AA, Slastnikova TA, Durymanov MO, Georgiev GP, Sobolev AS. Exploiting active nuclear import for efficient delivery of Auger electron emitters into the cell nucleus. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:28-38. [PMID: 32856963 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1815889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most attractive features of Auger electrons (AEs) in cancer therapy are their extremely short range and sufficiently high linear energy transfer (LET) for a majority of them. The cytotoxic effects of AE emitters can be realized only in close vicinity to sensitive cellular targets and they are negligible if the emitters are located outside the cell. The nucleus is considered the compartment most sensitive to high LET particles. Therefore, the use of AE emitters could be most useful in specific recognition of a cancer cell and delivery of AE emitters into its nucleus. PURPOSE This review describes the studies aimed at developing effective anticancer agents for the delivery of AE emitters to the nuclei of target cancer cells. The use of peptide-based conjugates, nanoparticles, recombinant proteins, and other constructs for AE emitter targeted intranuclear delivery as well as their advantages and limitations are discussed. CONCLUSION Transport from the cytoplasm to the nucleus along with binding to the cancer cell is one of the key stages in the delivery of AE emitters; therefore, several constructs for exploitation of this transport have been developed. The transport is carried out through a nuclear pore complex (NPC) with the use of specific amino acid nuclear localization sequences (NLS) and carrier proteins named importins, which are located in the cytosol. Therefore, the effectiveness of NLS-containing delivery constructs designed to provide energy-dependent transport of AE emitter into the nuclei of cancer cells also depends on their efficient entry into the cytosol of the target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Rosenkranz
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Alexander S Sobolev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Sobolev AS. The Delivery of Biologically Active Agents into the Nuclei of Target Cells for the Purposes of Translational Medicine. Acta Naturae 2020; 12:47-56. [PMID: 33456977 PMCID: PMC7800601 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of vehicles for the subcellular targeted delivery of biologically active agents is very promising for the purposes of translational medicine. This review summarizes the results obtained by researchers from the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Intracellular Transport, Institute of Gene Biology RAS, which allowed them to design the core technology: modular nanotransporters. This approach ensures high efficacy and cell specificity for different anti-cancer agents, as they are delivered into the most vulnerable subcellular compartment within the cells of interest and makes it possible for antibody mimetics to penetrate into a compartment of interest within the target cells ("diving antibodies"). Furthermore, polyplexes, complexes of polycationic block copolymers of DNA, have been developed and characterized. These complexes are efficient both in vitro and in vivo and demonstrate predominant transfection of actively dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Sobolev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow,119334 Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234 Russia
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Delivery systems exploiting natural cell transport processes of macromolecules for intracellular targeting of Auger electron emitters. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 80-81:45-56. [PMID: 31810828 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Auger electrons (AE) among the decay products of a number of radionuclides makes these radionuclides an attractive means for treating cancer because these short-range electrons can cause significant damage in the immediate vicinity of the decomposition site. Moreover, the extreme locality of the effect provides a potential for selective eradication of cancer cells with minimal damage to adjacent normal cells provided that the delivery of the AE emitter to the most vulnerable parts of the cell can be achieved. Few cellular compartments have been regarded as the desired target site for AE emitters, with the cell nucleus generally recognized as the preferred site for AE decay due to the extreme sensitivity of nuclear DNA to direct damage by radiation of high linear energy transfer. Thus, the advantages of AE emitters for cancer therapy are most likely to be realized by their selective delivery into the nucleus of the malignant cells. To achieve this goal, delivery systems must combine a challenging complex of properties that not only provide cancer cell preferential recognition but also cell entry followed by transport into the cell nucleus. A promising strategy for achieving this is the recruitment of natural cell transport processes of macromolecules, involved in each of the aforementioned steps. To date, a number of constructs exploiting intracellular transport systems have been proposed for AE emitter delivery to the nucleus of a targeted cell. An example of such a multifunctional vehicle that provides smart step-by-step delivery is the so-called modular nanotransporter, which accomplishes selective recognition, binding, internalization, and endosomal escape followed by nuclear import of the delivered radionuclide. The current review will focus on delivery systems utilizing various intracellular transport pathways and their combinations in order to provide efficient targeting of AE to the cancer cell nucleus.
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Rosenkranz AA, Slastnikova TA, Karmakova TA, Vorontsova MS, Morozova NB, Petriev VM, Abrosimov AS, Khramtsov YV, Lupanova TN, Ulasov AV, Yakubovskaya RI, Georgiev GP, Sobolev AS. Antitumor Activity of Auger Electron Emitter 111In Delivered by Modular Nanotransporter for Treatment of Bladder Cancer With EGFR Overexpression. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1331. [PMID: 30510514 PMCID: PMC6252321 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-ray emitting 111In, which is extensively used for imaging, is also a source of short-range Auger electrons (AE). While exhibiting negligible effect outside cells, these AE become highly toxic near DNA within the cell nucleus. Therefore, these radionuclides can be used as a therapeutic anticancer agent if delivered precisely into the nuclei of tumor target cells. Modular nanotransporters (MNTs) designed to provide receptor-targeted delivery of short-range therapeutic cargoes into the nuclei of target cells are perspective candidates for specific intracellular delivery of AE emitters. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of 111In attached MNTs to kill human bladder cancer cells overexpressing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The cytotoxicity of 111In delivered by the EGFR-targeted MNT (111In-MNT) was greatly enhanced on EJ-, HT-1376-, and 5637-expressing EGFR bladder cancer cell lines compared with 111In non-targeted control. In vivo microSPECT/CT imaging and antitumor efficacy studies revealed prolonged intratumoral retention of 111In-MNT with t½ = 4.1 ± 0.5 days as well as significant dose-dependent tumor growth delay (up to 90% growth inhibition) after local infusion of 111In-MNT in EJ xenograft-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Rosenkranz
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Tatiana A Karmakova
- National Medical Research Radiology Center of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria S Vorontsova
- National Medical Research Radiology Center of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia B Morozova
- National Medical Research Radiology Center of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasiliy M Petriev
- National Medical Research Radiology Center of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Yuri V Khramtsov
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexey V Ulasov
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Raisa I Yakubovskaya
- National Medical Research Radiology Center of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexander S Sobolev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Kamaletdinova TR, Rosenkranz AA, Ulasov AV, Khramtsov YV, Tsvetkova AD, Georgiev GP, Sobolev AS. Modular Nanotransporter with P21 Fragment Inhibits DNA Repair after Bleomycin Treatment. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2018; 479:95-97. [DOI: 10.1134/s1607672918020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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