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Honda M, Horiuchi H, Torii T, Nakajima A, Iijima T, Murano H, Yamanaka H, Ito S. Urate-lowering therapy for gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia in the pediatric population: a cross-sectional study of a Japanese health insurance database. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:581. [PMID: 34922491 PMCID: PMC8684120 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-03051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous research showed that uric acid lowering therapy (ULT) for gout and hyperuricemia is being prescribed for pediatric patients even though these drugs have not been approved for use in children. However, the actual clinical situation has not been clearly elucidated. In this paper, we provide an in-depth look at the details of actual clinical practice. METHODS This retrospective cross-sectional study accessed health insurance data for 696,277 children from April 2016 through March 2017 to identify pediatric patients with gout or asymptomatic hyperuricemia, calculate the proportion of patients prescribed ULTs, and analyze population characteristics. Adherence and mean dose for febuxostat and allopurinol, the most commonly prescribed drugs, were also analyzed. RESULTS Among children with gout or asymptomatic hyperuricemia, we found that 35.1% (97/276) were prescribed ULT. This proportion increased with age, especially among males. By comorbidity, ULT was prescribed to 47.9% (46/96) of patients with kidney disease, 41.3% (26/63) for cardiovascular disease, 40.0% (6/15) for Down syndrome, and 27.1% (32/118) for metabolic syndrome. In patients with kidney disease, febuxostat was prescribed more than twice as frequently as allopurinol (28 vs. 12). Median values for the medication possession ratio (MPR) of febuxostat and allopurinol were 70.1 and 76.7%, respectively, and prescriptions were continued for a relatively long period for both drugs. Both drugs were prescribed at about half the adult dose for patients 6-11 years old and about the same as the adult dose for patients 12-18 years old. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the continuous management of serum uric acid is being explored using off-label use of ULT in pediatric patients with gout or asymptomatic hyperuricemia in Japan. Drug selection is based on patient characteristics such as sex, age, and comorbidities, and pediatric dosage is based on usage experience in adults. To develop appropriate pediatric ULT, clinical trials are needed on the efficacy and safety of ULT in the pediatric population. TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN000036029 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Honda
- Clinical Research Support Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Musashidai 2-8-29, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8561, Japan
| | - Hideki Horiuchi
- Medical Science Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Kasumigaseki Common Gate West Tower, Kasumigaseki 3-2-1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8585, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Torii
- Medical Science Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Kasumigaseki Common Gate West Tower, Kasumigaseki 3-2-1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8585, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakajima
- Pharmaceutical Development Administration Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Kasumigaseki Common Gate West Tower, Kasumigaseki 3-2-1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iijima
- Pharmaceutical Development Coordination Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Kasumigaseki Common Gate West Tower, Kasumigaseki 3-2-1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murano
- Pharmaceutical Development Coordination Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Kasumigaseki Common Gate West Tower, Kasumigaseki 3-2-1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8585, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamanaka
- Rheumatology, Sanno Medical Center, Akasaka 8-5-35, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-0052, Japan
- Department of Rheumatology, International University of Health and Welfare, Kozunomori 4-3, Narita-shi, Chiba, 286-8686, Japan
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Kawada-cho 8-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
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Ito S, Torii T, Nakajima A, Iijima T, Murano H, Horiuchi H, Yamanaka H, Honda M. Prevalence of gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia in the pediatric population: a cross-sectional study of a Japanese health insurance database. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:481. [PMID: 33059648 PMCID: PMC7559194 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although gout is rare in children, chronic sustained hyperuricemia can lead to monosodium urate deposits progressing to gout, just as in adults. This study assessed prevalence and characteristics of gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia, and incidence of gouty arthritis in the pediatric population, using data from Japanese health insurance claims. The diagnosis and treatment of pediatric gout and hyperuricemia were analyzed, and specific characteristics of those patients were assessed. Since Japanese guidelines recommend treatment with uric acid lowering drugs for asymptomatic hyperuricemia as well as for gout, these data were also used to investigate the real-world use of uric acid lowering drugs in a pediatric population. Methods This cross-sectional study was based on a 2016–2017 Japanese health insurance claims database, one of the largest epidemiology claims databases available in Japan, which included 356,790 males and 339,487 females 0–18 years of age. Outcomes were measured for prevalence, patient characteristics, treatment with uric acid lowering drugs for gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia, and prevalence and incidence of gouty arthritis. Because uric acid can be elevated by some forms of chemotherapy, data from patients under treatment for malignancies were excluded from consideration. Results Total prevalence of gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia in 0–18 year-olds was 0.040% (276/696,277 patients), with gout prevalence at 0.007% (48/696,277) and asymptomatic hyperuricemia at 0.033% (228/696,277). Prevalence of gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia was highest in adolescent males, at 0.135% (176/130,823). The most common comorbidities for gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia were metabolic syndrome at 42.8% (118/276) and kidney disease at 34.8% (96/276). Of the patients diagnosed with gout or asymptomatic hyperuricemia, 35.1% (97/276) were treated with uric acid lowering drugs. Gouty arthritis developed in 43.8% (21/48) of gout patients during the study, at an incidence of 0.65 flares/person-year. Conclusions Even the pediatric population could be affected by asymptomatic hyperuricemia, gout, and gouty arthritis, and uric acid lowering drugs are being used in this population even though those drugs have not been approved for pediatric indications. Such off-label use may indicate a potential need for therapeutic agents in this population. Trial registration UMIN000036029.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Fukuura 3-9, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tomoko Torii
- Medical Science Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Kasumigaseki Common Gate West Tower, Kasumigaseki 3-2-1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8585, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakajima
- Pharmaceutical Development Administration Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Kasumigaseki Common Gate West Tower, Kasumigaseki 3-2-1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iijima
- Pharmaceutical Development Coordination Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Kasumigaseki Common Gate West Tower, Kasumigaseki 3-2-1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murano
- Pharmaceutical Development Coordination Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Kasumigaseki Common Gate West Tower, Kasumigaseki 3-2-1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8585, Japan
| | - Hideki Horiuchi
- Medical Science Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Kasumigaseki Common Gate West Tower, Kasumigaseki 3-2-1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8585, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamanaka
- Rheumatology, Sanno Medical Center, Akasaka 8-5-35, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-0052, Japan
| | - Masataka Honda
- Clinical Research Support Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Musashidai 2-8-29, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8561, Japan.
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de Knegt NC, Lobbezoo F, Schuengel C, Evenhuis HM, Scherder EJA. Pain and Cognitive Functioning in Adults with Down Syndrome. PAIN MEDICINE 2017; 18:1264-1277. [PMID: 28034975 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnw280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of the present study was to examine whether cognitive functioning (i.e., memory and executive functioning) is related to self-reported presence of pain (i.e., affirmative answer to the question whether the individual feels pain) and experience of pain (i.e., intensity and affect) in adults with Down syndrome (DS). Design, Setting, and Subjects Cross-sectional study of 224 adults with DS (mean age = 38.1 years, mild-severe intellectual disabilities) in the Netherlands. Methods File-based medical information was evaluated. Self-reported presence and experience of pain were assessed during a test session, both in rest and after movement (affect with the facial affective scale [FAS], intensity with the numeric rating scale [NRS]). Neuropsychological tests for memory and executive functioning were used. Results Participants with lower memory scores were more likely to report the presence of pain, while controlling for age, gender, physical conditions that may cause pain, language comprehension, and vocabulary ( p = .030, 58.4% classification rate, N = 154). No statistically significant associations were found between executive functioning and self-reported presence of pain or between cognitive functioning and self-reported pain experience. Conclusions Memory seems to be related to the self-reported presence of pain in adults with DS after explicit inquiry, although the clinical use of this model is yet limited. Therefore, further research is needed for insight into the role of cognitive processes in self-report (e.g., involving aspects such as acquiescence and repeated measurements) to evaluate whether neuropsychological examination could contribute to pain assessment in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda C de Knegt
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Lobbezoo
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam.,Department of Oral Kinesiology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carlo Schuengel
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies.,EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heleen M Evenhuis
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erik J A Scherder
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Dubchak N, Falasca GF. New and improved strategies for the treatment of gout. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2010; 3:145-66. [PMID: 21694941 PMCID: PMC3108771 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s6048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Western world appears to be in the midst of the third great gout epidemic of all time. In this century, gout is increasing in prevalence despite an increased understanding of its risk factors and pathophysiology, and the availability of reasonably effective treatment. The main cultural factors responsible for this appear to be diet, obesity, ethanol use and medications. Excess fructose consumption is a newly recognized modifiable risk factor. The debate has been renewed concerning hyperuricemia as an independent risk factor for renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease. Prevention is still rooted in lifestyle choices. Existing treatments have proven to be unsatisfactory in many patients with comorbidities. New treatments are available today and on the horizon for tomorrow, which offer a better quality of life for gout sufferers. These include febuxostat, a nonpurine inhibitor of xanthine oxidase with a potentially better combination of efficacy and safety than allopurinol, and investigational inhibitors of URAT-1, an anion exchanger in the proximal tubule that is critical for uric acid homeostasis. New abortive treatments include interleukin-1 antagonists that can cut short the acute attack in 1 to 2 days in persons who cannot take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, colchicine or corticosteroids. Lastly, newer formulations of uricase have the ability to dissolve destructive tophi over weeks or months in patients who cannot use currently available hypouricemic agents. Diagnostically, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging offer advanced ways to diagnose gout noninvasively, and just as importantly, a way to follow the progress of tophus dissolution. The close association of hyperuricemia with metabolic syndrome, hypertension and renal insufficiency ensures that nephrologists will see increasing numbers of gout-afflicted patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Dubchak
- Division of Rheumatology, Cooper University Hospital, UMDNJ – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at Camden, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Gerald F Falasca
- Division of Rheumatology, Cooper University Hospital, UMDNJ – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at Camden, Camden, NJ, USA
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Chen YC, Wang PW, Pan TL, Wallace CG, Chen CJ. Proteomic analysis of Down's syndrome patients with gout. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 369:89-94. [PMID: 16500633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Revised: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, the expression of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) in Down's syndrome patients with gout (DS/G) was determined, and possible underlying mechanisms of gout were characterized using proteomic tools. METHODS Serum was obtained from DS/G, healthy controls and gout patients (without DS), recruited from the rheumatology clinic. Baseline enzyme assays were recorded and RT-PCR used to identify HPRT gene expression. 2-D electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were utilized to determine a plausible explanation concerning the mechanisms leading to increased uric acid levels in DS patients. RESULTS Two DS patients were diagnosed with gouty arthritis. Their HPRT enzyme activity was slightly lower than that of normal controls. HPRT expression was also slightly decreased in DS/G patients compared with controls. Serum protein profiles of these two DS/G patients revealed that haptoglobin alpha chain and apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) were both significantly down-regulated. Protein expression was validated by immunoblot. CONCLUSION Our results revealed that low levels of haptoglobin in the two DS/G patients were related to renal dysfunction may have affected uric acid excretion and caused gout. However, decreased ApoA1 revealed a positive correlation between defective lipid metabolism and gouty arthritis in DS/G patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chou Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Abstract
The sequencing of chromosome 21 and the use of models of Down's syndrome in mice have allowed us to relate genes and sets of genes to the neuropathogenesis of this syndrome, and to better understand its phenotype. Research in prenatal screening and diagnosis aims to find methods to identify fetuses with Down's syndrome, and reduce or eliminate the need for amniocentesis. Other areas of active research and clinical interest include the association of Down's syndrome with coeliac disease and Alzheimer's disease, and improved median age of death. Medical management of the syndrome requires an organised approach of assessment, monitoring, prevention, and vigilance. Improvements in quality of life of individuals with Down's syndrome have resulted from improvements in medical care, identification and treatment of psychiatric disorders (such as depression, disruptive behaviour disorders, and autism), and early educational interventions with support in typical educational settings. Approaches and outcomes differ throughout the world.
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