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Niu KX, Chang CY, Zhang MQ, Guo YT, Yan Y, Sun HJ, Zhang GL, Li XM, Gong YL, Ding CH, Wang ML, Ni Z, Sun Q, Gou JY. Suppressing ASPARTIC PROTEASE 1 prolongs photosynthesis and increases wheat grain weight. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:965-977. [PMID: 37277438 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The elongation of photosynthesis, or functional staygreen, represents a feasible strategy to propel metabolite flux towards cereal kernels. However, achieving this goal remains a challenge in food crops. Here we report the cloning of wheat CO2 assimilation and kernel enhanced 2 (cake2), the mechanism underlying the photosynthesis advantages and natural alleles amenable to breeding elite varieties. A premature stop mutation in the A-genome copy of the ASPARTIC PROTEASE 1 (APP-A1) gene increased the photosynthesis rate and yield. APP1 bound and degraded PsbO, the protective extrinsic member of photosystem II critical for increasing photosynthesis and yield. Furthermore, a natural polymorphism of the APP-A1 gene in common wheat reduced APP-A1's activity and promoted photosynthesis and grain size and weight. This work demonstrates that the modification of APP1 increases photosynthesis, grain size and yield potentials. The genetic resources could propel photosynthesis and high-yield potentials in elite varieties of tetraploid and hexaploid wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Xin Niu
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao-Yan Chang
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Qi Zhang
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Ting Guo
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yan
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Jie Sun
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Liang Zhang
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Lin Gong
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ci-Hang Ding
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qixin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Ying Gou
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Possible Steps of the Carboxylation of Ribulose-1,5-biphosphate from Intermediates: 2,3-Enediol versus 1,2-Enol. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189749. [PMID: 34575912 PMCID: PMC8465432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) undergoes enolization to initiate fixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the plant carbon cycle. The known model assumes the binding of RuBP to the Rubisco active site with the subsequent formation of 2,3-enediol (2,3,4-trihydroxypent-2-ene-1,5-diyl diphosphate). In the present study, it is assumed that 1,2-enol (2,3,4-trihydroxypent-1-ene-1,5-diyl diphosphate) can be formed in the enolization step to initiate the carboxylation reaction. We have used Kohn–Sham density functional theory on WB97X-D3/Def2-TZVP levels to compare the reaction barriers in the two ways. We considered the pathways of carboxylation of 1/2-ene (mono/di)ol via the C1 and C2 carbons without taking into account the binding of RuBP to the magnesium ion. Calculations of Gibbs free energies confirm the equal probability of the formation of 2,3-enediol and 1,2-enol. Quantum–chemical modeling of enolization and carboxylation reactions supports the important role of the bridging water molecule and diphosphate groups, which provide proton transfer and lower reaction barriers. The results show that carbon dioxide fixation can occur without a magnesium ion, and binding with C1 can have a lower barrier (~12 kcal/mol) than with C2 (~23 kcal/mol).
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