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Fan X, Liu Y, Li S, Yang Y, Zhao Y, Li W, Hao J, Xu Z, Zhang B, Liu W, Zhang S. Comprehensive landscape-style investigation of the molecular mechanism of acupuncture at ST36 single acupoint on different systemic diseases. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26270. [PMID: 38375243 PMCID: PMC10875596 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The principle of acupoint stimulation efficacy is based on traditional meridian theory. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of acupoints in treating diseases remain unclear in modern scientific understanding. In this study, we selected the ST36 acupoint for investigation and summarized all relevant literature from the PubMed database over the past 10 years. The results indicate that stimulation of ST36 single acupoints has therapeutic effects mainly in models of respiratory, neurological, digestive, endocrine and immune system diseases. And it can affect the inflammatory state, oxidative stress, respiratory mucus secretion, intestinal flora, immune cell function, neurotransmitter transmission, hormone secretion, the network of Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC) and glucose metabolism of the organism in these pathological states. Among them, acupuncture at the ST36 single point has the most prominent function in regulating the inflammatory state, which can mainly affect the activation of MAPK signaling pathway and drive the "molecular-cellular" mode involving macrophages, T-lymphocytes, mast cells (MCs) and neuroglial cells as the core to trigger the molecular level changes of the acupuncture point locally or in the target organ tissues, thereby establishing a multi-system, multi-target, multi-level molecular regulating mechanism. This article provides a comprehensive summary and discussion of the molecular mechanisms and effects of acupuncture at the ST36 acupoint, laying the groundwork for future in-depth research on acupuncture point theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Fan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300250, China
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yongrui Yang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Yinghui Zhao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Wenxi Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Jiaxin Hao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Zhifang Xu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Institute for TCM-X, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Hebei Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Suzhao Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Hebei Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
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Wan MM, Jin T, Fu ZY, Lai SH, Gao WP. Electroacupuncture Alleviates Dry Eye Ocular Pain Through TNF-ɑ Mediated ERK1/2/P2X 3R Signaling Pathway in SD Rats. J Pain Res 2023; 16:4241-4252. [PMID: 38107367 PMCID: PMC10725190 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s436258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to examine electroacupuncture's influence on ocular pain and its potential modulation of the TNF-ɑ mediated ERK1/2/P2X3R signaling pathway in dry eye-induced rat models. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats with induced dry eye, achieved through extraorbital lacrimal gland removal, were treated with electroacupuncture. Comprehensive metrics such as the corneal mechanical perception threshold, palpebral fissure height, eyeblink frequency, eye wiping duration, behavioral changes in the open field test, and the forced swimming test were employed. Additionally, morphological changes in microglia and neurons were observed. Expression patterns of key markers, TNF-ɑ, TNFR1, p-ERK1/2, and P2X3R, in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (SpVc) regions, were studied with etanercept serving as a control to decipher the biochemistry of electroacupuncture's therapeutic effects. Results Electroacupuncture treatment demonstrated a notable decrease in the corneal mechanical perception threshold, improvement in palpebral fissure height, and significant reductions in both eyeblink frequency and eye wiping duration. Moreover, it exhibited a promising role in anxiety alleviation. Notably, the technique effectively diminished ocular pain by curbing microglial and neuronal activation in the TG and SpVc regions. Furthermore, it potently downregulated TNF-ɑ, TNFR1, p-ERK1/2, and P2X3R expression within these regions. Conclusion Electroacupuncture attenuated damage to sensory nerve pathways, reduced pain, and eased anxiety in dry eye-afflicted rats. The findings suggest a crucial role of TNF-ɑ mediated ERK1/2/P2X3R signaling pathway inhibition by electroacupuncture in these benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Mi Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tuo Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunshan Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhang-Yitian Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si-Hua Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Ping Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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Guo F, Han R, Sun L, Zheng L, Wang Y, Yan Y, Liu C, Qin Y, Yuan C, Wang S, Sun X, Gao C. Effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation on postoperative cognitive function in older patients with lung cancer: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19386. [PMID: 37809441 PMCID: PMC10558345 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This trial was to examine the effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on postoperative cognitive function in older patients who underwent thoracoscopic pulmonary resection. Methods This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. 128 patients scheduled for surgery were randomly assigned to the TEAS group and sham-TEAS group. A standardized intervention of TEAS or sham-TEAS on the acupoints of Baihui (DU20) and bilateral Neiguan (PC6), Hegu (LI4), and Zusanli (ST36) from 30 min before anesthesia induction until the end of the surgery, combined with a general anesthetic protocol performed in the two groups respectively. The primary outcome was the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) assessed via the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale at each time point. The secondary outcomes included the results of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) on pain and sleep, the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life (EORTC-QLQ-C30), and a chronic pain questionnaire at relative time points. Results Participants who completed the 12-month trial of the two groups were well-matched in baseline demographic and clinical parameters. At postoperative day 1, day 7, and day 30 time points, the incidence of POCD in the sham-TEAS group was always significantly higher than in the TEAS group (65.4% vs 20%, 43.6% vs 7.3%, 40% vs 3.6%, all P < 0.001). Also, the TEAS group showed better scores of MMSE, sleep, and pain compared with the sham-TEAS group (all P < 0.001). At 6 and 12 months points, the global health scores of the TEAS group were still significantly higher than the sham-TEAS group, and the prevalence of chronic pain was significantly lower than the sham-TEAS group (all P < 0.05). Conclusion TEAS could effectively improve the postoperative cognitive function and long-term life quality of geriatric patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lanlan Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanzheng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xude Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjun Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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AQP4, Astrogenesis, and Hydrocephalus: A New Neurological Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810438. [PMID: 36142348 PMCID: PMC9498986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a cerebral glial marker that labels ependymal cells and astrocytes’ endfeet and is the main water channel responsible for the parenchymal fluid balance. However, in brain development, AQP4 is a marker of glial stem cells and plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of pediatric hydrocephalus. Gliogenesis characterization has been hampered by a lack of biomarkers for precursor and intermediate stages and a deeper understanding of hydrocephalus etiology is needed. This manuscript is a focused review of the current research landscape on AQP4 as a possible biomarker for gliogenesis and its influence in pediatric hydrocephalus, emphasizing reactive astrogliosis. The goal is to understand brain development under hydrocephalic and normal physiologic conditions.
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Huang H, Yue X, Huang X, Long W, Kang S, Rao Y, Zeng J, Zuo J, Wang L, Li H, Wang Y, Qiu S, Zhao W. Brain Activities Responding to Acupuncture at ST36 ( zusanli) in Healthy Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Task-Based fMRI Studies. Front Neurol 2022; 13:930753. [PMID: 35968313 PMCID: PMC9373901 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.930753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Stomach 36 (ST36, zusanli) is one of the important acupoints in acupuncture. Despite clinical functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of ST36 acupuncture, the brain activities and the neural mechanism following acupuncture at ST36 remain unclear. Methods Literature searches were conducted on online databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang database, WeiPu database, and China Biology Medicine, for task-based fMRI studies of acupuncture at ST36 in healthy subjects. Brain regions activated by ST36 acupuncture were systematically evaluated and subjected to seed-based d mapping meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis was conducted on control procedures, manual acupuncture, electrical acupuncture (EA), and acupuncture-specific activations. Meta-regression analysis was performed to explore the effects of needle retention time on brain activities following ST36 acupuncture stimulation. The activated brain regions were further decoded and mapped on large-scale functional networks to further decipher the clinical relevance of acupuncturing at ST36. Results A total of sixteen studies, involving a total of 401 right-handed healthy participants, that satisfied the inclusion criteria were included in the present meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed that acupuncturing on ST36 positively activates the opercular part of the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG.R), left superior temporal gyrus (STG.L), and right median cingulate/paracingulate gyri (MCG.R) regions. Needle retention time in an acupuncture session positively correlates with the activation of the left olfactory cortex, as shown in meta-regression analysis. Subgroup analysis revealed that EA stimulation may be a source of heterogeneity in the pooled results. Functional network mappings showed that the activated areas were mapped to the auditory network and salience network. Further functional decoding analysis showed that acupuncture on ST36 was associated with pain, secondary somatosensory, sound and language processing, and mood regulation. Conclusion Acupuncture at ST36 in healthy individuals positively activates the opercular part of IFG.R, STG.L, and MCG.R. The left olfactory cortex may exhibit positive needle retention time-dependent activities. Our findings may have clinical implications for acupuncture in analgesia, language processing, and mood disorders. Systematic Review Registration https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2021-12-0035.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Huang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Yue
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Long
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shangyu Kang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yawen Rao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingchun Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junling Zuo
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongjuan Li
- The First Comprehensive Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yeqing Wang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shijun Qiu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixuan Zhao
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Jiang K, Sun Y, Chen X. Mechanism Underlying Acupuncture Therapy in Spinal Cord Injury: A Narrative Overview of Preclinical Studies. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:875103. [PMID: 35462893 PMCID: PMC9021644 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.875103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results from various pathogenic factors that destroy the normal structure and function of the spinal cord, subsequently causing sensory, motor, and autonomic nerve dysfunction. SCI is one of the most common causes of disability and death globally. It leads to severe physical and mental injury to patients and causes a substantial economic burden on families and the society. The pathological changes and underlying mechanisms within SCI involve oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, etc. As a traditional therapy, acupuncture has a positive effect promoting the recovery of SCI. Acupuncture-induced neuroprotection includes several mechanisms such as reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting the inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis, alleviating glial scar formation, promoting neural stem cell differentiation, and improving microcirculation within the injured area. Therefore, the recent studies exploring the mechanism of acupuncture therapy in SCI will help provide a theoretical basis for applying acupuncture and seeking a better treatment target and acupuncture approach for SCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Jiang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xinle Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, China
- *Correspondence: Xinle Chen,
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Tsai ST, Tseng PH, Wu LK, Wang YC, Ho TJ, Lin SZ. Diagnosis and treatment for normal pressure hydrocephalus: From biomarkers identification to outcome improvement with combination therapy. Tzu Chi Med J 2022; 34:35-43. [PMID: 35233354 PMCID: PMC8830549 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_275_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Liu T, Yin C, Li Y, Gao F, Yu L, Wang Z, Wang Q. Effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation on Postoperative Cognitive Decline in Elderly Patients: A Pilot Study. Clin Interv Aging 2021; 16:757-765. [PMID: 33976542 PMCID: PMC8106456 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s309082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postoperative cognitive decline (POCD) in the old ages seriously delays the rapid recovery. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) against POCD in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical colon cancer surgery, as well as the potential mechanism. Methods A prospective, single-center, parallel-group, randomized trial was designed. A total of 100 patients (age ≥65 years) undergoing laparoscopic radical resection of colon cancer were involved and randomly divided into TEAS (Group T) and control (Group C) groups. The patients in Group T were performed with percutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation in bilateral Hegu, Neiguan and Zusanli points from 30 minutes before anesthesia induction to the end of surgery. A Z-score based on Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) was used to assess the incidence of POCD. The levels of serum IL-6, hs-CRP, CGRP at 0 min before TEAS (T0), 1 h after beginning of surgery (T1) and the end of surgery (T2) were evaluated. Results Our data showed that the cumulative duration of POCD on postoperative day 2 and 3 in Group T was significantly decreased compared to Group C (P < 0.05). Compared with T0, the levels of serum IL-6, hs-CRP, and CGRP in both Group T and C were statistically elevated at T1 and T2 (P < 0.05). Moreover, the levels of serum IL-6 and hs-CRP were decreased, but the level of CGRP was increased in Group T compared to Group C at T1 and T2 (P < 0.05). Conclusion TEAS is associated with a lower cumulative duration of POCD in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical colon cancer surgery, which may be related to the regulation of inflammatory factors and neuropeptides interacted with gut–brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei, People's Republic of China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunping Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei, People's Republic of China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiujun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei, People's Republic of China
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Kaolin-induced hydrocephalus causes acetylcholinesterase activity dysfunction following hypothalamic damage in infant rats. Brain Res 2019; 1724:146408. [PMID: 31465772 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In hydrocephalus, the progressive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) causes dilatation of the lateral ventricles affecting the third ventricle and diencephalic structures such as the hypothalamus. These structures play a key role in the regulation of several neurovegetative functions by the production of the hormones. Since endocrine disturbances are commonly observed in hydrocephalic children, we investigated the impact of progressive ventricular dilation on the hypothalamus of infant rats submitted to kaolin-induced hydrocephalus. Seven-day-old infant rats were submitted to hydrocephalus induction by kaolin 20% injection method. After 14 days, the animals were decapitated and brain was collected to analyze mitochondrial function, neuronal activity by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, oxidative damage, glial activation, and, neurotransmission-related proteins and anti-apoptotic processes in the hypothalamus. The hydrocephalic animals showed reduction in respiratory rates in the States of phosphorylation (P < 0.01) and non-phosphorylation (P < 0.05); increase in AChE activity in both the cytosol (P < 0.05) and the membrane (P < 0.01); decrease in synaptophysin (P < 0.05) and Bcl-2 (P < 0.05) contents and; increase in protein carbonyl (P < 0.01), GFAP (P < 0.01) and Iba-1 (P < 0.05) levels. The results demonstrate that ventricular dilation causes hypothalamic damage characterized by cholinergic dysfunction and suggests further investigation of the synthesis and secretion of hormones to generate new approaches and to assist in the treatment of hydrocephalic patients with hormonal alterations.
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