1
|
Magnetic maps in animal navigation. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2022; 208:41-67. [PMID: 34999936 PMCID: PMC8918461 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In addition to providing animals with a source of directional or ‘compass’ information, Earth’s magnetic field also provides a potential source of positional or ‘map’ information that animals might exploit to assess location. In less than a generation, the idea that animals use Earth’s magnetic field as a kind of map has gone from a contentious hypothesis to a well-established tenet of animal navigation. Diverse animals ranging from lobsters to birds are now known to use magnetic positional information for a variety of purposes, including staying on track along migratory pathways, adjusting food intake at appropriate points in a migration, remaining within a suitable oceanic region, and navigating toward specific goals. Recent findings also indicate that sea turtles, salmon, and at least some birds imprint on the magnetic field of their natal area when young and use this information to facilitate return as adults, a process that may underlie long-distance natal homing (a.k.a. natal philopatry) in many species. Despite recent progress, much remains to be learned about the organization of magnetic maps, how they develop, and how animals use them in navigation.
Collapse
|
2
|
Binhi VN. Random Effects in Magnetobiology and a Way to Summarize Them. Bioelectromagnetics 2021; 42:501-515. [PMID: 34233018 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In magnetobiology, it is difficult to reproduce the nonspecific (not associated with specialized receptors) biological effects of weak magnetic fields. This means that some important characteristic of the data may be missed in standard statistical processing, where the set of measurements to be averaged belongs to the same population so that the contribution of fluctuations decreases according to the Central Limit Theorem. It has been shown that a series of measurements of a nonspecific magnetic effect contains not only the usual scatter of data around the mean but also a significant random component in the mean itself. This random component indicates that measurements belong to different statistical populations, which requires special processing. This component, otherwise called heterogeneity, is an additional characteristic that is typically overlooked, and which reduces reproducibility. The current method for studying and summarizing highly heterogeneous data is the random-effect meta-analysis of absolute values, i.e., of magnitudes, rather than the values themselves. However, this estimator-the average of absolute values-has a significant positive bias when it comes to the small effects that are characteristic of magnetobiology. To solve this problem, an improved estimator based on the folded normal distribution that gives several times less bias is proposed. We used this improved estimator to analyze the nonspecific effect of the hypomagnetic field in the Stroop test in 40 subjects and found a statistically significant meta-effect with a standardized average of magnitudes of about 0.1. It has been shown that the proposed approach can also be applied to a single study. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Binhi
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Caspar KR, Moldenhauer K, Moritz RE, Němec P, Malkemper EP, Begall S. Eyes are essential for magnetoreception in a mammal. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200513. [PMID: 32993431 PMCID: PMC7536053 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several groups of mammals use the Earth's magnetic field for orientation, but their magnetosensory organ remains unknown. The Ansell's mole-rat (Fukomys anselli, Bathyergidae, Rodentia) is a microphthalmic subterranean rodent with innate magnetic orientation behaviour. Previous studies on this species proposed that its magnetoreceptors are located in the eye. To test this hypothesis, we assessed magnetic orientation in mole-rats after the surgical removal of their eyes compared to untreated controls. Initially, we demonstrate that this enucleation does not lead to changes in routine behaviours, including locomotion, feeding and socializing. We then studied magnetic compass orientation by employing a well-established nest-building assay under four magnetic field alignments. In line with previous studies, control animals exhibited a significant preference to build nests in magnetic southeast. By contrast, enucleated mole-rats built nests in random magnetic orientations, suggesting an impairment of their magnetic sense. The results provide robust support for the hypothesis that mole-rats perceive magnetic fields with their minute eyes, probably relying on magnetite-based receptors in the cornea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai R. Caspar
- Department of General Zoology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Katrin Moldenhauer
- Department of General Zoology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Regina E. Moritz
- Department of General Zoology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
- Department Vision, Visual Impairment & Blindness, Faculty 13, Technical University of Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Straße 50, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pavel Němec
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - E. Pascal Malkemper
- Max Planck Research Group Neurobiology of Magnetoreception, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (CAESAR), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabine Begall
- Department of General Zoology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16521 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Binhi VN. A limit in the dynamic increase in the accuracy of group migration. Biosystems 2018; 166:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
5
|
Čapek F, Průcha J, Socha V, Hart V, Burda H. Directional orientation of pheasant chicks at the drinking dish and its potential for research on avian magnetoreception. FOLIA ZOOLOGICA 2017. [DOI: 10.25225/fozo.v66.i3.a5.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- František Čapek
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 21 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Průcha
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 36 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Socha
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 36 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Hart
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 21 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Burda
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, 165 21 Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, 451 17 Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
La Sorte FA, Fink D, Buler JJ, Farnsworth A, Cabrera-Cruz SA. Seasonal associations with urban light pollution for nocturnally migrating bird populations. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:4609-4619. [PMID: 28695706 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The spatial extent and intensity of artificial light at night (ALAN) has increased worldwide through the growth of urban environments. There is evidence that nocturnally migrating birds are attracted to ALAN, and there is evidence that nocturnally migrating bird populations are more likely to occur in urban areas during migration, especially in the autumn. Here, we test if urban sources of ALAN are responsible, at least in part, for these observed urban associations. We use weekly estimates of diurnal occurrence and relative abundance for 40 nocturnally migrating bird species that breed in forested environments in North America to assess how associations with distance to urban areas and ALAN are defined across the annual cycle. Migratory bird populations presented stronger than expected associations with shorter distances to urban areas during migration, and stronger than expected association with higher levels of ALAN outside and especially within urban areas during migration. These patterns were more pronounced during autumn migration, especially within urban areas. Outside of the two migration periods, migratory bird populations presented stronger than expected associations with longer distances to urban areas, especially during the nonbreeding season, and weaker than expected associations with the highest levels of ALAN outside and especially within urban areas. These findings suggest that ALAN is associated with higher levels of diurnal abundance along the boundaries and within the interior of urban areas during migration, especially in the autumn when juveniles are undertaking their first migration journey. These findings support the conclusion that urban sources of ALAN can broadly effect migratory behavior, emphasizing the need to better understand the implications of ALAN for migratory bird populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank A La Sorte
- Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Fink
- Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Buler
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Andrew Farnsworth
- Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sergio A Cabrera-Cruz
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pakhomov A, Bojarinova J, Cherbunin R, Chetverikova R, Grigoryev PS, Kavokin K, Kobylkov D, Lubkovskaja R, Chernetsov N. Very weak oscillating magnetic field disrupts the magnetic compass of songbird migrants. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:20170364. [PMID: 28794163 PMCID: PMC5582129 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, it has been shown that long-distance migrants, garden warblers (Sylvia borin), were disoriented in the presence of narrow-band oscillating magnetic field (1.403 MHz OMF, 190 nT) during autumn migration. This agrees with the data of previous experiments with European robins (Erithacus rubecula). In this study, we report the results of experiments with garden warblers tested under a 1.403 MHz OMF with various amplitudes (∼0.4, 1, ∼2.4, 7 and 20 nT). We found that the ability of garden warblers to orient in round arenas using the magnetic compass could be disrupted by a very weak oscillating field, such as an approximate 2.4, 7 and 20 nT OMF, but not by an OMF with an approximate 0.4 nT amplitude. The results of the present study indicate that the sensitivity threshold of the magnetic compass to the OMF lies around 2-3 nT, while in experiments with European robins the birds were disoriented in a 15 nT OMF but could choose the appropriate migratory direction when a 5 nT OMF was added to the stationary magnetic field. The radical-pair model, one of the mainstream theories of avian magnetoreception, cannot explain the sensitivity to such a low-intensity OMF, and therefore, it needs further refinement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pakhomov
- Biological Station Rybachy, Zoological Institute RAS, 238535 Rybachy, Kaliningrad Region, Russia
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, 44 Thorez Ave, 194223 St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Julia Bojarinova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, 44 Thorez Ave, 194223 St Petersburg, Russia
- St Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Roman Cherbunin
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, 44 Thorez Ave, 194223 St Petersburg, Russia
- St Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Raisa Chetverikova
- St Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg 199034, Russia
- AG Neurosensorik (Animal Navigation), Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften (IBU), University of Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Philipp S Grigoryev
- St Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Kirill Kavokin
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, 44 Thorez Ave, 194223 St Petersburg, Russia
- St Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg 199034, Russia
- A.F. Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, 26 Polytechnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kobylkov
- AG Neurosensorik (Animal Navigation), Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften (IBU), University of Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Regina Lubkovskaja
- St Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Nikita Chernetsov
- Biological Station Rybachy, Zoological Institute RAS, 238535 Rybachy, Kaliningrad Region, Russia
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, 44 Thorez Ave, 194223 St Petersburg, Russia
- St Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg 199034, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Kishkinev D, Heyers D, Woodworth BK, Mitchell GW, Hobson KA, Norris DR. Experienced migratory songbirds do not display goal-ward orientation after release following a cross-continental displacement: an automated telemetry study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37326. [PMID: 27876843 PMCID: PMC5120330 DOI: 10.1038/srep37326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to navigate implies that animals have the capability to compensate for geographical displacement and return to their initial goal or target. Although some species are capable of adjusting their direction after displacement, the environmental cues used to achieve this remain elusive. Two possible cues are geomagnetic parameters (magnetic map hypothesis) or atmospheric odour-forming gradients (olfactory map hypothesis). In this study, we examined both of these hypotheses by surgically deactivating either the magnetic or olfactory sensory systems in experienced white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) captured in southern Ontario, Canada, during spring migration. Treated, sham-treated, and intact birds were then displaced 2,200 km west to Saskatchewan, Canada. Tracking their initial post-displacement migration using an array of automated VHF receiving towers, we found no evidence in any of the groups for compensatory directional response towards their expected breeding grounds. Our results suggest that white-throated sparrows may fall back to a simple constant-vector orientation strategy instead of performing true navigation after they have been geographically displaced to an unfamiliar area during spring migration. Such a basic strategy may be more common than currently thought in experienced migratory birds and its occurrence could be determined by habitat preferences or range size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kishkinev
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, N1G 2W1 Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, LL57 2UW Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Dominik Heyers
- AG Neurosensorik / Animal Navigation, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Bradley K. Woodworth
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, N1G 2W1 Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg W. Mitchell
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, K1H 0H3, Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keith A. Hobson
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, S7N 3H5 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, N6A 5B7, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - D. Ryan Norris
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, N1G 2W1 Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bolte P, Bleibaum F, Einwich A, Günther A, Liedvogel M, Heyers D, Depping A, Wöhlbrand L, Rabus R, Janssen‐Bienhold U, Mouritsen H. Localisation of the Putative Magnetoreceptive Protein Cryptochrome 1b in the Retinae of Migratory Birds and Homing Pigeons. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147819. [PMID: 26953791 PMCID: PMC4783096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes are ubiquitously expressed in various animal tissues including the retina. Some cryptochromes are involved in regulating circadian activity. Cryptochrome proteins have also been suggested to mediate the primary mechanism in light-dependent magnetic compass orientation in birds. Cryptochrome 1b (Cry1b) exhibits a unique carboxy terminus exclusively found in birds so far, which might be indicative for a specialised function. Cryptochrome 1a (Cry1a) is so far the only cryptochrome protein that has been localised to specific cell types within the retina of migratory birds. Here we show that Cry1b, an alternative splice variant of Cry1a, is also expressed in the retina of migratory birds, but it is primarily located in other cell types than Cry1a. This could suggest different functions for the two splice products. Using diagnostic bird-specific antibodies (that allow for a precise discrimination between both proteins), we show that Cry1b protein is found in the retinae of migratory European robins (Erithacus rubecula), migratory Northern Wheatears (Oenanthe oenanthe) and pigeons (Columba livia). In all three species, retinal Cry1b is localised in cell types which have been discussed as potentially well suited locations for magnetoreception: Cry1b is observed in the cytosol of ganglion cells, displaced ganglion cells, and in photoreceptor inner segments. The cytosolic rather than nucleic location of Cry1b in the retina reported here speaks against a circadian clock regulatory function of Cry1b and it allows for the possible involvement of Cry1b in a radical-pair-based magnetoreception mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bolte
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Florian Bleibaum
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Angelika Einwich
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Anja Günther
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | - Dominik Heyers
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Anne Depping
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lars Wöhlbrand
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl-von-Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Rabus
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl-von-Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | - Henrik Mouritsen
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gold MEL, Bourdon E, Norell MA. The first endocast of the extinct dodo (Raphus cucullatus) and an anatomical comparison amongst close relatives (Aves, Columbiformes). Zool J Linn Soc 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Leone Gold
- Richard Gilder Graduate School; American Museum of Natural History; Central Park West at 79th Street New York NY 10024 USA
- Division of Paleontology; American Museum of Natural History; Central Park West at 79th Street New York NY 10024 USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences; Stony Brook University; Health Sciences Center; Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Estelle Bourdon
- Section of Biosystematics; Natural History Museum of Denmark; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 15 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mark A. Norell
- Richard Gilder Graduate School; American Museum of Natural History; Central Park West at 79th Street New York NY 10024 USA
- Division of Paleontology; American Museum of Natural History; Central Park West at 79th Street New York NY 10024 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kattnig DR, Evans EW, Déjean V, Dodson CA, Wallace MI, Mackenzie SR, Timmel CR, Hore PJ. Chemical amplification of magnetic field effects relevant to avian magnetoreception. Nat Chem 2016; 8:384-91. [PMID: 27001735 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic fields as weak as the Earth's can change the yields of radical pair reactions even though the energies involved are orders of magnitude smaller than the thermal energy, kBT, at room temperature. Proposed as the source of the light-dependent magnetic compass in migratory birds, the radical pair mechanism is thought to operate in cryptochrome flavoproteins in the retina. Here we demonstrate that the primary magnetic field effect on flavin photoreactions can be amplified chemically by slow radical termination reactions under conditions of continuous photoexcitation. The nature and origin of the amplification are revealed by studies of the intermolecular flavin-tryptophan and flavin-ascorbic acid photocycles and the closely related intramolecular flavin-tryptophan radical pair in cryptochrome. Amplification factors of up to 5.6 were observed for magnetic fields weaker than 1 mT. Substantial chemical amplification could have a significant impact on the viability of a cryptochrome-based magnetic compass sensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Kattnig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical &Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Emrys W Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Victoire Déjean
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Charlotte A Dodson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Mark I Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Stuart R Mackenzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical &Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Christiane R Timmel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
| | - P J Hore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical &Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
A pair of neurons is required for nematodes to be able to navigate using the Earth's magnetic field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catharine H Rankin
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and the Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Conny H Lin
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|