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Endo W, Arito M, Sato T, Kurokawa MS, Omoteyama K, Iizuka N, Okamoto K, Suematsu N, Nakamura H, Beppu M, Kato T. Effects of sulfasalazine and tofacitinib on the protein profile of articular chondrocytes. Mod Rheumatol 2013; 24:844-50. [DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2013.864225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
5-Aminosalicylic Acid (5-ASA) has been used for over 50 years in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in the pro-drug form sulphasalazine (SASP). SASP is also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. However whether the therapeutic properties of SASP are due to the intact molecule, the 5-ASA or sulphapyridine components is unknown. Several mechanisms of action have been proposed for 5-ASA and SASP including interference in the metabolism of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and leukotrienes, scavenging,of reactive oxygen species, effects on leucocyte function and production of cytokines. However, it is unlikely that the anti-inflammatory properties of SASP and 5-ASA are due to several different properties but more likely that a single property of 5-ASA explains the theraapeutic effects of 5-ASA and SASP. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the metabolism of prostaglandins and leukotrienes and can act as second messengers, and so the scavenging of ROS may be the single mechanism of action of 5-ASA that gives rise to its antiinflammatory effects in both inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Couto D, Ribeiro D, Freitas M, Gomes A, Lima JLFC, Fernandes E. Scavenging of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by the prodrug sulfasalazine and its metabolites 5-aminosalicylic acid and sulfapyridine. Redox Rep 2011; 15:259-67. [PMID: 21208525 DOI: 10.1179/135100010x12826446921707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfasalazine is a prodrug composed by a molecule of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and sulfapyridine (SP), linked by an azo bond, which has been shown to be effective in the therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, as well as of rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. The precise mechanism of action of sulfasalazine and/or its metabolites has not been completely elucidated, though its antioxidant effects are well established and are probably due to its scavenging effects against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), as well as metal chelating properties, in association to its inhibitory effects over neutrophil oxidative burst. The present work was focused on screening and comparing the potential scavenging activity for an array of ROS (O(2)(•-), H(2)O(2), (1)O(2), ROO(•) and HOCl) and RNS ((•)NO and ONOO(-)), mediated by sulfasalazine and its metabolites 5-ASA and SP, using validated in vitro screening systems. The results showed that both 5-ASA and sulfasalazine were able to scavenge all the tested ROS while SP was practically ineffective in all the assays. For HOCl, (1)O(2), and ROO(•), 5-ASA showed the best scavenging effects. A new and important finding of the present study was the strong scavenging effect of 5-ASA against (1)O(2). 5-ASA was shown to be a strong scavenger of (•)NO and ONOO(-). Sulfasalazine was also able to scavenge these RNS, although with a much lower potency than 5-ASA. SP was unable to scavenge (•)NO in the tested concentrations but was shown to scavenge ONOO(-), with a higher strength when the assay was performed in the presence of 25 mM bicarbonate, suggesting further scavenging of oxidizing carbonate radical. In conclusion, the ROS- and RNS-scavenging effects of sulfasalazine and its metabolites shown in this study may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects mediated by sulfasalazine through the prevention of the oxidative/nitrative/nitrosative damages caused by these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Couto
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Interference of antibacterial agents with phagocyte functions: immunomodulation or "immuno-fairy tales"? Clin Microbiol Rev 2000. [PMID: 11023961 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.13.4.615-650.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional phagocytes (polymorphonuclear neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages) are a main component of the immune system. These cells are involved in both host defenses and various pathological settings characterized by excessive inflammation. Accordingly, they are key targets for immunomodulatory drugs, among which antibacterial agents are promising candidates. The basic and historical concepts of immunomodulation will first be briefly reviewed. Phagocyte complexity will then be unravelled (at least in terms of what we know about the origin, subsets, ambivalent roles, functional capacities, and transductional pathways of this cell and how to explore them). The core subject of this review will be the many possible interactions between antibacterial agents and phagocytes, classified according to demonstrated or potential clinical relevance (e.g., neutropenia, intracellular accumulation, and modulation of bacterial virulence). A detailed review of direct in vitro effects will be provided for the various antibacterial drug families, followed by a discussion of the clinical relevance of these effects in two particular settings: immune deficiency and inflammatory diseases. The prophylactic and therapeutic use of immunomodulatory antibiotics will be considered before conclusions are drawn about the emerging (optimistic) vision of future therapeutic prospects to deal with largely unknown new diseases and new pathogens by using new agents, new techniques, and a better understanding of the phagocyte in particular and the immune system in general.
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Labro MT. Interference of antibacterial agents with phagocyte functions: immunomodulation or "immuno-fairy tales"? Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13:615-50. [PMID: 11023961 PMCID: PMC88953 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.13.4.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional phagocytes (polymorphonuclear neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages) are a main component of the immune system. These cells are involved in both host defenses and various pathological settings characterized by excessive inflammation. Accordingly, they are key targets for immunomodulatory drugs, among which antibacterial agents are promising candidates. The basic and historical concepts of immunomodulation will first be briefly reviewed. Phagocyte complexity will then be unravelled (at least in terms of what we know about the origin, subsets, ambivalent roles, functional capacities, and transductional pathways of this cell and how to explore them). The core subject of this review will be the many possible interactions between antibacterial agents and phagocytes, classified according to demonstrated or potential clinical relevance (e.g., neutropenia, intracellular accumulation, and modulation of bacterial virulence). A detailed review of direct in vitro effects will be provided for the various antibacterial drug families, followed by a discussion of the clinical relevance of these effects in two particular settings: immune deficiency and inflammatory diseases. The prophylactic and therapeutic use of immunomodulatory antibiotics will be considered before conclusions are drawn about the emerging (optimistic) vision of future therapeutic prospects to deal with largely unknown new diseases and new pathogens by using new agents, new techniques, and a better understanding of the phagocyte in particular and the immune system in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Labro
- INSERM U 479, Faculté Xavier Bichat, 75018 Paris, France.
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Simmonds NJ, Millar AD, Blake DR, Rampton DS. Antioxidant effects of aminosalicylates and potential new drugs for inflammatory bowel disease: assessment in cell-free systems and inflamed human colorectal biopsies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13:363-72. [PMID: 10102970 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic efficacy of 5-aminosalicylic acid in inflammatory bowel disease may be related to its antioxidant properties. AIM To compare in vitro the antioxidant effects of conventional drugs (5-aminosalicylic acid, corticosteroids, metronidazole), with new aminosalicylates (4-aminosalicylic acid, balsalazide) and other potential therapies (ascorbate, N-acetylcysteine, glutathione, verapamil). METHODS Compounds were assessed for efficacy in reducing the in vitro production of reactive oxygen species by cell-free systems (using xanthine/xanthine oxidase, with or without myeloperoxidase) and by colorectal biopsies from patients with ulcerative colitis using luminol-amplified chemiluminescence. RESULTS 5-aminosalicylic acid and balsalazide were more potent antioxidants than 4-aminosalicylic acid or N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid in cell-free systems. 5-aminosalicylic acid (20 mM) and balsalazide (20 mM) inhibited rectal biopsy chemiluminescence by 93% and 100%, respectively, compared with only 59% inhibition by 4-aminosalicylic acid (20 mM). Hydrocortisone, metronidazole and verapamil had no significant effect on chemiluminescence in any system. Ascorbate (20 mM) inhibited chemiluminescence by 100% in cell-free systems and by 60% in rectal biopsies. N-acetyl cysteine (10 mM), and both oxidized and reduced glutathione (10 mM), completely inhibited chemiluminescence in cell-free systems, but not with rectal biopsies. CONCLUSIONS The antioxidant effects of compounds varies between cell-free systems and inflamed colorectal biopsies. The effect of drugs on the chemiluminescence produced by these two assay systems is useful for screening potentially new antioxidant treatments for inflammatory bowel disease. Ascorbate seems worth further study as a novel therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Simmonds
- The Gastrointestinal Science, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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Heimbürger M, Lerner R, Palmblad J. Effects of antirheumatic drugs on adhesiveness of endothelial cells and neutrophils. Biochem Pharmacol 1998; 56:1661-9. [PMID: 9973188 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(98)00201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Because disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs might exert part of their effects on adhesion of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) to endothelial cells, this being the first step for PMN migration to inflammatory lesions, we evaluated such drug effects in vitro. Gold sodium thiomalate (GSTM) impaired the ability of interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta)-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to express E-selectin and to bind PMN but had no effect on the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) or on hyperadhesivity of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-stimulated PMN. Auranofin (AF) interacted with HUVEC and PMN adhesiveness but in opposite directions: this drug hampered IL-1beta-induced HUVEC hyperadhesiveness and expression of E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule 1, but augmented PMN adherence and CD18 expression. The net effect of auranofin was a reduction of cytokine-driven adhesiveness and enhancement of formylpeptide-induced adhesion. Salazopyrin did not affect HUVEC or PMN adhesiveness or E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression. Thus, the gold-containing drugs modulated HUVEC and PMN adhesiveness by different mechanisms but ones involving surface adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heimbürger
- Department of Rheumatology, The Karolinska Institute at Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden.
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Bratt J, Palmblad J. Inhibition of neutrophil-dependent cytotoxicity for human endothelial cells by antirheumatic drugs. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 1996; 128:552-60. [PMID: 8960638 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(96)90127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Because polymorphonuclear (PMN) neutrophils are major effector cells in vasculitides, we assessed whether disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs impaired the ability of human PMNs to lyse human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. HUVECs were grown to confluence and labeled with chromium 51. PMNs, stimuli, and antirheumatic drugs were added stepwise, and the release of 51Cr was subsequently assessed. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and the oligopeptide fMLP, activating PMNs by surface receptors, conferred highly significant cytolysis that was dose-dependently reduced when auranofin, gold sodium aurothiomalate (GSTM), and sulfasalazine and its metabolites sulfapyridine and 5-ASA were added to the assay system. This protection remained, but with stimulus- and drug-specific variations, when either PMNs or HUVECs alone were treated with drugs before washings and PMN activation. In contrast, methotrexate did not protect HUVECs. Cytotoxicity conferred by the ionophore A23187 was inhibited by auranofin and GSTM only. Likewise, when HUVEC cytolysis was induced by two major cytotoxic mechanisms of PMNs, exogenous H2O2, or PMN lysates, auranofin and GSTM hampered lysis significantly. Thus in this in vitro model of vasculitis, auranofin, GSTM, sulfasalazine, sulfapyridine, and 5-ASA--but not methotrexate--dose-dependently reduced the PMN-dependent endothelial cell damage by effects on the PMNs as well as effects on the HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bratt
- Department of Rheumatology, The Karolinska Institute at Stockholm Söder Hospital, Sweden
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Kanerud L, Engström GN, Tarkowski A. Evidence for differential effects of sulphasalazine on systemic and mucosal immunity in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1995; 54:256-62. [PMID: 7763101 PMCID: PMC1005570 DOI: 10.1136/ard.54.4.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of sulphasalazine (SASP) on the systemic and mucosal humoral immune systems in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Serum concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL-6), class and subclass specific IgG, IgA and IgM, IgA and IgG antigliadin antibodies and rheumatoid factors (RF) of IgG, IgA (including IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses) and IgM isotypes were measured before and 16 weeks after sulphasalazine (SASP) therapy in 15 female and three male patients with RA. Amounts of immunoglobulins in saliva and jejunal fluid were measured as estimates of mucosal humoral immunity. RESULTS Serum concentrations of IgA and IgG decreased significantly during SASP therapy and correlated with reduced concentrations of IL-6. In addition, levels of circulating IgA RF, IgA anti-gliadin antibodies and IgM RF decreased significantly after the treatment. In contrast, immunoglobulin levels in saliva and jejunal fluid were unaltered. CONCLUSION SASP exerts powerful but selective inhibitory effects on systemic immunoglobulin production, whereas no effects on mucosal immunoglobulin production were observed. The decreased systemic B cell activity may be mediated by downregulation of the production of IL-6, a cytokine with Ig switching properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kanerud
- Department of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm Söder Hospital, Sweden
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Hannonen P, Möttönen T, Hakola M, Oka M. Sulfasalazine in early rheumatoid arthritis. A 48-week double-blind, prospective, placebo-controlled study. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1993; 36:1501-9. [PMID: 7902092 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780361104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy and tolerability of sulfasalazine (SSZ) in the treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Eighty patients (symptomatic disease < 12 months) were randomly assigned to treatment with SSZ or placebo for 48 weeks. Clinical, laboratory, and scintigraphic data were used to determine the effects of treatment. RESULTS SSZ was superior to placebo in reducing the laboratory features of inflammation, the clinical parameters of disease activity, as well as the scintigraphic activity in the joints. Furthermore, fewer erosive changes developed in the joints of patients receiving active treatment, but the difference between treatment groups did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION SSZ is effective in the treatment of RA, and its onset of action is rapid. The results support the view that SSZ retards the development of joint erosions. However, like other conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, its remission-inducing ability is insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hannonen
- Department of Medicine, Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Abstract
Peripheral blood leukocytes contain a variety of enzymes that are capable of metabolising xenobiotics. The enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) appears to be the most important for drug metabolism. MPO is a peroxidase/oxidase and generates the powerful oxidant hypochlorous acid. MPO- or MPO-generated oxidants are capable of oxidizing a wide variety of compounds and a broad range of functional groups, especially those that contain nitrogen and sulfur. Leukocytes have a role in immune response; therefore, reactive intermediates generated by leukocyte metabolism of xenobiotics may have a role in idiosyncratic drug reactions, particularly those that are immune-mediated such as drug-induced lupus or agranulocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Hofstra
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Actions of sulphasalazine and its metabolites on polymorphonuclear leucocyte superoxide. Inflammopharmacology 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02660613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hafström I, Ringertz B, Lundeberg T, Palmblad J. The effect of endothelin, neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P on neutrophil functions. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1993; 148:341-6. [PMID: 7692698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1993.tb09565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are putative mediators of inflammation. At physiological concentrations substance P has been shown to prime polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocyte (PMN) chemiluminescence (CL). In the present study we show also that both endothelin and neuropeptide Y (NPY), but not calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are able to prime PMN oxidative metabolism. At similar nanomolar concentrations SP and endothelin (but not NPY) also primed formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced rises of cytosolic calcium. On the other hand, NPY caused a direct and dose-related increase of cytosolic calcium concentrations. None of the mentioned neuropeptides primed PMN aggregation or directly induced CL, aggregation or chemotaxis over a wide range of concentrations (1 fM-1 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hafström
- Department of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Söder Hospital, Sweden
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Nielsen OH, Bouchelouche PN, Berild D, Ahnfelt-Rønne I. Effect of 5-aminosalicylic acid and analogous substances on superoxide generation and intracellular free calcium in human neutrophilic granulocytes. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993; 28:527-32. [PMID: 8100641 DOI: 10.3109/00365529309098261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), which are found in the inflammatory lesions of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, produce tissue-destructive oxygen-derived free radicals. The influence of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), its acetylated metabolite (Ac-5-ASA), sulfasalazine (SAZ), and olsalazine (OLZ) (5-ASA dimer linked by an azo group) in pharmacologically relevant concentrations (0.1-10 mM) were tested on PMN superoxide production with either the receptor-specific agent formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) or the protein kinase C activator phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Inhibition of receptor-specific superoxide production occurred at 0.07, 0.32, and 0.63 mM (IC50 values) for 5-ASA, SAZ, and OLZ, respectively. No inhibitory effects of SAZ and OLZ were observed when PMA was applied as stimulus for PMN superoxide production. The results indicate that the signal to which PMNs respond by generating superoxide is primarily due to calcium release from intracellular stores. They further suggest that SAZ and OLZ may affect the oxygen-derived free radical production in human PMNs by unspecific cytotoxicity or by interference with the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced (NADPH) oxidase system, whereas 5-ASA itself is a free radical scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- O H Nielsen
- Dept. of Medical Gastroenterology C, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Carlin G, Djursäter R, Smedegård G. Sulphasalazine inhibition of human granulocyte activation by inhibition of second messenger compounds. Ann Rheum Dis 1993; 51:1230-6. [PMID: 1361317 PMCID: PMC1012461 DOI: 10.1136/ard.51.11.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The effects of sulphasalazine on the production of second messenger compounds in human granulocytes have been characterised by various stimuli. The increases in cytosolic calcium, inositol trisphosphate, diacylglycerol, and phosphatidic acid (all important mediators of intracellular signal transduction) triggered by stimulation were inhibited by sulphasalazine. The metabolites 5-amino-salicylic acid and sulphapyridine were less potent inhibitors than the mother compound. It is concluded that sulphasalazine inhibits the synthesis of phosphoinositide derived second messenger compounds at the level of phospholipase C or its regulatory guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) binding protein. Inhibition of phosphatidic acid synthesis was either due to the same mechanism, or to interaction with a phospholipase D regulating GTP binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Carlin
- Department of Pharmacology, Kabi Pharmacia Therapeutics, Uppsala, Sweden
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Oestreicher P, Nielsen ST, Rainsford KD. Sulphasalazine fails to prevent development of mucosal ulceration and 5-lipoxygenase activity in guinea-pigs with chronic inflammatory bowel disease induced by combined bacterial immunization and oral carrageenin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 44:528-31. [PMID: 1359081 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb03662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A model of inflammatory bowel disease in guinea-pigs involving a 14 day initial treatment with formalin-killed Bacteroides vulgatus subcutaneously and oral carrageenin plus live B. vulgatus for 10 days was used to determine the effects of sulphasalazine 100 mg kg-1 day-1 b.i.d., p.o. given for 4, 7 and 10 days after cessation of the bacterial/carrageenin treatment on the morphological and histological states of the established disease and on the production of the principal 5-lipoxygenase products, 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and leukotriene B4. The drug treatment did not cause any significant changes in this established disease as measured by these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Oestreicher
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Wyeth Laboratories Inc, Philadelphia, PA 19101
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Nielsen OH, Ahnfelt-Rønne I. Involvement of oxygen-derived free radicals in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1991; 69:995-1000. [PMID: 1686790 DOI: 10.1007/bf01645145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. The most widely prescribed drug for treatment of these diseases, sulfasalazine, has been shown to inhibit the activity of free radicals, as the active moiety of sulfasalazine, 5-aminosalicylic acid, is a radical scavenger. This effect of 5-aminosalicylic acid may be of clinical relevance, as a recent study has shown that 5-aminosalicylic acid reacts with oxygen-derived free radicals formed in the intestine in this disease. Reaction with free radicals does not, however, occur in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with the same agent. Furthermore, a significant correlation exists between the activity in the intestine of free radicals, as measured by the rate of lipid peroxidation, and the disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- O H Nielsen
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology C, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen
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Rainsford KD. Disease-modifying antirheumatic and immunoregulatory agents. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL RHEUMATOLOGY 1990; 4:405-32. [PMID: 2093435 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3579(05)80002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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