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Maharjan A, Khwaounjoo P, Peng M, Cakmak YO. Non-contact neuromodulation of the human autonomic nervous system function via different odors: Sex, menstrual cycle, and odor dose- and duration-specific effects. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:950282. [PMID: 36312014 PMCID: PMC9596915 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.950282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, it has been uncovered that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) can be influenced using non-contact neuromodulation via odor stimulation. Increasing parasympathetic-vagal activation of the ANS is integral to improving the sympathovagal balance between the sympathetic- and parasympathetic nervous systems, which is often imbalanced in several chronic inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases. Although research into olfactory stimulation has been observed on the ANS, it is still lacking in the exploration of odor concentration and odor-specific effects. This is particularly the case as research has not utilized specified tools, such as the olfactometer to provide precise odor delivery. Furthermore, no research has compared the results in separate sex cohorts to investigate the role of sex or the menstrual stage on the subsequent interactions. In this study, we investigated the olfactory stimulation effects of four natural odors (mushroom, lavender, jasmine, and rose) in three concentrations (low, moderate, and high) on the ANS. To observe activity from the ANS, we used an electrocardiogram (ECG) based heart rate variability (HRV) and eye-tracker technology (pupil diameter). We found for the first time in literature that there were acute dose- and duration-specific odor effects of odors on the ANS. We also found sex and menstrual cycle effects in this interaction. Furthermore, there were stark distinctions in sympathovagal activity dependent ANS activation (HRV) in comparison to the oculomotor nerve-parasympathetic/cervical sympathetic nerves dependent ANS responses (pupil diameter). Sympathovagal activity dependent HRV showed odor, sex, and menstrual-stage interactions in both divisions of the ANS while the pupil responses only indicated increased sympathetic activation. These results shed light on the use of odor-specific stimulation to modulate the ANS activity in the context of sex and the menstrual stage. Future studies should be performed using a chronic odor delivery design to investigate the long-term effects of odors on the ANS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Maharjan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Prashanna Khwaounjoo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mei Peng
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yusuf Ozgur Cakmak
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
- Brain Health Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Centre for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Point of Care Technologies, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Yusuf Ozgur Cakmak,
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Yu Y, He X, Wang Y, Zhang J, Tang C, Rong P. Transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation inhibits limbic-regional P2X7R expression and reverses depressive-like behaviors in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Neurosci Lett 2022; 775:136562. [PMID: 35245625 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats develop type 2 diabetes (T2D) along with depressive-like behaviors. Transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation (taVNS) has antidiabetic and antidepressant-like effects in ZDF rats; however, the underlying antidepressant-like mechanisms are unclear. The purinergic receptor P2X7R, which is related to inflammation and depression, is upregulated in the limbic brain regions of depressed patients and rodents and is considered as a potential therapeutic target. Thus, this study aimed to provide preliminary evidence at the molecular level of taVNS antidepressant-like effect in ZDF rats through testing their limbic-regional P2X7R expression. ZDF rats were subjected to taVNS and transcutaneous non-vagal nerve stimulation (tnVNS). Body weight and blood glucose levels were monitored weekly. Depressive-like behaviors were evaluated with the open-field test (OFT) and forced swimming test (FST). Limbic-regional P2X7R expression was examined by western blotting (WB). P2X7R expressing cells were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Compared to their lean littermates (ZL rats), ZDF rats developed obesity, hyperglycemia, and depressive-like behaviors with elevated limbic-regional P2X7R expression. taVNS but not tnVNS lowered body weight, reduced and stabilized blood glucose levels, suppressed limbic-regional P2X7R expression, and reversed the depressive-like behaviors. P2X7R was found primarily expressed in ZDF rats' limbic-regional astrocytes. In conclusion, taVNS inhibits ZDF rats' limbic-regional P2X7R expression, which may be one of the taVNS antidepressant-like mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Yu
- Acupuncture Department, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xun He
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunzhi Tang
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peijing Rong
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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3
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Maharjan A, Peng M, Russell B, Cakmak YO. Investigation of the Optimal Parameters of Median Nerve Stimulation, Using a Variety of Stimulation Methods, and Its Effects on Heart Rate Variability: A Systematic Review. Neuromodulation 2022; 25:1268-1279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Maharjan A, Peng M, Cakmak YO. The effects of frequency-specific, non-invasive, median nerve stimulation on food-related attention and appetite. Appetite 2021; 169:105807. [PMID: 34798222 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Median nerve stimulation (MNS) in the existing literature has been used for treating gastrointestinal disorders and amelioration of nausea and vomiting. Recently, studies have shown that MNS can also exert effects on olfactory performances and corresponding anatomical regions through the activation of vagal pathways. This study aimed to test effects of specific frequencies of MNS on food-related attention and appetite. The experiment used an odourised, dot probe task for testing food-related attention and a combination of behavioural (i.e., visual analogue scales; VAS) and physiological approaches (i.e., electrocardiograph; ECG - root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats-RMSSD: parasympathetic nervous system activation (RMSSD), stress index-SI: sympathetic nervous system activation) for measuring hunger, appetite, and satiation. Twenty-four healthy, male adults completed a VAS and dot probe task before and after receiving either 40 Hz-, 80 Hz-, 120 Hz MNS or sham (control) across four different sessions with continuous ECG recording throughout each session. Data from the dot probe task were analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA, while pair-wise tests were used for ECG recordings and VAS. Improvements on the dot probe task, not specific to odour-food congruence were found after 40 Hz MNS (p-value = 0.048; strong effect size (0.308 partial eta squared)) while increased ratings of hunger (VAS) (p-value = 0.03, small effect size (0.47 Cohen-D)) and RMSSD scores (p-value < 0.001; medium effect size (0.76 Cohen-D)) were found after 120 Hz MNS. These findings implore further testing of MNS frequency parameters on improving RMSSD, a characteristic marker of measuring parasympathetic/autonomic nervous system activation pertaining to the vagal network. Furthermore, improving sympathovagal balance is associated with cardiovascular benefits in numerous health-related conditions such as obesity, hypertension and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Maharjan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mei Peng
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yusuf O Cakmak
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Brain Health Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand; Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Wang XP, Xing CY, Zhang JX, Zhou JH, Li YC, Yang HY, Zhang PF, Zhang W, Huang Y, Long JG, Gao F, Zhang X, Li J. Time-restricted feeding alleviates cardiac dysfunction induced by simulated microgravity via restoring cardiac FGF21 signaling. FASEB J 2020; 34:15180-15196. [PMID: 32954538 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001246rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dietary restriction has been well-described to improve health metrics, but whether it could benefit pathophysiological adaptation to extreme environment, for example, microgravity, remains unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of a daily rhythm of fasting and feeding without reducing caloric intake on cardiac function and metabolism against simulated microgravity. Male rats under ad libitum feeding or time-restricted feeding (TRF; food access limited to 8 hours every day) were subjected to hindlimb unloading (HU) to simulate microgravity. HU for 6 weeks led to left ventricular dyssynchrony and declined cardiac function. HU also lowered pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity and impaired glucose utilization in the heart. All these were largely preserved by TRF. TRF showed no effects on HU-induced loss of cardiac mass, but significantly improved contractile function of cardiomyocytes. Interestingly, TRF raised liver-derived fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) level and enhanced cardiac FGF21 signaling as manifested by upregulation of FGF receptor-1 (FGFR1) expression and its downstream markers in HU rats. In isolated cardiomyocytes, FGF21 treatment improved PDH activity and glucose utilization, consequently enhancing cell contractile function. Finally, both liver-specific knockdown (KD) of FGF21 and cardiac-specific FGFR1 KD abrogated the cardioprotective effects of TRF in HU rats. These data demonstrate that TRF improves cardiac glucose utilization and ameliorates cardiac dysfunction induced by simulated microgravity, at least partially, through restoring cardiac FGF21 signaling, suggesting TRF as a potential countermeasure for cardioprotection in long-term spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Pei Wang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chang-Yang Xing
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia-Xin Zhang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia-Heng Zhou
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yun-Chu Li
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong-Yan Yang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng-Fei Zhang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Gang Long
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Southwell BR. Electro‐Neuromodulation for Colonic Disorders—Review of Meta‐Analyses, Systematic Reviews, and RCTs. Neuromodulation 2020; 23:1061-1081. [DOI: 10.1111/ner.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget R. Southwell
- Surgical Research Group Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne Australia
- Department of Urology Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Australia
- Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
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Li H, Wu C, Yan C, Zhao S, Yang S, Liu P, Liu X, Wang M, Wang X. Cardioprotective effect of transcutaneous electrical acupuncture point stimulation on perioperative elderly patients with coronary heart disease: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Clin Interv Aging 2019; 14:1607-1614. [PMID: 31564843 PMCID: PMC6735632 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s210751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on postoperative autonomic nervous system function and serum biomarkers in the elderly. Patients and methods A total of 122 American Society of Anesthesiologists class II or III patients with coronary heart disease undergoing spinal surgery were randomly divided into two groups: TEAS (received TEAS at Neiguan [PC6] and Ximen [PC4] for 30 minutes before anesthesia induction until the end of surgery) and control (received electrode plate at the same acupuncture points without any electrical stimulation). Serum was isolated for the measurement of concentration of high-sensitive troponin T (hs-cTnT), CRP, and CK. Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) including: total power (TP), low-frequency (LF) power, high-frequency (HF) power, and LF/HF ratio were used to assess autonomic nervous system function. The primary outcome was to evaluate whether TEAS changed the postoperative serum hs-cTnT. The secondary outcomes were to observe the effects of TEAS on HRV, circulating CK and CRP after surgery. Results Hs-cTnT, CRP, and CK concentrations were significantly higher on first, third and fifth day after surgery than those before anesthesia induction in both groups. Hs-cTnT concentration was significantly lower on the first and third day after surgery in TEAS group than in control group. Compared with 1 day before surgery, TP, LF, and HF decreased significantly and HR, LF/HF increased significantly on first, third, and fifth day after surgery in control group. Compared with control group, HR was significantly lower on the first, third, and fifth day after surgery, LF/HF decreased and TP, LF, HF were significantly higher on the first day after surgery in TEAS group. Conclusion TEAS at PC6 and PC4 could reduce postoperative serum hs-cTnT concentration and change HRV index to improve autonomic nervous system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhou Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Caizhen Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjie Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
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Waki H, Suzuki T, Tanaka Y, Tamai H, Minakawa Y, Miyazaki S, Yoshida N, Uebaba K, Imai K, Hisajima T. Effects of electroacupuncture to the trigeminal nerve area on the autonomic nervous system and cerebral blood flow in the prefrontal cortex. Acupunct Med 2017; 35:339-344. [PMID: 28765118 DOI: 10.1136/acupmed-2016-011247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The autonomic nervous system and trigeminal nerve are involved in adjusting flow through diverging cerebral arteries in the prefrontal cortex. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 100 Hz electroacupuncture (EA) to the trigeminal nerve area on cerebral blood flow and autonomic nervous system function. METHOD This was a randomised crossover study of 16 healthy volunteers who were assigned to an EA or control group. Stimulation (in the EA group) was performed five times, each after 1 min of rest. Needles were inserted at the inner edge of the eyebrows and 1 cm from the front hairline midpoint. We used high-frequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) components of heart rate (HR) variability to assess autonomic nervous system function. HF and LF/HF ratio were taken as indicators of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system activity, respectively. We measured cerebral blood flow using a two-channel near-infrared spectroscope. RESULTS In the EA group, HR significantly decreased (p=0.004) and HF significantly increased (p=0.006) relative to baseline. By contrast, there were no significant changes in HR or HF within the control group (p>0.05). Accordingly, HR tended to be lower (p=0.087) and HF greater (p=0.071) in the EA group versus the control group. There were no significant differences in LF/HF ratio within/between groups. Compared with the control group, cerebral blood flow was significantly greater in the left (p=0.048) and right (p=0.016) prefrontal cortex in the EA group. CONCLUSIONS Delivery of 100 Hz EA to the trigeminal nerve area reduces HR and increases parasympathetic nervous activity and cerebral blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Waki
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzuki
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tamai
- Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Minakawa
- Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Miyazaki
- Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naruto Yoshida
- Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Uebaba
- Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Imai
- Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hisajima
- Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Bond V, Curry BH, Kumar K, Pemminati S, Gorantla VR, Kadur K, Millis RM. Nonlinear Conte-Zbilut-Federici (CZF) Method of Computing LF/HF Ratio: A More Reliable Index of Changes in Heart Rate Variability. J Pharmacopuncture 2016; 19:207-212. [PMID: 27695629 PMCID: PMC5043084 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2016.19.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Acupuncture treatments are safe and effective for a wide variety of diseases involving autonomic dysregulation. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a noninvasive method for assessing sympathovagal balance. The low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) spectral power ratio is an index of sympathovagal influence on heart rate and of cardiovascular health. This study tests the hypothesis that from rest to 30% to 50% of peak oxygen consumption, the nonlinear Conte-Zbilut-Federici (CZF) method of computing the LF/HF ratio is a more reliable index of changes in the HRV than linear methods are. Methods: The subjects of this study were 10 healthy young adults. Electrocardiogram RR intervals were measured during 6-minute periods of rest and aerobic exercise on a cycle ergometer at 30% and 50% of peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). Results: The frequency domain CZF computations of the LF/HF ratio and the time domain computations of the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) decreased sequentially from rest to 30% VO2peak (P < 0.001) to 50% VO2peak (P < 0.05). The SDNN and the CZF computations of the LF/HF ratio were positively correlated (Pearson’s r = 0.75, P < 0.001). fast Fourier transform (FFT), autoregressive (AR) and Lomb periodogram computations of the LF/HF ratio increased only from rest to 50% VO2peak. Conclusion: Computations of the LF/HF ratio by using the nonlinear CZF method appear to be more sensitive to changes in physical activity than computations of the LF/HF ratio by using linear methods. Future studies should determine whether the CZF computation of the LF/HF ratio improves evaluations of pharmacopuncture and other treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon Bond
- Department of Recreation, Human Performance & Leisure Studies, and Exercise Science & Human Nutrition Laboratory, Howard University Cancer Center, Washington D.C., United States of America
| | - Bryan H Curry
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine & Howard University Hospital, Washington D.C., United States America
| | - Krishna Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington D.C., United States of America
| | - Sudhakar Pemminati
- Departments of Pharmacology, American University of Antigua College of Medicine and Manipal University, St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda
| | - Vasavi R Gorantla
- Behavioral Science & Neuroscience, American University of Antigua College of Medicine, St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda
| | - Kishan Kadur
- Medical Physiology, American University of Antigua College of Medicine, St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda
| | - Richard M Millis
- Medical Physiology, American University of Antigua College of Medicine, St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda
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Gao JL, Li YL, Wang XM, Zhao QL, Zhang HJ, Han FF, Li XX, Zhang DH. Electroacupuncture pretreatment induces rapid tolerance to bupivacaine cardiotoxicity in rats. Acupunct Med 2016; 34:457-462. [PMID: 27664285 DOI: 10.1136/acupmed-2015-011037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that electroacupuncture (EA) protects against arrhythmia and myocardial injury induced by myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion. However, to our knowledge, it remains unknown whether EA could alleviate bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity. Therefore, we aimed to explore the effect of EA pretreatment on bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest and outcomes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in rats. METHODS 24 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: EA (n=12), and minimal acupuncture (MA) (n=12). Rats in both groups were needled at bilateral PC6, ST36, and ST40. Needles in the EA group were electrically stimulated for 60 min. ECG and invasive arterial blood pressure measurements were recorded. Two hours after EA or MA, 10 mg/kg bupivacaine was infused intravenously at a rate of 5 mg/kg/min in all rats. Rats suffering cardiac arrest were immediately subjected to CPR. At the end of the experiment, arterial blood samples were taken from surviving rats for blood gas analysis. RESULTS The time from bupivacaine infusion until 20% prolongation of the QRS and QT interval, and the time to cardiac arrest, were notably increased among the rats pretreated with EA. Moreover, EA pretreatment significantly improved mean arterial pressure and heart rate at all monitored points after bupivacaine infusion. The proportion of animals surviving was higher in the EA group (9/12) than the MA group (3/12) at the end of experiment (p=0.039). CONCLUSIONS Tolerance to bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity appeared to be increased following EA pre-treatment. The mechanism of action underlying the effects of EA on bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Long Gao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Yu-Lan Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Xiu-Mei Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Qian-Long Zhao
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Fang-Fang Han
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Xia-Xia Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Dong-Hang Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
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