1
|
Moret M, Gavezzotti A. The crystalline state of rubrene materials: intermolecular recognition, isomorphism, polymorphism, and periodic bond-chain analysis of morphologies. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00861k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Crystal structure analysis and lattice energy calculations of 33 rubrenes provide a background for new ideas on synthesis and planning of transport properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Moret
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano – Bicocca, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Li Z. Significant Influence of Molecular Packing in Aggregates on Optoelectronic Properties. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/a21010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
3
|
|
4
|
Shukla R, Ruzié C, Schweicher G, Kennedy AR, Geerts YH, Chopra D, Chattopadhyay B. Insight from electron density and energy framework analysis on the structural features of F x-TCNQ (x = 0, 2, 4) family of molecules. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2019; 75:71-78. [PMID: 32830780 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520618017109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the nature and characteristics of the intramolecular and intermolecular interactions in crystal structures of the fluoro-substituted 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) family of molecules, i.e. Fx-TCNQ (x = 0, 2, 4), are explored. The molecular geometry of the reported crystal structures is directly dependent on the degree of fluorination in the molecule, which consequently also results in the presence of an intramolecular N[triple-bond]C...F-C π-hole tetrel bond. Apart from this, the energy framework analysis performed along the respective transport planes provides new insights into the energetic distribution in this class of molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Shukla
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-Pass Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India 462066
| | - Christian Ruzié
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, CP 206/01, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Schweicher
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| | - Yves H Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, CP 206/01, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-Pass Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India 462066
| | - Basab Chattopadhyay
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, CP 206/01, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pal B, Chang CH, Zeng CJ, Lin CH. Template-Assisted Benzannulation Route to Pentacene and Tetracene Derivatives and its Application to Construct Amphiphilic Acenes That Self-Assemble into Helical Wires. Chemistry 2017; 23:17542-17548. [PMID: 28967152 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pentacene is one of the most versatile organic semiconductors. New synthetic strategies to construct the pentacene skeleton are imperative to produce pentacene derivatives with appropriate solubility, stability, and optoelectronic properties for various applications. This paper describes a template-directed approach to pentacene derivatives. In the retrosynthesis, the acene skeleton is viewed as a laddered double strand polyene instead of the more intuitive linearly fused hexagons. Based on this vision, the template strand of polyene is constructed with Wittig olefination, whereas the second strand is accomplished with Knoevenagel condensation to produce pentacene and tetracene derivatives. The synthetic scheme is flexible enough to generate an array of acene derivatives with substitution patterns that were hitherto difficult to access. Amphiphilic pentacene and tetracene derivatives were also synthesized by the template strategy. One pentacene based amphiphilic rod-coil molecule undergoes self-assembly to form helical wire structures that were visualized with TEM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Pal
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Sec. 2, No. 128, Taipei, Taiwan, R. O. China
| | - Chun-Hsiung Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Sec. 2, No. 128, Taipei, Taiwan, R. O. China
| | - Cian-Jhe Zeng
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Sec. 2, No. 128, Taipei, Taiwan, R. O. China
| | - Chih-Hsiu Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Sec. 2, No. 128, Taipei, Taiwan, R. O. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Frederickson CK, Rose BD, Haley MM. Explorations of the Indenofluorenes and Expanded Quinoidal Analogues. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:977-987. [PMID: 28207235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly conjugated hydrocarbons have attracted interest for use as active materials in electronic devices such as organic field effect transistors (OFET) and organic photovoltaics (OPV). In this Account, we review our progress in synthesizing and studying a new class of small molecules for potential use as organic semiconductors. The idea originated from prior research on octadehydrodibenz[12]annulene, as the system can undergo double transannular cyclization to yield the indeno[1,2-b]fluorene skeleton. Subsequent functionalization afforded the first stable, well-characterized indeno[1,2-b]fluorene derivatives, albeit in minute quantities (tens of milligrams). The preparation of these formally antiaromatic compounds has since been optimized: the new synthetic routes utilize inexpensive starting materials, involve robust and high-yielding transformations, and are amenable to considerably larger scale reaction. We have since researched the chemical space of indeno[1,2-b]fluorenes and related quinoidal structures by substitution with a number of functional groups and by permutation of the indenofluorene scaffold. These modifications have allowed us to explore fundamental concepts such as biradical character and antiaromaticity, important considerations when tuning electronic properties to yield functional organic materials. Altering the outer rings by exchange of carbocycles for heterocycles or by inclusion of additional rings as part of the fully conjugated skeleton is one strategy we have examined. Fusing these different aryl groups to s-indacene revealed a dependence of the antiaromaticity of the indacene core upon the outer group. Computational analysis of a series of indeno[1,2-b]fluorene derivatives uncovered an array of different levels of antiaromaticity in the core of the indeno[1,2-b]fluorene derivatives, with one of the benzothiophene derivatives calculated to be as antiaromatic as the parent s-indacene itself. Conversely, we have prepared compounds with expanded cores, starting with the naphthalene-based fluoreno[4,3-c]fluorene, which was produced through a similar route as the indeno[1,2-b]fluorene, using a dione as the key intermediate. Similar to indeno[1,2-b]fluorene, fluoreno[4,3-c]fluorene showed a closed shell ground state, with no evidence of open shell character even upon heating to 170 °C. Increasing the size of the quinoidal core to three rings afforded a diindeno[b,i]anthracene (DIAn) derivative, a compound with a much more complex electronic picture. To produce DIAn, a new synthetic route was devised involving a Friedel-Crafts alkylation to form the five-membered ring and a DDQ oxidation to produce the final compound. DIAn displayed NMR signals that were broadened at room temperature and disappeared when heated, indicative of a molecule with significant biradical character. Extensive computational and experimental investigation verified the controllable expression of its biradical character, with DIAn best described with a ground state that lies between a closed shell compound and a open-shell singlet biradical, with ready access to a thermally populated triplet state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conerd K. Frederickson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Bradley D. Rose
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Meng L, Fujikawa T, Kuwayama M, Segawa Y, Itami K. Thiophene-Fused π-Systems from Diarylacetylenes and Elemental Sulfur. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10351-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingkui Meng
- Integrated
Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Graduate
School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takao Fujikawa
- Graduate
School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Motonobu Kuwayama
- Graduate
School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- JST,
ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Segawa
- Graduate
School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- JST,
ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Integrated
Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Graduate
School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- JST,
ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Curtis F, Wang X, Marom N. Effect of packing motifs on the energy ranking and electronic properties of putative crystal structures of tricyano-1,4-dithiino[c]-isothiazole. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2016; 72:562-570. [PMID: 27484377 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520616009227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present an analysis of putative structures of tricyano-1,4-dithiino[c]-isothiazole (TCS3), generated within the sixth crystal structure prediction blind test. Typical packing motifs are identified and characterized in terms of distinct patterns of close contacts and regions of electrostatic and dispersion interactions. We find that different dispersion-inclusive density functional theory (DFT) methods systematically favor specific packing motifs, which may affect the outcome of crystal structure prediction efforts. The effect of crystal packing on the electronic and optical properties of TCS3 is investigated using many-body perturbation theory within the GW approximation and the Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE). We find that a structure with Pna21 symmetry and a bilayer packing motif exhibits intermolecular bonding patterns reminiscent of π-π stacking and has markedly different electronic and optical properties than the experimentally observed P21/n structure with a cyclic dimer motif, including a narrower band gap, enhanced band dispersion and broader optical absorption. The Pna21 bilayer structure is close in energy to the observed structure and may be feasible to grow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farren Curtis
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Noa Marom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li R, Zhang X, Dong H, Li Q, Shuai Z, Hu W. Gibbs-Curie-Wulff Theorem in Organic Materials: A Case Study on the Relationship between Surface Energy and Crystal Growth. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:1697-1702. [PMID: 26678680 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The equilibrium crystal shape and shape evolution of organic crystals are found to follow the Gibbs-Curie-Wulff theorem. Organic crystals are grown by the physical vapor transport technique and exhibit exactly the same shape as predicted by the Gibbs-Curie-Wulff theorem under optimal conditions. This accordance provides concrete proof for the theorem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongjin Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Huanli Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qikai Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhigang Shuai
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sagara Y, Yamane S, Mitani M, Weder C, Kato T. Mechanoresponsive Luminescent Molecular Assemblies: An Emerging Class of Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:1073-95. [PMID: 26461848 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The possibility to change the molecular assembled structures of organic and organometallic materials through mechanical stimulation is emerging as a general and powerful concept for the design of functional materials. In particular, the photophysical properties such as photoluminescence color, quantum yield, and emission lifetime of organic and organometallic fluorophores can significantly depend on the molecular packing, enabling the development of molecular materials with mechanoresponsive luminescence characteristics. Indeed, an increasing number of studies have shown in recent years that mechanical force can be utilized to change the molecular arrangement, and thereby the optical response, of luminescent molecular assemblies of π-conjugated organic or organometallic molecules. Here, the development of such mechanoresponsive luminescent (MRL) molecular assemblies consisting of organic or organometallic molecules is reviewed and emerging trends in this research field are summarized. After a brief introduction of mechanoresponsive luminescence observed in molecular assemblies, the concept of "luminescent molecular domino" is introduced, before molecular materials that show turn-on/off of photoluminescence in response to mechanical stimulation are reviewed. Mechanically stimulated multicolor changes and water-soluble MRL materials are also highlighted and approaches that combine the concept of MRL molecular assemblies with other materials types are presented in the last part of this progress report.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Shogo Yamane
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Masato Mitani
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang Z, Ogden WA, Young VG, Douglas CJ. Synthesis, electrochemical properties, and crystal packing of perfluororubrene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:8127-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03259a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A synthesis of perfluorinated rubrene is reported. The electron-deficient molecule adopts unique crystal packing in different polymorphs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | | | - Victor G. Young
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hathwar VR, Sist M, Jørgensen MRV, Mamakhel AH, Wang X, Hoffmann CM, Sugimoto K, Overgaard J, Iversen BB. Quantitative analysis of intermolecular interactions in orthorhombic rubrene. IUCRJ 2015; 2:563-74. [PMID: 26306198 PMCID: PMC4547824 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252515012130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Rubrene is one of the most studied organic semiconductors to date due to its high charge carrier mobility which makes it a potentially applicable compound in modern electronic devices. Previous electronic device characterizations and first principles theoretical calculations assigned the semiconducting properties of rubrene to the presence of a large overlap of the extended π-conjugated core between molecules. We present here the electron density distribution in rubrene at 20 K and at 100 K obtained using a combination of high-resolution X-ray and neutron diffraction data. The topology of the electron density and energies of intermolecular interactions are studied quantitatively. Specifically, the presence of Cπ⋯Cπ interactions between neighbouring tetracene backbones of the rubrene molecules is experimentally confirmed from a topological analysis of the electron density, Non-Covalent Interaction (NCI) analysis and the calculated interaction energy of molecular dimers. A significant contribution to the lattice energy of the crystal is provided by H-H interactions. The electron density features of H-H bonding, and the interaction energy of molecular dimers connected by H-H interaction clearly demonstrate an importance of these weak interactions in the stabilization of the crystal structure. The quantitative nature of the intermolecular interactions is virtually unchanged between 20 K and 100 K suggesting that any changes in carrier transport at these low temperatures would have a different origin. The obtained experimental results are further supported by theoretical calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesha R. Hathwar
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Mattia Sist
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Mads R. V. Jørgensen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Aref H. Mamakhel
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Chemical and Engineering Materials Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008 - MS 6475, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Christina M. Hoffmann
- Chemical and Engineering Materials Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008 - MS 6475, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Kunihisa Sugimoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, I-I-I, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Jacob Overgaard
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Bo Brummerstedt Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schneider JA, Black H, Lin HP, Perepichka DF. Polymorphism in New Thienothiophene-Thiazolothiazole Organic Semiconductors. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:1173-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|