Solid-Phase Traceless Synthesis of Selected Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds. The Encore Technique for Directed Sorting of Modular Solid Support

Regioselective incorporation of backbone constraints compatible with traditional solid-phase peptide synthesis

A protected aldehyde was attached via a two-carbon spacer to a peptide backbone amide nitrogen during a traditional Merrifield solid-phase synthesis. Acid-mediated unmasking of the aldehyde triggered the regioselective formation of cyclic N-acyliminiums between the aldehyde and the neighboring peptide amide nitrogen. In the absence of an internal nucleophile, the cyclic iminiums formed dihydropyrazinones, a six-membered peptide backbone constraint between two peptide amides. In the presence of an internal nucleophile, tetrahydropyrazinopyrimidinediones or tetrahydroimidazopyrazinediones were formed via tandem N-acyliminium ion cyclization-nucleophilic addition. The outcome of this nucleophilic addition was dependent on the substituent on the nitrogen nucleophile.

4-Chloro-2-fluoro-5-nitrobenzoic acid as a possible building block for solid-phase synthesis of various heterocyclic scaffolds

4-Chloro-2-fluoro-5-nitrobenzoic acid is a commercially available multireactive building block that can serve as a starting material in heterocyclic oriented synthesis (HOS) leading to various condensed nitrogenous cycles. This work describes its ability for the preparation of substituted nitrogenous heterocycles having 5-7-membered cycles via polymer-supported o-phenylendiamines. Immobilization of this compound on Rink resin followed by further chlorine substitution, reduction of a nitro group and appropriate cyclization afforded benzimidazoles, benzotriazoles, quinoxalinones, benzodiazepinediones and succinimides. The method developed is suitable for the synthesis of diverse libraries including the mentioned types of heterocycles, which have significant importance in current drug discovery. In this paper, we also report limitation of these method and unsuccessful attempt to prepare an 8-membered benzodiazocine cycle.

Resins with identical specifications are not identical. Identifying a useful solid-phase resin

The quality of the most commonly used support for solid-phase syntheses, polystyrene resin cross-linked with 1% of divinylbenzene, differs considerably even among different lots of resin from the same source. Determination of the swelling capacity of resins before carrying out solid-phase syntheses represents a very simple means of nondestructive presynthetic resin characterization.

Combinatorial libraries of bis-heterocyclic compounds with skeletal diversity

Combinatorial solid-phase synthesis of bis-heterocyclic compounds, characterized by the presence of two heterocyclic cores connected by a spacer of variable length/structure, provided structurally heterogeneous libraries with skeletal diversity. Both heterocyclic rings were assembled on resin in a combinatorial fashion.

Resin capsules: permeable containers for parallel/combinatorial solid-phase organic synthesis

A resin capsule is a permeable container for resin beads designed for multiple/combinatorial solid-phase organic synthesis. Resin capsules consist of a high density polyethylene ring sealed with peek mesh on both sides. The cylindrical shape of resin capsules enabled space-saving packing into plastic columnlike reaction vessels commonly used for solid-phase organic synthesis. Resin capsules have been evaluated for their use in combinatorial synthesis, and a set of model compounds with excellent purity was prepared.

Efficient solid-phase synthesis of 3-substituted-5-oxo-5H-thiazolo[2,3-b]-quinazoline-8-carboxamides under mild conditions with two diversity positions

Highly efficient solid-phase synthesis of thiazolo[2,3,b]quinazolines under mild conditions was developed using resin-bound 2-amino-terephthalamic acid, Fmoc-NCS, and bromoketones. Primary amines immobilized to an acid-cleavable backbone amide linker were acylated with 1-methyl-2-aminoterephtalate. Following cleavage of the methyl ester, Fmoc-NCS was used to form a resin-bound thiourea. Bromoketones were subsequently added to form an aminothiazole ring and the cyclization was performed using DIC/HOBt to afford thiazolo[2,3,b]quinazolines. Highly efficient solid-phase synthesis is amenable to high throughput/combinatorial synthesis.

Efficient solid-phase synthesis of 2-substituted-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolinone-7-carboxamides with two diversity positions

A highly efficient solid-phase synthesis of 2-substituted-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolinone-7-carboxamides was developed using anthranilates and bromoketones as the key synthons. Primary amines immobilized to an acid-cleavable BAL linker were acylated with 1-methyl-2-aminoterephtalate. After cleavage of the methyl ester, bromoketones were used to form resin-bound phenacyl esters. Acid-mediated cleavage and subsequent cyclization in solution afforded 3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolinones in high purity and yield. Highly efficient solid-phase synthesis (purity>90%, yield>80%, synthetic time=2 days using commercially available synthons) is amenable to high-throughput/combinatorial synthesis to match the high-throughput screening capability.

Identification of Synthetic Phosphatidylserine Translocases from a Combinatorial Library Prepared by Directed Split-and-Pool Synthesis

Simple sulfonamide and amide derivatives of tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (Tren) are known to promote the translocation or flip-flop of phosphatidylcholine, but not phosphatidylserine, across bilayer membranes. This paper describes the synthesis of a 300-member, spatially encoded library of Tren derivatives with appended peptide--sulfonamide and peptide--urea arms. The library was synthesized using the Encore method with SynPhase lanterns as the solid support. A high-throughput assay was developed to screen individual members of the library for an ability to translocate a fluorescent NBD derivative of phosphatidylserine across vesicle membranes. Several lead compounds were identified, and one was synthesized independently to confirm its high phosphatidylserine translocation activity.