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The Individualized Management Approach for Acute Poisoning. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2021; 2021:9926682. [PMID: 34056610 PMCID: PMC8133860 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9926682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute poisoning is a widespread emergency that mandates early management decisions for optimal outcomes. An individualized approach is an ideal way to provide those outcomes. Promoting awareness among healthcare professionals managing acute poisoning about the importance of incorporating the pharmacokinetics and following certain criteria to consider interventions such as activated charcoal, antidote, or specific investigations may improve their risk assessment strategies and management plans. To address the main aspects that should be considered to develop a customized poisoning management plan, we conducted this review based on relevant publications recovered by a careful search in PubMed. Our opinions as experts from the King Saud University (KSU) Drug and Poison Information Center (DPIC) were considered in the review.
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Evaluation of Patients Admitted to the Pediatric Emergency Department with Intoxication. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.16899/jcm.679961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Bilgen Sivri B, Ozpulat F. Mothers' Knowledge Levels Related to Poisoning. Turk J Emerg Med 2016; 15:13-22. [PMID: 27331190 PMCID: PMC4909940 DOI: 10.5505/1304.7361.2014.25582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study was done to evaluate mothers’ level of knowledge regarding poisoning, to plan training for issues with an identified lack of knowledge, to collect required data regarding protection and approach issues on poisoning cases which may occur in children for various reasons. Methods This descriptive study was performed after obtaining permission from the County Health Department and involved mothers who applied to Family Health Centers No. 1-7 between April 1st and May 31st 2012, and who agreed to participate in the study (n=290). The questionnaire was composed of three parts: “Personal Information Form,” “House Poisoning Evaluation Form” and “Home Poisoning Prevention Knowledge Level Form.” Results Participant ages were between 16 and 50 years and the mean age was 33.09±7.10 years. The number of children ranged from 1 to 6, and 203 people had seven children under the age of six. 37.6% of the mothers were primary school graduates, while 74.5% were housewives. There was a significant relationship between the knowledge score of the mothers on poisoning and education, career, neighborhood, and social security (p<0.05). Conclusions Childhood poisoning is the most common cause of admission to the hospital. Protective precautions such as family education, storage of medication out of reach of children and use of secure lids are thought to be important.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Funda Ozpulat
- Department of Nursing, Selcuk University, Aksehir Kadir Yallagoz School of Health, Konya, Turkey
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Poison exposure and outcome of children admitted to a pediatric emergency department. World J Pediatr 2011; 7:143-9. [PMID: 21574031 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-011-0267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper reports the characteristics, outcomes and clinical features of children with poisoning treated at an emergency department (ED). METHODS This retrospective study at an emergency department consisted of 140 children with poison exposure who were aged under 18 years. Their characteristics were analyzed in order to understand the differences between accidental and non-accidental poisoning. The poisonous materials were divided into two major categories (pharmaceuticals and non-pharmaceuticals) and their associations with patient outcomes were analyzed. Furthermore, the association was analyzed between the incidence of poison exposure and the season in which the poison exposure occurred. RESULTS The incidence of poison exposure was highest among adolescents and pre-school age children. Nonaccidental poisoning was more common in older girls and accidental poisoning was more common in younger boys (P<0.001). Neurological system agents were the most common cause of poisoning in the pharmaceutical group and cleansing products were the most common cause of poisoning in the non-pharmaceutical group. Neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms were the most common clinical presentations for the pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical groups, respectively. Furthermore, poisoning due to cleansing products and analgesics were associated with the longest duration of hospitalization. March was the highest risk month for pediatric poisoning (P=0.018). CONCLUSIONS Cleansing products and analgesics were associated with the longest duration of hospitalization and intentional poison was more common in girls.
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Tsalkidis A, Vaos G, Gardikis S, Kambouri K, Tripsianis G, Mantadakis E, Paraskakis E, Chatzimicael A. Acute poisoning among children admitted to a regional university hospital in Northern Greece. Cent Eur J Public Health 2011; 18:219-23. [PMID: 21361107 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a3617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to elucidate the current pattern of acute poisoning among children admitted to a regional University Hospital in the prefecture of Evros in Northern Greece. We also compared the obtained findings with those of two previous studies performed in the same region. METHODS Demographic and clinical data, management, and outcome of children with acute poisoning were recorded in our region, during the past 5-years (2005-2009, period C) and compared to similar studies carried out in the periods 1985-1989 (period A) and 1995-1999 (period B). RESULTS Comparison between the three periods showed that in period Athe lower incidence of children's acute poisoning (CAP) was observed. Also this revealed a 20%-reduction in the frequency of poisoning over the past 5-years (period C) compared to period B (p = 0.219), a significant increase in tobacco intoxication over the years (in the order A-C; p < 0.001 for comparisons of periods A and B, and periods B and C), while poisoning from insecticides-pesticides decreased (p < 0.001). The incidence of poisoning via salicylates significantly reduced from 9.7% in period A to 6.2% in period B, and further to 4.7% in period C (p = 0.016), whereas during the same periods poisoning via paracetamol increased from 2.3% to 5.1% and then to 10.4%, respectively (p < 0.001). Atrend toward a higher incidence of suicide attempt via poisoning was found during the three periods (from 3.0% in period A to 4.7% and 6.6%, in periods B and C, respectively; p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS The frequency of acute poisoning among children has decreased over the past 5 years. The incidences of poisoning via paracetamol and tobacco, and attempted suicide have increased in recent years. Targeted and continuous educational preventive programs are mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aggelos Tsalkidis
- Department of Paediatrics, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, Democritus University of Thrace School of Medicine, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Eifinger F, Roth B, Kröner L, Rothschild MA. Severe Ecstasy poisoning in an 8-month-old infant. Eur J Pediatr 2008; 167:1067-70. [PMID: 17899186 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-007-0609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report on an 8-month-old male infant who accidentally ingested an Ecstasy tablet (3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine, MDMA). Here we discuss, according to the available literature, the treatment, complications, and pharmacokinetics of MDMA intoxication in a young infant. Serum MDMA level 2 hours after ingestion was with 785 ng x mL(-1) above the dose considered lethal for adults (>500 ng x mL(-1)). After ingestion the patient showed life-threatening tachycardia of 210 beats min(-1), hyperthermia of 38.9 degrees C, seizures, and hypertension of 125/70 mmHg. Under supportive treatment (benzodiazepine, body cooling, rehydration therapy), 6 hours after admission, body temperature as well as the elevated blood pressure and heart beat had returned to normal values. Nine hours after ingestion the serum MDMA level was still 274 ng x mL(-1). The patient made a full clinical recovery and afterwards appeared to be a healthy boy. This case illustrates the need to consider the possibility of accidental Ecstasy ingestion in the differential diagnosis of a child suffering from convulsions with fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Eifinger
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Children's Hospital, 50924, Cologne, Germany.
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Ozdogan H, Davutoglu M, Bosnak M, Tutanc M, Haspolat K. Pediatric poisonings in southeast of Turkey: epidemiological and clinical aspects. Hum Exp Toxicol 2008; 27:45-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327108088975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Current detailed information about the causes, management, and clinical course of acute childhood poisonings in Turkey is scarce. Therefore, we have conducted a descriptive study of children presenting with acute poisoning to the pediatric emergency department of Dicle University Hospital throughout an 8-month period. Two hundred unselected children with poisoning were evaluated in terms of clinical, epidemiological and socioeconomic aspects. The mean age of patients was 5.7 ± 4.0 years. The majority of the patients ( n = 108, 54%) were aged from 13 months to 4 years ( P < 0.05). In majority of patients (66.5%, n = 133), poisonings were accidental. Intentional poisonings accounted for 3.5% ( n = 7) and food poisoning accounted for 30% ( n = 60) of all cases. The families had more than three children in 129 (97%) of accidentally poisoned and in seven (100%) of intentionally poisoned patients, six were girls and one was a boy. The parents of most patients were uneducated. Furthermore, more than two third of families had low level of income. In all, 171 patients (85.5%) were discharged after an observation period of 24 h. Four patients died. In conclusion, factors such as low educational level of parents, presence of more than three children in the family, and low income increase the incidence of childhood poisonings. The low educational level of girls increases the incidence of intentional poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ozdogan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - M Davutoglu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - M Bosnak
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - M Tutanc
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Emergency Room, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - K Haspolat
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Emergency Room, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
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Mintegi S, Fernández A, Alustiza J, Canduela V, Mongil I, Caubet I, Clerigué N, Herranz M, Crespo E, Fanjul JL, Fernández P, Humayor J, Landa J, Muñoz JA, Lasarte JR, Núñez FJ, López J, Molina JC, Pérez A, Pou J, Sánchez CA, Vázquez P. Emergency visits for childhood poisoning: a 2-year prospective multicenter survey in Spain. Pediatr Emerg Care 2006; 22:334-8. [PMID: 16714960 DOI: 10.1097/01.pec.0000215651.50008.1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the characteristics of childhood poisoning leading to consultation to 17 pediatric emergency departments in Spain. METHODS During a 2-year period (January 2001 to December 2002), accompanying people of 2157 children with acute intoxication who visited consecutively at the emergency room were prospectively surveyed. RESULTS Childhood poisoning accounted for 0.28% of all emergency visits during the study period. The median (interquartile range, 25th-75th percentile) age was 24 months (22-60 months); 67% of children were younger than 4 years. Drug ingestion was involved in 54.7% of cases (paracetamol was the most frequent drug), domestic products in 28.9%, alcohol in 5.9%, carbon monoxide in 4.5%, and illicit drugs in 1.5%. A total of 61.3% of patients were admitted within 1 hour after exposure to the toxic substance, and 10.3% had been already treated before arrival; 29.1% of patients were referred for clinical manifestations which were mostly neurological symptoms. Laboratory tests and other investigations were performed in 40.7% of cases. Gastrointestinal decontamination was used in 51.7% of patients, with activated charcoal in 32.3%. Treatment varied significantly according to the individual hospitals. A total of 83.3% of patients were treated as outpatients, 15.2% were hospitalized, and 1.5% were admitted to the intensive care unit. One 11-month-old boy with carbon monoxide intoxication died. Six patients had permanent sequelae (esophageal stenosis in 5 and partial blindness in 1). CONCLUSIONS Young children who accidentally ingested drugs and, less frequently, domestic products accounted for most cases of intoxication who presented at the pediatric emergency department.
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Wilkerson R, Northington L, Fisher W. Ingestion of Toxic Substances by Infants and Children. Crit Care Nurse 2005. [DOI: 10.4037/ccn2005.25.4.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Wilkerson
- Robin Wilkerson and LaDonna Northington are associate professors of nursing and Wanda Fisher is an assistant professor of nursing at the University of Mississippi Medical Center School of Nursing, Jackson, Miss
| | - LaDonna Northington
- Robin Wilkerson and LaDonna Northington are associate professors of nursing and Wanda Fisher is an assistant professor of nursing at the University of Mississippi Medical Center School of Nursing, Jackson, Miss
| | - Wanda Fisher
- Robin Wilkerson and LaDonna Northington are associate professors of nursing and Wanda Fisher is an assistant professor of nursing at the University of Mississippi Medical Center School of Nursing, Jackson, Miss
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