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Zhu Y, Wei M, Ma X, Ma H, Chen R, Zhang H, Wang X, Ji J, Xue M. Precisely Controlled Polymerization of Two-Dimensional Conducting Polymers in Quasi-Liquid Layer Enables Ultrahigh Sensing Performance. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400037. [PMID: 38437164 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Gas sensors based on conducting polymers offer great potential for high-performance room temperature applications due to their cost-effectiveness, high-sensitivity, and operational advantage. However, their current performance is limited by the deficiency of control in conventional polymerization methods, leading to poor crystallinity and inconsistent material properties. Here, the quasi-liquid layer (QLL) on the ice surface acts as a self-regulating nano-reactor for precise control of thermodynamics and kinetics in the polymerization, resulting in a 7.62 nm thick two-dimensional (2D) polyaniline (PANI) film matching the QLL thickness. The ultra-thin film optimizes the exposure of active sites, enhancing the detection of analyte gases at low concentrations. It is validated by fabricating a chemiresistive gas sensor with the 2D PANI film, demonstrating stable room-temperature detection of ammonia down to 10 ppt in ambient air with an impressive 10% response. This achievement represents the highest sensitivity among sensors of this kind while maintaining excellent selectivity and repeatability. Moreover, the QLL-controlled polymerization strategy offers an alternative route for precise control of the polymerization process for conducting polymers, enabling the creation of advanced materials with enhanced properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Zhu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mengzhen Wei
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinlei Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ruoqi Chen
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huanrong Zhang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xusheng Wang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Junhui Ji
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Mianqi Xue
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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Mahato N, Sreekanth TVM, Yoo K, Kim J. Semi-Polycrystalline Polyaniline-Activated Carbon Composite for Supercapacitor Application. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041520. [PMID: 36838509 PMCID: PMC9967896 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on the synthesis of activated carbon-semi-polycrystalline polyaniline (SPani-AC) composite material using in-situ oxidative polymerization of aniline on the carbon surface in an aqueous HCl medium at an elevated temperature of 60 °C. The electroactive polymeric composite material exhibits a uniformly distributed spindle-shaped morphology in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and well-defined crystallographic lattices in the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum reveals sharp peaks characteristic of crystalline polyaniline. The characteristic chemical properties of polyaniline are recorded using laser Raman spectroscopy. The cyclic voltammetry curves exhibit features of surface-redox pseudocapacitance. The specific capacitance calculated for the material is 507 F g-1 at the scan rate of 10 mV s-1. The symmetrical two-electrodes device exhibits a specific capacitance of 45 F g-1 at a current density of 5 A g-1. The capacitive retention calculated was found to be 96% up to 4500 continuous charge-discharge cycles and observed to be gradually declining at the end of 10,000 cycles. On the other hand, Coulombic efficiency was observed to be retained up to 85% until 4500 continuous charge-discharge cycles which declines up to 72% at the end of 10,000 cycles. The article also presents a detailed description of material synthesis, the formation of polyaniline (Pani) chains, and the role of material architecture in the performance as surface redox supercapacitor electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Mahato
- Energy Storage and Conversion Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - T. V. M. Sreekanth
- Department of Mechanical Energy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsangbukdo, Gyeongsansi 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisoo Yoo
- Department of Mechanical Energy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsangbukdo, Gyeongsansi 38541, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (K.Y.); (J.K.)
| | - Jonghoon Kim
- Energy Storage and Conversion Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (K.Y.); (J.K.)
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Abstract
We report on the formation of semi-polycrystalline polyaniline, a novel electroactive polymeric material synthesized by a modified surfactant-free chemical route and its enhanced electrochemical capacitive behavior. The material exhibits uniformly arranged spindle-shaped morphology in scanning electron microscopy and well-defined crystallographic lattices in the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images. The X-ray diffraction spectrum reveals sharp peaks characteristic of a crystalline material. The characteristic chemical properties of polyaniline are recorded using Fourier transform infrared technology and laser Raman spectroscopies. The cyclic voltammetry curves exhibit features of surface-redox pseudocapacitance. The specific capacitance calculated for the material is 551 F g−1 at a scan rate of 10 mV s−1. The cycle stability and the coulombic efficiency recorded at a current density of 12 A g−1 exhibited good stability (90.3% and 99.5%, respectively) over 3000 cycles.
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Shabzendedar S, Modarresi-Alam AR, Bahrpeyma A, Noroozifar M, Kerman K. Novel conductive multi-walled polymeric nanotubes of poly(diazoaminobenzene) for single-layer polymer solar cell. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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5
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Morávková Z, Dmitrieva E. The First Products of Aniline Oxidation – SERS Spectroelectrochemistry. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Morávková
- Institute of Macromolecular ChemistryAcademy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Center of SpectroelectrochemistryLeibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) Helmholtzstrasse 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Evgenia Dmitrieva
- Center of SpectroelectrochemistryLeibniz Institute of Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) Helmholtzstrasse 20 01069 Dresden Germany
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Zhou C, Ren Y, Han J, Xu Q, Guo R. Chiral Polyaniline Hollow Nanotwists toward Efficient Enantioselective Separation of Amino Acids. ACS NANO 2019; 13:3534-3544. [PMID: 30758941 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Controllable fabrication of complex chiral nanostructures of functional materials from achiral systems remains a great challenge. Herein, polyaniline (PANI) hollow nanotwists as complex chiral nanostructures have been prepared by chemical oxidation of aniline in an achiral HCl/isopropyl alcohol/water mixed solvent. The chiral oligoaniline twisted nanoribbons generated at the early reaction stage have been established to act as reactive sacrificial templates for inducing the growth of PANI hollow nanotwists. Single-handed PANI hollow nanotwists achieved by tuning the alcohol content in the solvent have been applied to separate several chiral amino acids from their racemic mixtures with high performance, indicating their high potential for enantioselective separation applications.
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Cui C, Faraji N, Lauto A, Travaglini L, Tonkin J, Mahns D, Humphrey E, Terracciano C, Gooding JJ, Seidel J, Mawad D. A flexible polyaniline-based bioelectronic patch. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:493-500. [PMID: 29363686 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00880e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bioelectronic materials based on conjugated polymers are being developed in the hope to interface with electroresponsive tissues. We have recently demonstrated that a polyaniline chitosan patch can efficiently electro-couple with cardiac tissue modulating its electrophysiology. As a promising bioelectronic material that can be tailored to different types of devices, we investigate here the impact of varying the synthesis conditions and time of the in situ polymerization of aniline (An) on the sheet resistance of the bioelectronic patch. The sheet resistance increases significantly for samples that have either the lowest molar ratio of oxidant to monomer or the highest molar ratio of dopant to monomer, while the polymerization time does not have a significant effect on the electrical properties. Conductive atomic force microscopy reveals that the patch with the lowest sheet resistance has a connected network of the conductive phase. In contrast, patches with higher sheet resistances exhibit conductive areas of lower current signals or isolated conductive islands of high current signals. Having identified the formulation that results in patches with optimal electrical properties, we used it to fabricate patches that were implanted in rats for two weeks. It is shown that the patch retains an electroactive nature, and only mild inflammation is observed with fibrous tissue encapsulating the patch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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Ćirić-Marjanović G, Milojević-Rakić M, Janošević-Ležaić A, Luginbühl S, Walde P. Enzymatic oligomerization and polymerization of arylamines: state of the art and perspectives. CHEMICKE ZVESTI 2016; 71:199-242. [PMID: 28775395 PMCID: PMC5495875 DOI: 10.1007/s11696-016-0094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The literature concerning the oxidative oligomerization and polymerization of various arylamines, e.g., aniline, substituted anilines, aminonaphthalene and its derivatives, catalyzed by oxidoreductases, such as laccases and peroxidases, in aqueous, organic, and mixed aqueous organic monophasic or biphasic media, is reviewed. An overview of template-free as well as template-assisted enzymatic syntheses of oligomers and polymers of arylamines is given. Special attention is paid to mechanistic aspects of these biocatalytic processes. Because of the nontoxicity of oxidoreductases and their high catalytic efficiency, as well as high selectivity of enzymatic oligomerizations/polymerizations under mild conditions-using mainly water as a solvent and often resulting in minimal byproduct formation-enzymatic oligomerizations and polymerizations of arylamines are environmentally friendly and significantly contribute to a "green" chemistry of conducting and redox-active oligomers and polymers. Current and potential future applications of enzymatic polymerization processes and enzymatically synthesized oligo/polyarylamines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Ćirić-Marjanović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Milojević-Rakić
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Janošević-Ležaić
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Instrumental Methods, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sandra Luginbühl
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Walde
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Ležaić AJ, Luginbühl S, Bajuk-Bogdanović D, Pašti I, Kissner R, Rakvin B, Walde P, Ćirić-Marjanović G. Insight into the template effect of vesicles on the laccase-catalyzed oligomerization of N-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine from Raman spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry measurements. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30724. [PMID: 27561552 PMCID: PMC4999881 DOI: 10.1038/srep30724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report about the first Raman spectroscopy study of a vesicle-assisted enzyme-catalyzed oligomerization reaction. The aniline dimer N-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (= p-aminodiphenylamine, PADPA) was oxidized and oligomerized with Trametes versicolor laccase and dissolved O2 in the presence of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) vesicles (80–100 nm diameter) as templates. The conversion of PADPA into oligomeric products, poly(PADPA), was monitored during the reaction by in situ Raman spectroscopy. The results obtained are compared with UV/vis/NIR and EPR measurements. All three complementary methods indicate that at least some of the poly(PADPA) products, formed in the presence of AOT vesicles, resemble the conductive emeraldine salt form of polyaniline (PANI-ES). The Raman measurements also show that structural units different from those of “ordinary” PANI-ES are present too. Without vesicles PANI-ES-like products are not obtained. For the first time, the as-prepared stable poly(PADPA)-AOT vesicle suspension was used directly to coat electrodes (without product isolation) for investigating redox activities of poly(PADPA) by cyclic voltammetry (CV). CV showed that poly(PADPA) produced with vesicles is redox active not only at pH 1.1–as expected for PANI-ES–but also at pH 6.0, unlike PANI-ES and poly(PADPA) synthesized without vesicles. This extended pH range of the redox activity of poly(PADPA) is important for applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Janoševic Ležaić
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Physical Chemistry and Instrumental Methods, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sandra Luginbühl
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Danica Bajuk-Bogdanović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor Pašti
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Reinhard Kissner
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Boris Rakvin
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Institute Ruđer Bošković, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Peter Walde
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Physical Chemistry and Instrumental Methods, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Ćirić-Marjanović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
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11
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Bláha M, Zedník J, Vohlídal J. Self-doping of polyaniline prepared with the FeCl3/H2O2system and the origin of the Raman band of emeraldine salt at around 1375 cm−1. POLYM INT 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bláha
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Heyrovsky sq. 2, CZ-162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Zedník
- Charles University in Prague; Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Hlavova 2030 CZ-128 40 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Vohlídal
- Charles University in Prague; Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry; Hlavova 2030 CZ-128 40 Prague Czech Republic
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12
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On the nature of influence of polyelectrolyte molecular weight on aniline electropolymerization. J Solid State Electrochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-015-2853-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Sapurina I, Tenkovtsev AV, Stejskal J. Conjugated polyaniline as a result of the benzidine rearrangement. POLYM INT 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Sapurina
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St Petersburg 199004 Russian Federation
| | - Andrey V Tenkovtsev
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; St Petersburg 199004 Russian Federation
- Chemical Faculty; St. Petersburg State University; St Petersburg 198504 Russian Federation
| | - Jaroslav Stejskal
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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Zhou C, Gong X, Han J, Guo R. Controlled synthesis of tower-like aniline oligomers with excellent adsorption properties. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj01878h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoplate-based tower-like oligoaniline as a new nano-architecture was tailored via the oxidation polymerization of aniline in NaOH medium at 35 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiangxiang Gong
- Testing Center
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225009
- P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Jie Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- P. R. China
| | - Rong Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- P. R. China
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Junker K, Kissner R, Rakvin B, Guo Z, Willeke M, Busato S, Weber T, Walde P. The use of Trametes versicolor laccase for the polymerization of aniline in the presence of vesicles as templates. Enzyme Microb Technol 2014; 55:72-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Trchová M, Morávková Z, Dybal J, Stejskal J. Detection of aniline oligomers on polyaniline-gold interface using resonance Raman scattering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:942-50. [PMID: 24377287 DOI: 10.1021/am404252f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In situ deposited conducting polyaniline films prepared by the oxidation of aniline with ammonium peroxydisulfate in aqueous media of various acidities on gold and silicon supports were characterized by Raman spectroscopy. Enhanced Raman bands were found in the spectra of polyaniline films produced in the solutions of weak acids or in water on gold surface. These bands were weak for the films prepared in solutions of a strong acid on a gold support. The same bands are present in the Raman spectra of the reaction intermediates deposited during aniline oxidation in water or aqueous solutions of weak or strong acids on silicon removed from the reaction mixture at the beginning of the reaction. Such films are formed by aniline oligomers adsorbed on the surface. They were detected on the polyaniline-gold interface using resonance Raman scattering on the final films deposited on gold. The surface resonance Raman spectroscopy of the monolayer of oligomers found in the bulk polyaniline film makes this method advantageous in surface science, with many applications in electrochemistry, catalysis, and biophysical, polymer, or analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Trchová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Pirhady Tavandashti N, Ghorbani M, Shojaei A. Controlled growth of hollow polyaniline structures: From nanotubes to microspheres. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Han J, Dai J, Zhou C, Guo R. Dilute cationic surfactant-assisted synthesis of polyaniline nanotubes and application as reactive support for various noble metal nanocatalysts. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20536j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Stević MC, Ignjatović LM, Ćirić-Marjanović G, Marjanović B, Barek J, Zima J. Electrochemical oxidation of 6-hydroxyquinoline on a glassy carbon paste electrode: Voltammetric and computational study. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Facile synthesis and morphology control of graphene oxide/polyaniline nanocomposites via in-situ polymerization process. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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23
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Marjanović B, Juranić I, Ćirić-Marjanović G, Mojović M, Pašti I, Janošević A, Trchová M, Holler P, Horský J. Chemical oxidative polymerization of ethacridine. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Bober P, Stejskal J, Trchová M, Prokeš J. Polyaniline–silver composites prepared by the oxidation of aniline with mixed oxidants, silver nitrate and ammonium peroxydisulfate: The control of silver content. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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26
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Polyaniline: The infrared spectroscopy of conducting polymer nanotubes (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-rep-10-02-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI), a conducting polymer, was prepared by the oxidation of aniline with ammonium peroxydisulfate in various aqueous media. When the polymerization was carried out in the solution of strong (sulfuric) acid, a granular morphology of PANI was obtained. In the solutions of weak (acetic or succinic) acids or in water, PANI nanotubes were produced. The oxidation of aniline under alkaline conditions yielded aniline oligomers. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the oxidation products differ. A group of participants from 11 institutions in different countries recorded the FTIR spectra of PANI bases prepared from the samples obtained in the solutions of strong and weak acids and in alkaline medium within the framework of an IUPAC project. The aim of the project was to identify the differences in molecular structure of PANI and aniline oligomers and to relate them to supramolecular morphology, viz. the nanotube formation. The assignment of FTIR bands of aniline oxidation products is reported.
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Ćirić-Marjanović G, Marjanović B, Bober P, Rozlívková Z, Stejskal J, Trchová M, Prokeš J. The oxidative polymerization of p-phenylenediamine with silver nitrate: Toward highly conducting micro/nanostructured silver/conjugated polymer composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Marjanović B, Juranić I, Ćirić-Marjanović G. Revised Mechanism of Boyland−Sims Oxidation. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:3536-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jp111129t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Gao C, Ai M, Li X, Xu Z. Basic amino acid assisted‐fabrication of rectangular nanotube, circular nanotube, and hollow microsphere of polyaniline: Adjusting and controlling effect of pH value. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology for Material Chemical Safety, Jinan 250103, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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Petrova JN, Romanova JR, Madjarova GK, Ivanova AN, Tadjer AV. Fully Doped Oligomers of Emeraldine Salt: Polaronic versus Bipolaronic Configuration. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:3765-76. [DOI: 10.1021/jp111914n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina N. Petrova
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Julia R. Romanova
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Galia K. Madjarova
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anela N. Ivanova
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alia V. Tadjer
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Bober P, Stejskal J, Trchová M, Prokeš J, Sapurina I. Oxidation of Aniline with Silver Nitrate Accelerated by p-Phenylenediamine: A New Route to Conducting Composites. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101474j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Bober
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Stejskal
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Trchová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Prokeš
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University Prague, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Irina Sapurina
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation
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Huang YF, Lin CW. Exploration of the morphological transition phenomenon of polyaniline from microspheres to nanotubes in acid-free aqueous 1-propanol solution in a single polymerization process. POLYM INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Aniline was oxidized with ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) in aqueous solutions of various phenolic acids: 5-sulfosalicylic acid (SSA), 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) and gallic acid (GA). Polymerizations were performed at the constant molar ratios [acid]/[aniline]=0.5 and [APS]/[aniline]=1.25. The conductivity of synthesized polyaniline (PANI) is affected by the dopant anion type and decreases in order: PANI-SSA > PANI-DNSA > PANI-GA, the last polymer being nonconducting. This decrease is in accordance with the increase of initial pH value of the reaction mixture. The differences in molecular structure of synthesized PANI have been revealed by FTIR spectroscopy. FTIR spectra of PANI-SSA and PANI-DNSA show typical features of PANI conductive emeraldine salt segments. On the contrary, FTIR spectrum of PANI-GA shows absence of bands typical for conducting PANI polaronic lattice, and indicates the higher oxidation state of this polymer than that of emeraldine, the presence of substituted phenazines as constitutional units, as well as significant content of monosubstituted benzene rings which reflects low polymerization degree and/or pronounced chain branching. The strong hydrogen bonding between GA and PANI can obstruct propagation of oligoanilines and formation of longer conducting PANI chains.
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Ćirić-Marjanović G, Dragičević L, Milojević M, Mojović M, Mentus S, Dojčinović B, Marjanović B, Stejskal J. Synthesis and Characterization of Self-Assembled Polyaniline Nanotubes/Silica Nanocomposites. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:7116-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jp900096b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Ćirić-Marjanović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Chemistry, ICTM, Njegoševa 12, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia; Centrohem, Vuka Karadžića bb, 22300 Stara Pazova, Serbia; and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ljiljana Dragičević
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Chemistry, ICTM, Njegoševa 12, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia; Centrohem, Vuka Karadžića bb, 22300 Stara Pazova, Serbia; and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Maja Milojević
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Chemistry, ICTM, Njegoševa 12, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia; Centrohem, Vuka Karadžića bb, 22300 Stara Pazova, Serbia; and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Mojović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Chemistry, ICTM, Njegoševa 12, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia; Centrohem, Vuka Karadžića bb, 22300 Stara Pazova, Serbia; and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Slavko Mentus
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Chemistry, ICTM, Njegoševa 12, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia; Centrohem, Vuka Karadžića bb, 22300 Stara Pazova, Serbia; and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Biljana Dojčinović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Chemistry, ICTM, Njegoševa 12, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia; Centrohem, Vuka Karadžića bb, 22300 Stara Pazova, Serbia; and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Budimir Marjanović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Chemistry, ICTM, Njegoševa 12, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia; Centrohem, Vuka Karadžića bb, 22300 Stara Pazova, Serbia; and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Stejskal
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Chemistry, ICTM, Njegoševa 12, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia; Centrohem, Vuka Karadžića bb, 22300 Stara Pazova, Serbia; and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Cirić-Marjanović G, Dondur V, Milojević M, Mojović M, Mentus S, Radulović A, Vuković Z, Stejskal J. Synthesis and characterization of conducting self-assembled polyaniline nanotubes/zeolite nanocomposite. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:3122-3131. [PMID: 19437716 DOI: 10.1021/la8030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled conducting, paramagnetic polyaniline nanotubes have been synthesized by the oxidative polymerization of aniline with ammonium peroxydisulfate in aqueous medium in the presence of zeolite HZSM-5, without added acid. The influence of initial zeolite/aniline weight ratio on the conductivity, molecular and supramolecular structure, paramagnetic characteristics, thermal stability, and specific surface area of polyaniline/zeolite composites was studied. The conducting (approximately 10(-2) S cm(-1)), semiconducting (3 x 10(-5) S cm(-1)), and nonconducting (5 x 10(-9) S cm(-1)) composites are produced using the zeolite/aniline weight ratios 1, 5, and 10, respectively. The coexistence of polyaniline nanotubes, which have a typical outer diameter of 70-170 nm and an inner diameter of 5-50 nm, accompanied by nanorods with a diameter of 60-100 nm and polyaniline/zeolite mesoporous aggregates, distinct from the morphology of microporous zeolite HZSM-5, was proved in the conducting nanocomposite by scanning and transmission electron microscopies. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of polyaniline in the form of conducting emeraldine salt and suggested significant interaction of polyaniline with zeolite. The evolution of molecular and supramolecular structure of polyaniline in the presence of zeolite was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Cirić-Marjanović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, and Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia.
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36
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Sapurina I, Stejskal J. The mechanism of the oxidative polymerization of aniline and the formation of supramolecular polyaniline structures. POLYM INT 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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Thermal degradation of polyaniline films prepared in solutions of strong and weak acids and in water – FTIR and Raman spectroscopic studies. Polym Degrad Stab 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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38
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do Nascimento GM, Temperini ML. Structure of polyaniline formed in different inorganic porous materials: A spectroscopic study. Eur Polym J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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40
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Zhou C, Han J, Guo R. Controllable Synthesis of Polyaniline Multidimensional Architectures: From Plate-like Structures to Flower-like Superstructures. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma800500u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqiang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jie Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Rong Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002 Jiangsu, P. R. China
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41
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Ćirić-Marjanović G, Trchová M, Konyushenko EN, Holler P, Stejskal J. Chemical Oxidative Polymerization of Aminodiphenylamines. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:6976-87. [DOI: 10.1021/jp710963e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Ćirić-Marjanović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Trchová
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Elena N. Konyushenko
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Holler
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Stejskal
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia, and Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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42
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Stejskal J, Sapurina I, Trchová M, Konyushenko EN. Oxidation of Aniline: Polyaniline Granules, Nanotubes, and Oligoaniline Microspheres. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma702601q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Stejskal
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Irina Sapurina
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Miroslava Trchová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
| | - Elena N. Konyushenko
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic, and Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199004, Russia
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43
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Zhou C, Han J, Guo R. Dilute anionic surfactant solution route to polyaniline rectangular sub-microtubes as a novel nanostructure. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:5014-9. [PMID: 18386873 DOI: 10.1021/jp711356w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A facile and low-cost approach has been developed for tailoring polyaniline rectangular sub-microtubes as a novel nanostructure of a conducting polymer in dilute sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution by the oxidation polymerization of aniline at room temperature. It was found that the size and uniformity of polyaniline rectangular sub-microtubes could be appropriately adjusted by tuning the concentration of aniline and the molar ratio of oxidant to aniline, respectively. The morphological evolution of rectangular sub-microtubes under different reaction times has been followed, and a possible formation mechanism has also been discussed in this report. The directing role of other anionic surfactants with -SO3(-) as the hydrophilic group for constructing polyaniline rectangular sub-microtubes has been investigated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqiang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Province 225002, PR China
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44
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Janosević A, Cirić-Marjanović G, Marjanović B, Holler P, Trchová M, Stejskal J. Synthesis and characterization of conducting polyaniline 5-sulfosalicylate nanotubes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:135606. [PMID: 19636155 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/13/135606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polyaniline 5-sulfosalicylate nanotubes and nanorods were synthesized by the template-free oxidative polymerization of aniline in aqueous solution of 5-sulfosalicylic acid, using ammonium peroxydisulfate as an oxidant. The effect of the molar ratio of 5-sulfosalicylic acid to aniline on the molecular structure, molecular weight distribution, morphology, and conductivity of polyaniline 5-sulfosalicylate was investigated. The nanotubes, which have a typical outer diameter of 100-250 nm, with an inner diameter of 10-60 nm, and a length extending from 0.4 to 1.5 microm, and the nanorods, with a diameter of 80-110 nm and a length of 0.5-0.7 microm, were observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopies. The presence of branched structures and phenazine units besides the ordinary polyaniline structural features was revealed by infrared and Raman spectroscopies. The stacking of low-molecular-weight substituted phenazines appears to play a major role in the formation of polyaniline nanorods. The precipitation-dissolution of oligoaniline templates as a key element in the formation of polyaniline nanotubes is proposed to explain the crucial influence of the initial pH of the reaction mixture and its decrease during the course of polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Janosević
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
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45
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Synthesis of nanostructured conducting polyaniline in the presence of 5-sulfosalicylic acid. HEMIJSKA INDUSTRIJA 2008. [DOI: 10.2298/hemind0803107j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative polymerizations of aniline with ammonium peroxydisulfate in aqueous solution of 5-sulfosalicylic acid (SSA), were performed at the constant molar ratio [oxidant]/[monomer] = 1.25, by using various initial molar ratios of SSA to aniline. It was shown that the ratio [SSA]/[aniline] has a crucial influence on the molecular structure, morphology, and conductivity of synthesized polyaniline5-sulfosalicylate (PANI-SSA), as well as on the yield and temperature profile i.e. the mechanism of polymerization process. The yield of PANI-SSA was 80 - 86% for [SSA]/[aniline] ratios in the range 0.25-1.0. Granular PANI-SSA was obtained by the oxidative polymerization of in situ formed anilinium 5-sulfosalicylate ([SSA]/[aniline] = 1.0). The initial induction period was followed by the rapid exothermic polymerization of aniline during the oxidation of anilinium 5-sulfosalicylate with peroxydisulfate. Nanostructured PANI-SSA was synthesized by the oxidation of the mixture of dianilinium 5-sulfosalicylate and aniline ([SSA]/[aniline] = 0.25), which proceeds in two exothermic phases well separated with an athermal period. The presence of nanocylinders (nanorods, possibly nanotubes), with the average diameter of 95-250 nm and the length of 0.5-1.0 ?m has been revealed by scanning electron microscopy. It was concluded that PANI nanocylinders are formed when reaction solution has the initial pH > 3.5. Electroconductivity of synthesized polyanilines was in the range 0.01-0.17 S cm-1, and it increases with increasing molar ratio of SSA to aniline. Molecular structure of synthesized polyanilines was investigated by FTIR spectroscopy. Besides the characteristic bands of standard PANI in emeraldine form (benzenoid, quinonoid, and semiquinonoid units), the band attributable to substituted phenazine structural units was observed at -1415 cm-1 in the FTIR spectrum of nanostructured PANI-SSA sample.
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46
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Sedenková I, Trchová M, Stejskal J, Bok J. Polymerization of aniline in the solutions of strong and weak acids: the evolution of infrared spectra and their interpretation using factor analysis. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 61:1153-1162. [PMID: 18028693 DOI: 10.1366/000370207782597058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The progress of the oxidative polymerization of aniline with ammonium peroxydisulfate in an aqueous medium has been monitored in situ by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The growth of polyaniline film at the crystal surface, as well as the changes proceeding in the surrounding aqueous medium, are reflected in the spectra. The evolution of the spectra during aniline polymerization in the presence of acetic or sulfuric acid was studied with the aim of understanding the influence of acidity on the observed morphology of the final polyaniline films, granular or nanotubes. The changes occurring during polymerization are discussed with the help of differential spectra. Several processes connected with the various stages of aniline oxidation, the evolution of film morphology, or protonation, were distinguished by using factor analysis applied to a large number of spectra obtained in the course of aniline polymerizations on the crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sedenková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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47
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Zhou C, Han J, Song G, Guo R. Polyaniline Hierarchical Structures Synthesized in Aqueous Solution: Micromats of Nanofibers. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma071400a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqiang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jie Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Genping Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Rong Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002 Jiangsu, P. R. China
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Abstract
New functional polymeric, semiconducting materials were synthesized by chemical
oxidative polymerization of acriflavine hydrochloride in aqueous solution at room temperature,
using ammonium peroxydisulfate as an oxidant. Polymerization products were characterized by gelpermeation
chromatography (GPC), FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and
conductivity measurements. The influence of the oxidant/monomer molar ratio on the molecular
structure, molecular weight distribution and the electrical conductivity of polyacriflavines was
studied. Molecular weights approach a maximum value of ~20000. The polyacriflavine prepared by
using oxidant/monomer molar ratio 1.25 shows the conductivity of 2.8 × 10–7 S cm–1. New
substitution pattern shown by FTIR spectroscopic analysis combined with MNDO-PM3 semiempirical
quantum chemical calculations revealed N─C2 coupling reactions as dominant. The
formation of phenazine rings in ladder structured polymerization products was observed by FTIR
spectroscopy. The existence of a certain polyacriflavine crystalline structure was suggested from the
SEM micrographs.
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49
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Ćirić-Marjanović G, Janošević A, Marjanović B, Trchová M, Stejskal J, Holler P. Chemical oxidative polymerization of dianilinium 5-sulfosalicylate. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024407090130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50
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