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Farrag Y, Farrag M, Varela-García M, Torrijos-Pulpón C, Capuozzo M, Ottaiano A, Lago F, Mera A, Pino J, Gualillo O. Adipokines as potential pharmacological targets for immune inflammatory rheumatic diseases: Focus on rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and intervertebral disc degeneration. Pharmacol Res 2024; 205:107219. [PMID: 38763327 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Adipokines are a heterogeneous group of signalling molecules secreted prevalently by adipose tissue. Initially considered as regulators of energy metabolism and appetite, adipokines have been recognized for their substantial involvement in musculoskeletal disorders, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and many others. Understanding the role of adipokines in rheumatic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, as well as in other musculoskeletal diseases such as intervertebral disc degeneration, is crucial for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Targeting adipokines, or their signalling pathways, may offer new opportunities for the treatment and management of these conditions. By modulating adipokines levels or activity, it may be possible to regulate inflammation, to maintain bone health, and preserve muscle mass, thereby improving the outcomes and quality of life for individuals affected by musculoskeletal diseases. The aim of this review article is to update the reader on the multifaceted role of adipokines in the main rheumatic diseases such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis and to unravel the complex interplay among adipokines, cartilage metabolism, bone remodelling and muscles, which will pave the way for innovative therapeutic intervention in the future. For completeness, the role of adipokines in intervertebral disc degeneration will be also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousof Farrag
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana SIN, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - Mariam Farrag
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana SIN, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - María Varela-García
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana SIN, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - Carlos Torrijos-Pulpón
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana SIN, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - Maurizio Capuozzo
- Pharmaceutical Department, ASL-Napoli-3 Sud, Via Marittima 3, Ercolano 80056, Italy.
| | - Alessando Ottaiano
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS "G. Pascale", Via M. Semmola, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Francisca Lago
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Group, SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Research Laboratory 7, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Mera
- SERGAS, Servizo Galego de Saude, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - Jesus Pino
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana SIN, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; International PhD School, University of Santiago de Compostela (EDIUS), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; University of Santiago de Compostela, Department of Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Trav. Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Building C, Travesía da Choupana SIN, Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; International PhD School, University of Santiago de Compostela (EDIUS), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
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Fang TJ, Chiu MH, Huang MS, Dai CY, Yeh YT, Yen JH. Increased serum adipokines are associated with sarcopenia in non-obese women with rheumatoid arthritis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2024; 40:489-498. [PMID: 38602220 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Large cohort studies have disclosed the association between obesity and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk. The sarcopenia prevalence in RA patients can be up to 31%. However, there is little information linking adipokines to sarcopenia in RA, so this study aimed to investigate whether adipokines were indeed involved in secondary sarcopenia in RA with a focus on non-obese females. Sixty-four female patients and 36 controls were included in this study. The serum adipokine levels (leptin and adiponectin) were determined by ELISA kits. The impacts of adipokines on muscle atrophy and potential autophagy were examined in mouse myoblasts, C2C12, upon treatment with recombinant leptin and adiponectin agonist (AdipoRan). Interestingly, serum adiponectin was significantly increased but the ratio of leptin/adiponectin was dramatically decreased in the RA patients with sarcopenia. After normalization by body mass, serum leptin was positively associated but adiponectin was negatively associated with muscle mass respectively, even after adjustment for fat mass. Treating C2C12 cells with leptin and AdipoRan inhibited proliferation of mature myotube respectively, as did treatment with the serum from RA patients. A combination of low leptin and high AdipoRan greatly decreased myogenin, but instead increased MAFbx and MuRF-1 as well as increased Beclin 1, Atg5, and LC3β. Taken together, our study reveals that secondary sarcopenia of RA females may be an imbalance of RA-related, but not obesity-related, increase in adipokine production; additionally, the reduced leptin/adiponectin ratio could be a better indicator in monitoring sarcopenia in non-obese RA females. Moreover, adipokine imbalance may promote muscle atrophy through inducing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Jung Fang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hsi Chiu
- Aging and Disease Prevention Research Center, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyan Huang
- E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Dai
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Tsung Yeh
- Aging and Disease Prevention Research Center, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Hsien Yen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
- College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Gong X, Tang Y, Yu SS, Shi W, Wang YR, Deng JL, Rui JB, Qiu YY. Elevated serum leptin may be associated with disease activity and secondary osteoporosis in Chinese patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2023; 42:3333-3340. [PMID: 37646860 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-023-06725-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic chronic autoimmune disease in adults that is associated with significant joint issues and systemic inflammation. One of the signs of bone damage in RA is osteoporosis (OP). Leptin is an inflammatory protein that has been reported to be related to RA. The potential relationships among leptin, disease activity, and OP in Chinese patients with RA are not well known. METHODS In total, 245 patients with RA and 120 healthy controls were included in this study. Detailed data on the clinical characteristics and laboratory features were collected. Information about physical activity and functional status was recorded using specific questionnaires. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The MECALL castor-50-hf model X-ray scanner was used for the two-hand (including wrist) photographs. RESULTS Serum leptin levels differed significantly between the RA group and healthy control subjects (1.27/3.29 vs. 0.17/0.24, Z=13.29, P<0.001). The positive rate of leptin protein in RA patients was 86.35%, which was higher than that in controls (19.55%) (χ2=28.51, P<0.001). Pearson's correlation test showed that morning stiffness, disease duration, joint swelling, joint tenderness, swollen joint count (SJC), tender joint count (TJC), health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) score, and Sharp-van der Heijde method (Sharp) score were positively correlated with the level of serum leptin (r=0.212, r=0.312, r=0.322, r=0.501, r=0.291, r=0.334, P<0.05). There was a clear increasing trend in the level of serum leptin according to the different disease activity scores and in the 28 joint activity (DAS28) groups (F=13.936, P<0.001). Elevated leptin was a risk factor for increased disease activity and OP according to logistic regression analysis. The median leptin level differed significantly between the normal bone mass group, osteopenia group, and OP group (P<0.001). An increased serum leptin level was a risk factor for RA-induced osteoporosis according to logistic regression analysis (P<0.001). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the level of serum leptin is associated with disease activity and secondary OP among Chinese patients with RA. Key Points • Serum leptin levels in RA patients are higher than those in normal control group. • Leptin was associated with disease activity. • Leptin was associated with the occurrence of systemic osteoporosis and affects bone erosion in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Gong
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | | | - Wei Shi
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yan-Run Wang
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jia-Liang Deng
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jin-Bin Rui
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ying-Ying Qiu
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Bilski J, Schramm-Luc A, Szczepanik M, Mazur-Biały AI, Bonior J, Luc K, Zawojska K, Szklarczyk J. Adipokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Emerging Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2998. [PMID: 38001998 PMCID: PMC10669400 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease manifested by joint involvement, extra-articular manifestations, and general symptoms. Adipose tissue, previously perceived as an inert energy storage organ, has been recognised as a significant contributor to RA pathophysiology. Adipokines modulate immune responses, inflammation, and metabolic pathways in RA. Although most adipokines have a pro-inflammatory and aggravating effect on RA, some could counteract this pathological process. The coexistence of RA and sarcopenic obesity (SO) has gained attention due to its impact on disease severity and outcomes. Sarcopenic obesity further contributes to the inflammatory milieu and metabolic disturbances. Recent research has highlighted the intricate crosstalk between adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, suggesting potential interactions between these tissues in RA. This review summarizes the roles of adipokines in RA, particularly in inflammation, immune modulation, and joint destruction. In addition, it explores the emerging role of adipomyokines, specifically irisin and myostatin, in the pathogenesis of RA and their potential as therapeutic targets. We discuss the therapeutic implications of targeting adipokines and adipomyokines in RA management and highlight the challenges and future directions for research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bilski
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland; (A.I.M.-B.); (K.Z.)
| | - Agata Schramm-Luc
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland; (A.S.-L.); (K.L.)
| | - Marian Szczepanik
- Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Irena Mazur-Biały
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland; (A.I.M.-B.); (K.Z.)
| | - Joanna Bonior
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Krakow, Poland; (J.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Kevin Luc
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland; (A.S.-L.); (K.L.)
| | - Klaudia Zawojska
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland; (A.I.M.-B.); (K.Z.)
| | - Joanna Szklarczyk
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Krakow, Poland; (J.B.); (J.S.)
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Vasileiadis GK, Sayols S, Zhao SS, Fatima T, Maglio C. Adipokines and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: A two-sample multivariable Mendelian randomisation study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286981. [PMID: 37294817 PMCID: PMC10256188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin, leptin, and resistin are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the causal relationship between these adipokines and the risk for RA is unclear. We performed a range of two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses to assess the causal effect of circulating adiponectin, leptin, and resistin on RA risk in European and East Asian individuals. Different sets of adiponectin-, leptin-, and resistin-related genetic variants were used as instruments for genetically determined adipokine levels. As body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for RA and affects adipokine levels, multivariable MR was used to calculate the causal effect of each adipokine on RA risk taking BMI into account. Several MR analyses revealed no evidence of a causal relationship between circulating adiponectin, leptin, or resistin levels and RA risk in either Europeans or East Asians. Similarly, multivariable MR did not provide evidence of any causal effect of adiponectin, leptin, or resistin on RA risk when taking BMI into account. This MR study shows for the first time that genetically determined levels of adiponectin, leptin, or resistin do not have a direct causal effect on the risk of developing RA after adjustment for BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios K. Vasileiadis
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sergi Sayols
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- CIBER Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sizheng Steven Zhao
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tahzeeb Fatima
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cristina Maglio
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Lee YH, Song GG. Circulating leptin and its correlation with rheumatoid arthritis activity: a meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2023; 30:116-125. [PMID: 37483475 PMCID: PMC10324936 DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2023.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the association between the levels of leptin in the circulating of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the severity of the disease. Methods We looked through the databases of Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Library. We conducted a meta-analysis on the correlations between circulating leptin and the Disease Activity Score 28-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in RA patients, as well as a meta-analysis of circulating or circulating leptin levels in RA patients. Results This meta-analysis study analyzed 42 different comparisons from 37 different publications, including a total of 2,350 patients with RA and 1,815 controls. The RA group had substantially higher leptin levels than the control group (standardized mean difference [SMD]=0.507, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.309~0.704, p<0.001). The finding that RA patients had higher leptin levels was unaffected by sample size. The correlation between circulating leptin levels and DAS28 is statistically significant (correlation coefficient=0.247, 95% CI=0.087~0.396, p=0.003). Leptin levels are also correlated with CRP levels (correlation coefficient=0.203, 95% CI=0.048~0.349, p=0.010). Conclusion This comprehensive meta-analysis demonstrates that the circulating leptin levels of RA patients are elevated, and provides compelling evidence of the significant relationship between leptin levels and the activity of RA. The findings of this research suggest that leptin plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ho Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gwan Gyu Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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The Influence of Adipokines on Radiographic Damage in Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020536. [PMID: 36831072 PMCID: PMC9953013 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRDs) are complex immune-mediated diseases that are characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA), including axial SpA (ax SpA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), are the most common forms of IRD. Both RA and ax SpA are characterized by a chronic course with progressive structural modifications, namely, cartilage damage and bone erosions in RA and osteoproliferative changes with spinal ossifications in ax SpA. The adipose tissue is involved in the pathophysiology of IRDs via the release of several proteins, namely, adipokines. Several adipokines with pro-inflammatory effects have been identified, such as leptin, adiponectin, visfatin and resistin. In this review, we discuss the role that adipokines may play in the structural modifications of the peripheral joints and/or axial skeleton. In RA, the role of leptin in structural damage remains controversial, while adiponectin and its high-molecular-weight isoform are known to have an influence on the development of bone erosions and radiographic progression. Resistin also appears to be a potent detrimental adipokine for the joints in RA. In ax SpA, visfatin seems to be an attractive candidate for radiographic progression, while leptin and adiponectin have negative effects on radiographic progression.
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Ait Eldjoudi D, Cordero Barreal A, Gonzalez-Rodríguez M, Ruiz-Fernández C, Farrag Y, Farrag M, Lago F, Capuozzo M, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Mera Varela A, Pino J, Gualillo O. Leptin in Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Player or Bystander? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052859. [PMID: 35270000 PMCID: PMC8911522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is a specialized tissue whose main function is lipid synthesis and triglyceride storage. It is now considered as an active organ secreting a plethora of hormones and cytokines namely adipokines. Discovered in 1994, leptin has emerged as a key molecule with pleiotropic functions. It is primarily recognized for its role in regulating energy homeostasis and food intake. Currently, further evidence suggests its potent role in reproduction, glucose metabolism, hematopoiesis, and interaction with the immune system. It is implicated in both innate and adaptive immunity, and it is reported to contribute, with other adipokines, in the cross-talking networks involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation and immune-related diseases of the musculo-skeletal system such as osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this review, we summarize the most recent findings concerning the involvement of leptin in immunity and inflammatory responses in OA and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djedjiga Ait Eldjoudi
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.A.E.); (A.C.B.); (M.G.-R.); (C.R.-F.); (Y.F.); (M.F.); (J.P.)
| | - Alfonso Cordero Barreal
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.A.E.); (A.C.B.); (M.G.-R.); (C.R.-F.); (Y.F.); (M.F.); (J.P.)
- International PhD School, University of Santiago de Compostela (EDIUS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Gonzalez-Rodríguez
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.A.E.); (A.C.B.); (M.G.-R.); (C.R.-F.); (Y.F.); (M.F.); (J.P.)
- International PhD School, University of Santiago de Compostela (EDIUS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Clara Ruiz-Fernández
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.A.E.); (A.C.B.); (M.G.-R.); (C.R.-F.); (Y.F.); (M.F.); (J.P.)
- International PhD School, University of Santiago de Compostela (EDIUS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Yousof Farrag
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.A.E.); (A.C.B.); (M.G.-R.); (C.R.-F.); (Y.F.); (M.F.); (J.P.)
| | - Mariam Farrag
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.A.E.); (A.C.B.); (M.G.-R.); (C.R.-F.); (Y.F.); (M.F.); (J.P.)
| | - Francisca Lago
- Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Group, SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Research Laboratory 7, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Maurizio Capuozzo
- National Health Service, Local Health Authority ASL 3 Napoli Sud, Department of Pharmacy, Ercolano, 80056 Naples, Italy;
| | - Miguel Angel Gonzalez-Gay
- Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, IDIVAL, University of Cantabria, Avenida de Valdecilla s/n, 39011 Santander, Spain;
| | - Antonio Mera Varela
- SERGAS, Servizo Galego de Saude, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Jesús Pino
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.A.E.); (A.C.B.); (M.G.-R.); (C.R.-F.); (Y.F.); (M.F.); (J.P.)
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.A.E.); (A.C.B.); (M.G.-R.); (C.R.-F.); (Y.F.); (M.F.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Pre-Transplant Serum Leptin Levels and Relapse of Acute Myeloid Leukemia after Allogeneic Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042337. [PMID: 35216457 PMCID: PMC8879842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Weight loss and metabolic activity influence outcome after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT). This study evaluates pre-conditioning Leptin, a peptide hormone involved in metabolism and immune homeostasis, as a prognostic factor for survival, relapse and non-relapse mortality (NRM) following alloSCT. Leptin serum levels prior to conditioning were determined in a cohort of patients transplanted for various hematologic malignancies (n = 524) and correlated retrospectively with clinical outcome. Findings related to patients with acute leukemia (AL) from this sample were validated in an independent cohort. Low pre-conditioning serum Leptin was an independent prognostic marker for increased risk of relapse (but not of NRM and overall mortality) following alloSCT for AL of intermediate and advanced stage (beyond first complete remission). Multivariate analysis revealed a hazard ratio (HR) for relapse of 0.75 per log2 increase (0.59–0.96, p = 0.020). This effect was similar in an independent validation cohort. Pre-conditioning serum Leptin was validated as a prognostic marker for early relapse by fitting the multivariate Cox model to the validation data. Pre-conditioning serum Leptin levels may serve as an independent prognostic marker for relapse following alloSCT in intermediate and advanced stage AL patients. Prospective studies are required to prove whether serum Leptin could be used for guiding nutritional intervention in patients with AL undergoing alloSCT.
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Kata F, Alsulaitti SW, Adlan MM. Leptin and Vascular Cell Adhesion Protein 1 as Physiological Biomarkers in Serum of Women Suffering from Rheumatoid Arthritis. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.8208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis is defining as a common chronic and inflammatory disorder of systematic autoimmune disease. Leptin is a small peptide hormone involved in the inflammatory and immunomodulators processes of several diseases.
AIM: The study aimed at evaluating the level of leptin and Vascular Cell Adhesion Protein 1 (VCAM-1) and proves that they act as vital markers in the serum of rheumatoid arthritis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 80 serum samples from women were obtains (56 serum samples were distributing for women with rheumatoid arthritis and 24 serum samples for uninfected women who were considered a healthy group).
RESULTS: There are no significant difference in the concentration of the leptin hormone in the serum of both patients and healthy women, and that age, period, and severity of the disease had no effect on the level of leptin hormone. However, the results confirmed that at the probability level p < 0.05 the VCAM-1 concentration increased significantly in patients’ serum when compared with the healthy group, and demonstrated that age groups only affected the VCAM-1 biomarker level.
CONCLUSIONS: Our current study concludes that leptin levels in the serum were not impacts by the inflammatory state in patients with rheumatism, whereas VCAM-1 level in rheumatic patients may be associate with inflammatory reactions.
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by tumor-like hyperplasia and inflammation of the synovium, which causes synovial cell invasion into the bone and cartilage. In RA pathogenesis, various molecules in effector cells (i.e., immune cells and mesenchymal cells) are dysregulated by genetic and environmental factors. Consistent with the early stages of RA, these pathogenic cells cooperate and activate each other directly by cell-to-cell contact or indirectly via humoral factors. Recently, growing evidence has revealed essential role of adipokines, which are multifunctional signal transduction molecules, in the immune system. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the cross-talk between leptin, one of the most well-known and best-characterized adipokines, and osteoimmunology. Furthermore, we discuss the contribution of leptin to the pathogenesis of RA and its potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Tsuchiya
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keishi Fujio
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Association of Leptin Gene Polymorphisms with Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Chinese Population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2020:3789319. [PMID: 33083462 PMCID: PMC7559230 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3789319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Recently, increasing studies have revealed that leptin is involved in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study is aimed at exploring the association of leptin gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with susceptibility to RA in a Chinese population. Methods We recruited 600 RA patients and 600 healthy controls from a Chinese population and analyzed their three leptin SNPs (rs10244329, rs2071045, and rs2167270) using the improved Multiplex Ligase Detection Reaction (iMLDR) assays. The associations of these SNPs with clinical manifestations of RA were also analyzed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed for plasma leptin determination. Results No significant difference in either allele or genotype frequencies of these three SNPs between RA patients and healthy controls was observed (all P > 0.05). Association between the genotype effects of dominant, recessive models was also not found (all P > 0.05). No significant difference in plasma leptin levels was detected between RA patients and controls (P > 0.05). Conclusion Leptin gene (rs10244329, rs2071045, and rs2167270) polymorphisms are not associated with RA genetic susceptibility and its clinical features in the Chinese population.
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The complex role of adipokines in obesity, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:731-752. [PMID: 33729498 PMCID: PMC7969664 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The global obesity epidemic is a major contributor to chronic disease and disability in the world today. Since the discovery of leptin in 1994, a multitude of studies have characterized the pathological changes that occur within adipose tissue in the obese state. One significant change is the dysregulation of adipokine production. Adipokines are an indispensable link between metabolism and optimal immune system function; however, their dysregulation in obesity contributes to chronic low-grade inflammation and disease pathology. Herein, I will highlight current knowledge on adipokine structure and physiological function, and focus on the known roles of these factors in the modulation of the immune response. I will also discuss adipokines in rheumatic and autoimmune diseases.
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Association of Leptin Levels and Disease Activity in Patients with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arch Med Res 2021; 52:544-553. [PMID: 33632629 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have reported a link between metabolic parameters and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), although the evidence is limited in early RA. We aimed to investigate the relationship between disease activity and adipocytokine levels in subjects with early RA. METHODS Forty-seven patients with early RA (symptom duration ≤12 months) were enrolled. Disease activity was determined by DAS28-CRP. Patients were treated with DMARDs according to the EULAR recommendations. Subjects were tested before and five months after treatment. RESULTS Early RA patients with high disease activity (DAS28-CRP > 4.9) had greater BMI (31.2 ± 6.8 kg/m2 vs. 26.7 ± 4.1 kg/m2; p = 0.006) and higher leptin levels (14.62 ± 15.60 ng/mL vs. 7.82 ± 8.00 ng/mL; p = 0.048). Levels of other adipocytokines were not significantly different. Leptin levels were similar in subjects with mild/moderate disease activity and controls. DAS28-CRP was correlated with leptin (r = 0.303, p = 0.039). Leptin levels decreased significantly after treatment (from 10.86 ± 12.34 ng/mL to 9.22 ± 9.29 ng/mL; p = 0.047) along with insulin levels (from 13.68 ± 21.90 mU/L to 7.09 ± 4.72 mU/L; p = 0.010) and HOMA-IR (from 4.39 ± 9.53 to 1.70 ± 1.38; p = 0.012). HDL cholesterol levels increased (from 41 ± 10 mg/dL48 ± 10 mg/dL; p <0.001). CONCLUSION Leptin levels were associated with disease activity in patients with early RA and these levels decreased after treatment with DMARDs. Further research is needed to elicit leptin's role to regulate disease activity in early RA.
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Vasileiadis GK, Lundell AC, Zhang Y, Andersson K, Gjertsson I, Rudin A, Maglio C. Adipocytokines in Untreated Newly Diagnosed Rheumatoid Arthritis: Association with Circulating Chemokines and Markers of Inflammation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020325. [PMID: 33669910 PMCID: PMC7924659 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin, leptin, and resistin are adipocytokines whose levels are elevated in blood and synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, their role in RA pathogenesis is unclear. Here, we examined whether adipocytokines are associated with circulating chemokines, markers of inflammation and RA disease activity in patients with untreated newly diagnosed RA. Plasma levels of 15 chemokines, adiponectin, leptin, and resistin were measured using flow cytometry bead-based immunoassay or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in a cohort of 70 patients with untreated newly diagnosed RA. Markers of inflammation and disease activity were also assessed in all patients. Positive association was found between total adiponectin and CXCL10 (β = 0.344, p = 0.021), CCL2 (β = 0.342, p = 0.012), and CXCL9 (β = 0.308, p = 0.044), whereas high-molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin associated only with CXCL9 (β = 0.308, p = 0.033). Furthermore, both total and HMW adiponectin were associated with C-reactive protein (β = 0.485, p = 0.001; β = 0.463, p = 0.001) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (β = 0.442, p = 0.001; β = 0.507, p < 0.001). Leptin and resistin were not associated with plasma chemokines, markers of inflammation, or disease activity scores. Our study shows an association between circulating adiponectin and pro-inflammatory chemokines involved in RA pathogenesis as well as markers of inflammation in a well-characterized cohort of patients with untreated newly diagnosed RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios K. Vasileiadis
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; (G.K.V.); (A.-C.L.); (Y.Z.); (K.A.); (I.G.); (A.R.)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna-Carin Lundell
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; (G.K.V.); (A.-C.L.); (Y.Z.); (K.A.); (I.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; (G.K.V.); (A.-C.L.); (Y.Z.); (K.A.); (I.G.); (A.R.)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Andersson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; (G.K.V.); (A.-C.L.); (Y.Z.); (K.A.); (I.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Inger Gjertsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; (G.K.V.); (A.-C.L.); (Y.Z.); (K.A.); (I.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Anna Rudin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; (G.K.V.); (A.-C.L.); (Y.Z.); (K.A.); (I.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Cristina Maglio
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden; (G.K.V.); (A.-C.L.); (Y.Z.); (K.A.); (I.G.); (A.R.)
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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Toussirot E. Mini-Review: The Contribution of Adipokines to Joint Inflammation in Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:606560. [PMID: 33424772 PMCID: PMC7786430 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.606560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD) are complex disorders characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints and related skeletal structures. The most common forms of IRD are rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA), including axial SpA (axSpA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Obesity is a frequent comorbidity in RA and PsA, and to a lesser extend in axial SpA. The association between obesity and IRD may be explained by the release from fat tissue of several bioactive proteins, namely adipokines. Adipokines are involved in the regulation of various processes such as lipid or glucose metabolism, but also inflammation. Adipokines are interrelated with the immune system, with both innate and adaptive immune cell connections. Several adipokines with pro-inflammatory effects have been identified such as leptin, visfatin or resistin. Conversely, adiponectin and more specifically its low molecular weight isoform, is considered to have antiinflammatory properties. In this review, we discuss the contribution of adipokines to the joint inflammation of IRD, the relation they have with immune pathways of these diseases, their links with the structural impact on peripheral joints and/or axial skeleton, and also the influence they may have on the cardiometabolic risk of IRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Toussirot
- INSERM CIC-1431, Centre d’Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Pôle Recherche, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France
- Rhumatologie, Pôle PACTE (Pathologies Aiguës Chroniques Transplantation Éducation), CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France
- Département Universitaire de Thérapeutique, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- INSERM UMR1098 « Relations Hôte Greffon Tumeurs, Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique », Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Iqbal SM, Burns L, Grisanti J. Effect of Body Mass Index on the Disease Activity of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Gender-Specific Manner and the Association of Respective Serum C-Reactive Protein Levels With the Body's Inflammatory Status. Cureus 2020; 12:e9417. [PMID: 32864245 PMCID: PMC7449617 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.9417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current literature evaluating the effect of high body mass index (BMI) on the disease activity of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is mixed as some studies have shown a positive, linear relationship between BMI and disease activity while others have demonstrated an inverse correlation. Through this study, we have expanded the effect of BMI on disease activity in patients with RA. We have further expanded on whether BMI influences the disease activity depending on the gender being studied. Finally, we have studied whether there is a correlation between high BMI values and rising C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Methodology This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Outpatient Clinical Department of Buffalo Rheumatology. The study was ethically approved by the Catholic Health Institutional Review Board. A total number of 451 patients' clinical data was selected based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. The patients were divided into different BMI categories based on the guidelines of national obesity education initiative of the national heart, lung, and blood Institute. The following clinical parameters were studied: BMI, serum CRP level, and disease activity through routine assessment of patient index data questionnaire 3 (RAPID3). The minimum sample size (n = 358) was calculated via the world health organization sample size calculator. All data were entered and analyzed through Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 16.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results Our study sample included 98 males and 353 females (22% and 78%, respectively). Collective data for both the genders showed significantly increased disease activity in RA patients with high BMI values (p = 0.04). When the data sets were categorized according to the two genders, it was noted that the aforementioned results remain significant for the females only (p = 0.02 for females and p = 0.57 for males). At all BMI values, mean RAPID3 scoring remained significantly higher for females as opposed to their male counterparts (p = 0.006). Mean serum CRP levels increased linearly with increasing BMI (p < 0.001); however, for the underweight patient population, mean CRP levels were the highest as compared to normal weight, overweight, moderately obese, and severely obese patients. Conclusion We conclude that the association between the BMI and the severity of disease remains elusive. High BMI values increase the risk of a pro-inflammatory state of the body due to higher serum CRP levels. Estimating the clinically significant benefit of this theory would require a large-scale clinical trial that would highlight the role of losing weight in improving the patients' quality of life, pain control, and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila M Iqbal
- Internal Medicine, University at Buffalo/Sisters of Charity Hospital, Buffalo, USA
| | - Linda Burns
- Rheumatology, Buffalo Rheumatology and Medicine, Buffalo, USA
| | - Joseph Grisanti
- Rheumatology, Buffalo Rheumatology and Medicine, Buffalo, USA
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Pucino V, Certo M, Varricchi G, Marone G, Ursini F, Rossi FW, De Paulis A, Mauro C, Raza K, Buckley CD. Metabolic Checkpoints in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:347. [PMID: 32362840 PMCID: PMC7180190 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have highlighted the interplay between metabolism, immunity and inflammation. Both tissue resident and infiltrating immune cells play a major role in the inflammatory process of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) via the production of cytokines, adipo-cytokines and metabolic intermediates. These functions are metabolically demanding and require the most efficient use of bioenergetic pathways. The synovial membrane is the primary site of inflammation in RA and exhibits distinctive histological patterns characterized by different metabolism, prognosis and response to treatment. In the RA synovium, the high energy demand by stromal and infiltrating immune cells, causes the accumulation of metabolites, and adipo-cytokines, which carry out signaling functions, as well as activating transcription factors which act as metabolic sensors. These events drive immune and joint-resident cells to acquire pro-inflammatory effector functions which in turn perpetuate chronic inflammation. Whether metabolic changes are a consequence of the disease or one of the causes of RA pathogenesis is still under investigation. This review covers our current knowledge of cell metabolism in RA. Understanding the intricate interactions between metabolic pathways and the inflammatory and immune responses will provide more awareness of the mechanisms underlying RA pathogenesis and will identify novel therapeutic options to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pucino
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute for Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michelangelo Certo
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT) and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Ospedale dei Colli, Hospital Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Ursini
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Medicine and Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Wanda Rossi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT) and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Amato De Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT) and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Mauro
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karim Raza
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute for Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Research into Inflammatory Arthritis Centre Versus Arthritis, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- MRC and Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research (CMAR), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Dominic Buckley
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Drug targets for the treatment of obesity and comorbidities represent an ever-renewable source of research opportunities worldwide. One of the earliest is the leptin–leptin receptor system that was discovered in the mid-1990s. Leptin, a satiety hormone, is overproduced in overweight patients but the protein is unable to cross the blood–brain barrier and remains inactive. Circulating high levels of leptin induces a series of conditions that would not be manifested without leptin overproduction, including various forms of cancer and inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases. Current pharmaceutical research focuses on improving the blood–brain barrier penetration of leptin receptor agonists and the development of monofunctional antagonists with broad spectrum therapeutic efficacies but without unwanted side effects. Designer peptides with their expanded chemical space as well as well controllable receptor binding and elimination properties slowly replace full-sized leptin products in the drug development pipeline.
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Taghadosi M, Samimi Z, Assar S, Salahshoor MR, Jalili C. Plasma Leptin Does Not Reflect the Effect of High Body Mass Index on Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Immunol Invest 2019; 49:32-45. [PMID: 31223038 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2019.1631844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: The effect of obesity on disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains controversial. Adipocytes secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines which may contribute to RA disease activity. The goal of the present study is to address the association between body mass index (BMI) with plasma levels of leptin, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and RA disease severity.Methods: Fifty RA patients (20 newly diagnosed and 30 under treatment) as well as 30 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were included in this survey. The plasma levels of leptin and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6, were measured, and the results were compared among the patients in the three different categories of BMI, including <25, ≥25-30, and ≥30.Results: In our study, a significant positive correlation was observed between disease activity score-28 (DAS-28) and BMI in overweight (OW) RA patients (p = .036 r = 0.440). The plasma levels of leptin were significantly higher in patients group, compared to healthy subjects (p < .05); moreover, leptin levels were significantly higher in OW and obese patients compared to RA patients with normal BMI (p = .011, p = .001, respectively) and also BMI had positive correlation with leptin concentrations just in the newly diagnosed patients (p < .0001, r = 0.748). There was no correlation between leptin and DAS-28. The plasma IL-6 and TNF-α did not show significant differences between RA patients and healthy subjects, and also the plasma leptin did not have any correlation with plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-α.Conclusion: BMI contribution to RA disease severity is independent of systemic levels of leptin and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Taghadosi
- Assistant Professor in Department of Immunology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zahra Samimi
- Student Research Committee, Immunology Department, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shirin Assar
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of medical sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Salahshoor
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Cyrus Jalili
- Professor of Medical Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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The Influence of LPS-Induced Maternal Inflammation on Postnatal Collagen-Induced Arthritis. Inflammation 2018; 41:1842-1851. [PMID: 29951877 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Maternal health and nutritional status influence offspring health and the diseases that may develop in them. The effects of maternal inflammation on offspring from the perspective of the inflammatory response and immune changes are not fully understood. We hypothesized that maternal inflammation modulates immune and metabolic functions, affecting the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases in offspring. This study investigated whether maternal inflammation affects the onset of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a murine model of human rheumatoid arthritis. Female DBA/1J mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 5 days before conception. Male offspring of LPS-treated dams were placed in the maternal LPS group (MLG). To induce CIA, type II collagen (CII) was emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant and injected twice into each mouse, at 13 and 16 weeks. The offspring were sacrificed at 26 weeks to analyze immunological and metabolic parameters. The degree of joint swelling at an early stage of CIA was lower in the MLG than in the control group. From histological analysis, the severity of joint destruction (severity of arthritis score) and CII-specific IgG titer were significantly lower in the MLG. However, at 26 weeks, serum interleukin (IL)-6 levels, an index of CIA disease activity, were significantly higher in the MLG. Moreover, serum leptin levels were lower in the MLG, and a negative correlation between leptin and serum IL-6 was observed. In conclusion, maternal inflammation does not merely suppress inflammation; it may delay CIA in offspring. The analysis of inflammatory cytokines and leptin concentrations at 26 weeks suggests that the pathophysiology of arthritis was worsening. This study also suggests that maternal inflammation modulates postnatal inflammatory response patterns in offspring.
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Angel-Chávez LI, Ruelas-Cinco E, Hernández-Bello J, Castro E, Vázquez-Villamar M, Parra-Rojas I, Brennan-Bourdon LM, Muñoz-Barrios S, Guerrero-Velázquez C, Muñoz-Valle JF. Influence of serum leptin levels and Q223R leptin receptor polymorphism on clinical characteristic of patients with rheumatoid arthritis from Western Mexico. EJIFCC 2018; 29:26-35. [PMID: 29765284 PMCID: PMC5949616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible association between the Q223R Leptin receptor (LEPR) polymorphism (A>G; rs1137101) and leptin levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from Western Mexico. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed with 70 RA patients and 74 controls subject (CS). Disease activity was evaluated using DAS28 score, the Q223R LEPR polymorphism was determined by the Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and serum leptin levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and rheumatoid factor (RF) were quantified. RESULTS RA patients had significant high serum leptin levels compared with CS; leptin levels correlated strongly with body composition measures, but not with inflammatory markers, disease evolution, and activity. The genotype and allele frequencies of the Q223R LEPR polymorphism were not associated with RA. Similarly, leptin levels did not differ between Q223R LEPR genotypes. CONCLUSION The LEPR Q223R polymorphism was not associated with RA risk in patients from Mexican population, even though high levels of serum leptin were present and these could explain the low weight observed in RA patients when they were compared to control subjects. However, the serum leptin levels did not correlate with inflammatory markers, severity and disease evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis I. Angel-Chávez
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Ruelas-Cinco
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Elena Castro
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Mexico
| | - Mirna Vázquez-Villamar
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Mexico
| | - L. Michele Brennan-Bourdon
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Salvador Muñoz-Barrios
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Celia Guerrero-Velázquez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico,Corresponding author: José Francisco Muñoz-Valle; Insurgentes 244-1; Colonia Lomas de Atemajac; C.P. 45178; Zapopan, Jalisco; Mexico; Phone: +52 3338540154; E-mail:
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Navarini L, Margiotta DPE, Vadacca M, Afeltra A. Leptin in autoimmune mechanisms of systemic rheumatic diseases. Cancer Lett 2018; 423:139-146. [PMID: 29548819 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, white adipose tissue (WAT) has been recognized as a key actor of many physiological and pathological conditions. WAT is able to produce mediators, named "adipokines", which may affect systemic homeostasis. In particular, leptin is not only involved in appetite and energy metabolism, but also in immune system. Increasing evidence established that leptin can regulate both innate and adaptive immunity mainly with pro-inflammatory effects but also, to a lesser extent, with anti-inflammatory features. In autoimmune diseases, a failure or breakdown of the mechanisms of self-tolerance is observed. Leptin, which plays an important role in the control of immune balance, has been involved in autoimmunity generation and maintenance. In this review, it has been provided an up-to-date report about the role of leptin in systemic autoimmune diseases, with particular reference to connective tissue diseases, inflammatory arthritis, and vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Navarini
- Unit of Allergology, Immunology, Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Paolo Emanuele Margiotta
- Unit of Allergology, Immunology, Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marta Vadacca
- Unit of Allergology, Immunology, Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Afeltra
- Unit of Allergology, Immunology, Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
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Lee YH, Bae SC. Circulating leptin level in rheumatoid arthritis and its correlation with disease activity: a meta-analysis. Z Rheumatol 2017; 75:1021-1027. [PMID: 26820722 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-016-0050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the circulating serum leptin level and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to establish a correlation between serum leptin levels and RA activity. METHODS We searched the PUBMED, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. A meta-analysis was performed, comparing the serum/plasma leptin levels in patients with RA and healthy controls. Correlation coefficients between serum leptin level and either disease activity score 28 (DAS28) or C‑reactive protein (CRP) in RA patients were also examined. RESULTS Thirteen studies with a total of 648 RA patients and 426 controls were included in this meta-analysis. Circulating leptin level was significantly higher in the RA group than in the control group (SMD = 1.056, 95 % CI = 0.647-1.465, p = 4.2 × 10-7). In addition, stratification by ethnicity showed a significantly elevated leptin level in the RA group in Caucasian, Turkish, and Arab populations (SMD = 0.813, 95 % CI = 0.137-1.490, p = 0.018, SMD = 0.981, 95 % CI = 0.307-1.655, p = 0.004, and SMD = 1.469, 95 % CI = 0.443-2.495, p = 0.005 respectively). A meta-analysis of correlation coefficients showed a small but significantly positive correlation between the circulating leptin level and either DAS28 (correlation coefficient = 0.275, 95 % CI = 0.076-0.452, p = 0.007) or CRP (correlation coefficient = 0.274, 95 % CI = 0.068-0.458, p = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis demonstrated that the circulating leptin level is significantly higher in patients with RA and that a small but significantly positive correlation exists between leptin levels and RA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 73, Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, 136-705, Seoul, Korea.
| | - S-C Bae
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
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Cao H, Lin J, Chen W, Xu G, Sun C. Baseline adiponectin and leptin levels in predicting an increased risk of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Autoimmunity 2016; 49:547-553. [PMID: 27690205 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2016.1230847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To determine the pathogenic role of adipokines, such as adiponectin and leptin, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by investigating whether serum levels of these adipokines correlated with disease activity in RA patients. Medline, Cochrane, EMBASE and Google Scholar were searched for studies published until 5 November 2015 reporting serum levels of leptin and adiponectin and measures of disease activity including DAS scores and radiographic progression scores (such as total change in SHS scores and number of erosions). Secondary outcomes included pain scores, functional status and health questionnaires. Only randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, or two-armed prospective or retrospective studies were included. A χ2-based test of homogeneity was performed using Cochran's Q statistic and I2. A total of 917 predominantly female participants (average age range, 39-56 years) from six prospective cohort studies were included for assessment. A fixed-effects analysis was applied for leptin levels due to lack of heterogeneity among the studies (Q = 4.4364; I2 = 32.38). A random-effects analysis was applied to serum levels of adiponectin because of significant heterogeneity between studies (Q = 4.444, I2 = 77.50%). Serum leptin levels were higher in RA patients with high disease activity (pooled SMD: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.24-0.82); however, serum adiponectin levels did not correlate with RA disease activity (pooled OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 0.77-2.47). The meta-analysis provides an additional factor to determine high disease activity index in RA, that is, serum leptin levels, which can be of benefit when choosing treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Cao
- a Department of Rheumatology , The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Jin Lin
- a Department of Rheumatology , The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Weiqian Chen
- a Department of Rheumatology , The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Guanhua Xu
- a Department of Rheumatology , The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Chuanyin Sun
- a Department of Rheumatology , The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
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Relationship Between Leptin and Neopterin Levels and Disease Activation Parameters in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arch Rheumatol 2016; 31:333-339. [PMID: 30375574 DOI: 10.5606/archrheumatol.2016.5893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to determine serum leptin and neopterin levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and investigate the relationship between clinical and laboratory parameters of disease activity and radiographic progression. Patients and methods The study included 33 RA patients (9 males, 24 females; mean age 52.5±12.3 years; range 29 to 75 years) and age- and sex-matched 24 healthy controls (11 males, 13 females, mean age 42.5±14.8; range 18 to 75). RA patients were divided into three groups based on Disease Activity Scores in 28 joints (DAS28) as low disease activity, moderate disease activity, and high disease activity groups. Of the patients, 13 (39.4%) had low disease activity (DAS28=2.6-3.2), 12 (36.4%) had moderate disease activity (DAS28=3.2-5.1), and eight (24.2%) had high disease activity (DAS28≥5.1). Results Mean serum leptin and neopterin levels in the RA group were 23.98±18.88 ng/mL and 1.88±1.84 nmol/L, respectively. Mean serum leptin and neopterin levels in the control group were 19.40±13:42 ng/mL and 1.13±0.55 nmol/L, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the levels of serum leptin (p=0.674) and neopterin (p=0.078) between RA patients and control group. Serum leptin (p=0.574) and neopterin (p=0.921) levels in RA patients and control group showed no correlation with body mass index levels. Besides, there was no correlation between age and plasma leptin and neopterin levels and rheumatoid factor positivity, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, disease duration, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein levels in RA group. In RA patients, there was no correlation between serum leptin and neopterin levels and clinical and laboratory parameters indicating the disease activity. In RA patients, there was also no correlation between radiographic joint damage and serum leptin and neopterin levels. A positive correlation was shown in RA patients between disease duration and modified Larsen score (p=0.01). Conclusion In our study, no correlation was detected between serum leptin and neopterin levels and disease activity parameters in RA patients. Therefore, leptin and neopterin levels may not be considered as beneficial inflammation parameters to be used in the diagnosis of RA and disease activation tracking.
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Mounessa J, Voloshyna I, Glass AD, Reiss AB. Role of leptin in the progression of psoriatic, rheumatoid and osteoarthritis. World J Rheumatol 2016; 6:9-15. [DOI: 10.5499/wjr.v6.i1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin, an adipokine responsible for body weight regulation, may be involved in pathological processes related to inflammation in joint disorders including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis, and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). These arthropathies have been associated with a wide range of systemic and inflammatory conditions including cardiovascular disease, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. As a potent mediator of immune responses, leptin has been found in some studies to play a role in these disorders. Furthermore, current potent biologic treatments effectively used in PsA including ustekinumab (an interleukin 12/23 blocker) and adalimumab (a tumor necrosis factor-alpha blocker also used in RA) have been found to increase leptin receptor expression in human macrophages. This literature review aims to further investigate the role leptin may play in the disease activity of these arthropathies.
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Smoking Functions as a Negative Regulator of IGF1 and Impairs Adipokine Network in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:3082820. [PMID: 27041823 PMCID: PMC4794568 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3082820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. Smoking is pathogenic for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) being tightly connected to the genetic and serological risk factors for this disease. This study aims to understand connections between cigarette smoking and serum levels of IGF1 and adipokines in RA. Methods. Serum levels of IGF1 and adipokines leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin were measured in two independent cohorts of RA patients from Gothenburg (n = 350) and Leiden (n = 193). An association of these parameters with smoking was tested in a direct comparison and proved by bivariate correlation analysis. The obtained associations were further tested in multivariate regression models where the confounders (age, gender, disease duration, and BMI) were controlled. Results. The smokers had significantly lower serum levels of IGF1, adiponectin, and leptin compared to never smokers. In regression analysis, smoking and low leptin, but not adiponectin, were associated and predicted low IGF1. Additionally, high disease activity and high BMI increased the probability of low leptin. Conclusions. The study indicates cigarette smoking as an important cause of a relative IGF1 and leptin deficiency in RA patients. This novel association between smoking and hypoleptinemia may be of importance for long-term prognosis of RA and for prediction of comorbidities.
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Maijer KI, Neumann E, Müller-Ladner U, Drop DACAD, Ramwadhdoebe TH, Choi IYK, Gerlag DM, de Hair MJH, Tak PP. Serum Vaspin Levels Are Associated with the Development of Clinically Manifest Arthritis in Autoantibody-Positive Individuals. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144932. [PMID: 26670468 PMCID: PMC4682927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We have previously shown that overweight may increase the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in autoantibody positive individuals. Adipose tissue could contribute to the development of RA by production of various bioactive peptides. Therefore, we examined levels of adipokines in serum and synovial tissue of subjects at risk of RA. Methods Fifty-one individuals positive for immunoglobulin M rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF) and/or anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), without arthritis, were included in this prospective study. Levels of adiponectin, vaspin, resistin, leptin, chemerin and omentin were determined in baseline fasting serum samples (n = 27). Synovial tissue was obtained by arthroscopy at baseline and we examined the expression of adiponectin, resistin and visfatin by immunohistochemistry. Results The development of clinically manifest arthritis after follow-up was associated with baseline serum vaspin levels (HR1.5 (95% CI 1.1 to 2.2); p = 0.020), also after adjustment for overweight (HR1.7 (95% CI 1.1 to 2.5); p = 0.016). This association was not seen for other adipokines. Various serum adipokine levels correlated with BMI (adiponectin r = -0.538, leptin r = 0.664; chemerin r = 0.529) and systemic markers of inflammation such as CRP levels at baseline (adiponectin r = -0.449, omentin r = -0.557, leptin r = 0.635, chemerin r = 0.619, resistin r = 0.520) and ESR (leptin r = 0.512, chemerin r = 0.708), p-value<0.05. Synovial expression of adiponectin, resistin and visfatin was not associated with development of clinically manifest arthritis. Conclusions In this exploratory study, serum adipokines were associated with an increased inflammatory state in autoantibody-positive individuals at risk of developing RA. Furthermore, serum vaspin levels may assist in predicting the development of arthritis in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen I. Maijer
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Neumann
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, University of Giessen, Kerckhoff-Klinik, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ulf Müller-Ladner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, University of Giessen, Kerckhoff-Klinik, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Daniël A. C. A. D. Drop
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tamara H. Ramwadhdoebe
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ivy Y. K. Choi
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle M. Gerlag
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria J. H. de Hair
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul P. Tak
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Gómez-Bañuelos E, Navarro-Hernández RE, Corona-Meraz F, Madrigal-Ruíz PM, Martín-Marquez BT, Pizano-Martinez OE, Aguilar-Arreola J, Perez-Cruz PJ, Macias-Reyes H, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Gamez-Nava JI, Salazar-Páramo M, Vazquez-del Mercado M. Serum leptin and serum leptin/serum leptin receptor ratio imbalance in obese rheumatoid arthritis patients positive for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:335. [PMID: 26589684 PMCID: PMC4654826 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0850-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Leptin has a prominent role in the development and maintenance of acute and chronic inflammatory states such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and obesity. Nevertheless, the association of serum leptin (sLep) and soluble leptin receptor (sLepR) in RA pathogenesis has not been clarified. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of sLep, sLepR and leptin production indexes such as sLep/fat mass ratio with clinical activity and biomarkers and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies in RA compared with body mass index (BMI) matched control subjects. Methods We included 64 RA patients and 66 controls matched for age, gender and BMI. Subjects were evaluated for BMI, fat mass distribution, sLep, sLepR, sLep/fat mass ratio and sLepR/fat mass ratio. Patients were evaluated for clinical activity and anti-CCP antibodies. Results We found two or three fold increased sLep levels, sLep/sLepR ratio and sLep/fat mass ratio in obese anti-CCP positive RA patients vs. controls. Partial correlations showed that anti-CCP antibodies were correlated with sLep/fat mass ratio (partial r = 0.347, P = 0.033) after adjustment for age, subcutaneous adipose tissue and fat mass. Conclusions In preobese and obese RA patients there is and increased production of sLep according to anti-CCP positivity. This phenomenon suggests there is an additive effect of chronic inflammation resulting from RA and obesity in which leptin favors the humoral response against citrullinated proteins. In summary, the data observed in our study suggests sLep could be a surrogate marker of chronicity and humoral immunity in RA in the presence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Gómez-Bañuelos
- Instituto de Investigación en Reumatología y del Sistema Musculoesquelético, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada No. 950, Colonia Independencia, Zip code 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Rosa Elena Navarro-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación en Reumatología y del Sistema Musculoesquelético, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada No. 950, Colonia Independencia, Zip code 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Fernanda Corona-Meraz
- Instituto de Investigación en Reumatología y del Sistema Musculoesquelético, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada No. 950, Colonia Independencia, Zip code 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Perla Monserrat Madrigal-Ruíz
- Instituto de Investigación en Reumatología y del Sistema Musculoesquelético, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada No. 950, Colonia Independencia, Zip code 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Beatríz Teresita Martín-Marquez
- Instituto de Investigación en Reumatología y del Sistema Musculoesquelético, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada No. 950, Colonia Independencia, Zip code 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Oscar Enrique Pizano-Martinez
- Instituto de Investigación en Reumatología y del Sistema Musculoesquelético, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada No. 950, Colonia Independencia, Zip code 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Jorge Aguilar-Arreola
- Servicio de Reumatología, División de Medicina Interna, OPD Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca", Salvador de Quevedo y Zubieta No. 750, Zip code 44100, Guadalajara, Jalisco, >México.
| | - Paul Jacob Perez-Cruz
- Servicio de Reumatología, División de Medicina Interna, OPD Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca", Salvador de Quevedo y Zubieta No. 750, Zip code 44100, Guadalajara, Jalisco, >México.
| | - Hector Macias-Reyes
- Instituto de Investigación en Reumatología y del Sistema Musculoesquelético, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada No. 950, Colonia Independencia, Zip code 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Laura Gonzalez-Lopez
- Departamento de Medicina Interna-Reumatología, Hospital General Regional no.110, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Circunvalación Oblatos No. 2212, Colonia Oblatos, Zip code 44700, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Jorge Ivan Gamez-Nava
- Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Belisario Domínguez No. 1000, Independencia Oriente, Zip code 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Mario Salazar-Páramo
- Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Belisario Domínguez No. 1000, Independencia Oriente, Zip code 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Monica Vazquez-del Mercado
- Instituto de Investigación en Reumatología y del Sistema Musculoesquelético, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada No. 950, Colonia Independencia, Zip code 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. .,Servicio de Reumatología, División de Medicina Interna, OPD Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca", Salvador de Quevedo y Zubieta No. 750, Zip code 44100, Guadalajara, Jalisco, >México.
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Hyperleptinemia suppresses aggravation of arthritis of collagen-antibody-induced arthritis in mice. J Orthop Sci 2015; 20:1106-13. [PMID: 26293802 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-015-0768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin is an adipocytokine produced by adipocytes and controlling body weight. It is unclear whether leptin works as a proinflammatory or an anti-inflammatory cytokine. We investigated the effects of hyperleptinemia on leptin transgenic (LepTg) mice in terms of cartilage destruction, bone destruction, joint synovitis, and serum cytokine levels by using a mouse model of collagen-antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA). METHODS CAIA was induced for female age-matched 6- to 8-week-old C57BL/6 J control mice and LepTg mice. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with 5 mg of a combination of monoclonal antibody specific for type II collagen on day 0 and 12.5 mg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on day 3. Clinical evaluation of arthritis was monitored for 14 days, and hind paws were examined clinically and histologically. Serum cytokine levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were also analyzed on days 0 and 5. Moreover, THP-1 cells, which are human monocytic cell line derived from an acute monocytic leukemia patient, were cultured and differentiated into macrophages. The effects of leptin on messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of IL-6 were examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Serum leptin concentrations were approximately ninefold higher in LepTg mice (62.0 ± 20.7 ng/ml) than in control mice (7.2 ± 0.5 ng/ml). Severity of clinical paw swelling, arthritis score, synovial hyperplasia, and cartilage damage were suppressed in LepTg mice with CAIA. Although serum cytokine levels of IL-1β, IL-17, and IL-10 and TNF-α showed no significant changes in two mice, serum levels of IL-6 in LepTg mice were suppressed at day 5. Moreover, in vitro study showed that IL-6 elevation following LPS exposure in THP-1 cells was suppressed with high leptin concentrations. CONCLUSION Our finding suggests that hyperleptinemia suppress IL-6 responses and progression of joint inflammation. Leptin may play an anti-inflammatory role under hyperleptinemia.
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De Rosa V, Galgani M, Santopaolo M, Colamatteo A, Laccetti R, Matarese G. Nutritional control of immunity: Balancing the metabolic requirements with an appropriate immune function. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:300-9. [PMID: 26527507 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is a highly integrated network of cells sensitive to a number of environmental factors. Interestingly, recent years have seen a dramatic increase in our understanding of how diet makes a crucial contribution to human health, affecting the immune system, secretion of adipocytokines and metabolic pathways. Recent experimental evidence indicates that diet and its components are able to profoundly influence immune responses, thus affecting the development of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review aims to discuss some of the main topics concerning the impact of nutrients and their relative composition on immune cell development and function that may be particularly important for regulating the balance between inflammatory and tolerogenic processes. We also highlight the effects of diet on commensal bacteria and how changes in the composition of the microbiota alter intestinal and systemic immune homeostasis. Finally, we summarize the effects of dietary compounds on epigenetic mechanisms involved in the regulation of several immune related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica De Rosa
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli 80131, Italy; Unità di NeuroImmunologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma 00143, Italy
| | - Mario Galgani
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Marianna Santopaolo
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli 80131, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Alessandra Colamatteo
- Unità di NeuroImmunologia, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma 00143, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Baronissi Campus, Baronissi 84081, Salerno, Italy
| | - Roberta Laccetti
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli 80131, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Baronissi Campus, Baronissi 84081, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Baronissi Campus, Baronissi 84081, Salerno, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano 20138, Italy.
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Fu Y, Huebner JL, Kraus VB, Griffin TM. Effect of Aging on Adipose Tissue Inflammation in the Knee Joints of F344BN Rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 71:1131-40. [PMID: 26450946 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) secretes inflammatory mediators in osteoarthritic knees, but the effect of aging on IFP inflammation is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that aging increases basal and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-stimulated IFP inflammation in 10-, 20-, and 30-month-old male F344BN F1-hybrid rats. IFPs were cultured ex vivo for 24 hours and treated ±1ng/mL IL-1β to simulate injury-induced inflammation. IFP inflammation was evaluated by measuring secreted cytokine concentrations and by quantitative expression of immunoregulatory and pro- and anti-adipogenic genes. With age, osteoarthritis pathology increased and IFP mass decreased. Although adipocyte size did not change with age, variation in adipocyte size was positively associated with synovial thickness independent of age whereas associations with cartilage damage were age dependent. In the absence of IL-1β, aging was associated with a significant increase in IFP secretion of tumor necrosis factor α by 67% and IL-13 by 35% and a reduction in the expression of immunoregulatory M2 macrophage genes. However, following an IL-1β challenge, adipogenesis markers decreased and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines increased independent of age. The lone exception was leptin, which decreased >70% with age. Thus, although aging promotes osteoarthritis risk by increasing basal inflammation, our findings also revealed a potentially protective effect of aging by decreasing IL-1β-stimulated leptin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Fu
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | | | - Virginia B Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Timothy M Griffin
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center.
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Chen XX, Yang T. Roles of leptin in bone metabolism and bone diseases. J Bone Miner Metab 2015; 33:474-85. [PMID: 25777984 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-014-0569-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue has been more accepted as an active contributor to whole body homeostasis, rather than just a fat depot, since leptin, a 16 kDa protein, was discovered as the product of the obese gene in 1994. With more and more studies conducted on this hormone, it has been shown that there is a close relationship between adipose tissue and bone, which have important effects on each other. Bone is the source of many hormones, such as osteocalcin, that can affect energy metabolism and then the anabolism or catabolism of fat tissue. In contrast, the adipose tissue synthesizes and releases a series of adipokines, which are involved in bone metabolism through direct or indirect effects on bone formation and resorption. Interestingly, leptin, one of the most important cytokines derived from fat tissue, seems to account for the largest part of effects on bone, through direct or indirect involvement in bone remodeling and by playing a significant role in many bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatic arthritis, bone tumors and even fractures. In this review, we will discuss the progress in leptin research, particularly focusing on the roles of leptin in bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xu Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Toussirot É, Michel F, Binda D, Dumoulin G. The role of leptin in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Life Sci 2015; 140:29-36. [PMID: 26025594 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The past 20 years of research on leptin has provided important insights into its role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Leptin is one of the different adipokines produced by the adipose tissue that influences the endocrine system, energy homeostasis and the immune response in several ways. Leptin is known to have predominantly pro-inflammatory effects, especially in the setting of chronic inflammation. Animal models of arthritis have illustrated well the participation of leptin in the inflammatory response within the joints. In patients with RA, numerous studies have evaluated the concentrations of leptin in the bloodstream and/or the joint cavity, showing higher levels compared to control populations. Leptin has also been found to correlate with clinical or biological measurements of disease activity of RA. Conversely, the relationship between serum leptin and joint structural damage is less evident. Leptin may also promote the development of atherosclerosis in RA and may contribute to the cardiovascular consequences of the metabolic syndrome that coexists with RA. Indeed, leptin could be a link between inflammation, metabolic risk factors and cardiovascular diseases in RA. Finally, due to abnormal body composition phenotypes with an increased prevalence of obesity in RA, the therapeutic response to traditional DMARDs and/or biological agents may be attenuated. This review discusses the multiple interplays that have been described between leptin and the clinical, radiographic and therapeutic aspects of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éric Toussirot
- University Hospital of Besançon, Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapy, INSERM CIC-1431, FHU INCREASE, Place St Jacques, 25000 Besançon, France; University Hospital of Besançon, Department of Rheumatology, Besançon, France; University of Franche Comté, Department of Therapeutics, Besançon France; University of Franche Comté, UPRES EA 4266 "Pathogens and Inflammation", SFR FED 4234, Besançon, France; LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, F25020 Besançon cedex, France.
| | - Fabrice Michel
- University Hospital of Besançon, Department of Neuromuscular Examinations and Diseases, Besançon, France
| | - Delphine Binda
- University Hospital of Besançon, Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapy, INSERM CIC-1431, FHU INCREASE, Place St Jacques, 25000 Besançon, France; INSERM UMR1098, Etablissement Français du Sang, University of Franche Comté, 25000 Besançon France
| | - Gilles Dumoulin
- University Hospital of Besançon, Endocrine and Metabolic Biochemistry, 25000 Besançon, France; University of Franche Comté, UPRES EA 3920 "Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Prevention", SFR FED 4234, Besançon, France
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The effect of leptin on the respiratory burst of human neutrophils cultured in synovial fluid. Reumatologia 2015; 53:21-5. [PMID: 27407221 PMCID: PMC4847311 DOI: 10.5114/reum.2015.50553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Leptin is a hormone responsible for nutritional status and immune competence coordination. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) increased leptin levels were observed in both serum and synovial fluid. Its influence on development of the disease still remains unclear. So far, research on leptin's influence on the emission of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) measured with chemiluminescence (CL) has provided unclear and contradictory results. In this study, we evaluated the influence of leptin on oxidative activity of neutrophils isolated from blood of healthy volunteers and cultured in different amounts of synovial fluid (SF) from patients with RA. Material and methods Neutrophils’ oxidative metabolism was measured by two types of CL. The first one, luminol-dependent CL (CL-lum), allows one to determine phagocytic activity and the level of ROI generated in a myeloperoxidase-dependent manner. The second method used was lucigenin-dependent CL (CL-luc), which monitors ROI production dependent on the NADPH oxidase enzyme complex located in the cell membranes of neutrophils and enables one to determine the scope of extracellular ROI emission. Results Neutrophils stimulated by opsonized zymosan show a decrease in the level of CL-lum, proportional to the increasing concentration of both SF and serum collected from healthy donors. The observed effect of decreased CL-lum may, therefore, be dependent on the physical conditions (viscosity of fluids used). None of these experiments showed any effect of leptin on the level of CL-lum. Conclusions The present study showed that leptin does not affect the level of any of the CL types in inactive neutrophils incubated in normal serum, and it does not affect the level of oxidative activity in resting neutrophils incubated with SF. However, leptin influences extracellular ROI emission (measured by CL-luc). Leptin reduces extracellular emission of ROI, and this effect is dependent on concentration and duration of exposure to leptin.
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Procaccini C, Pucino V, Mantzoros CS, Matarese G. Leptin in autoimmune diseases. Metabolism 2015; 64:92-104. [PMID: 25467840 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The past twenty years of research on leptin has provided crucial information on the link between metabolic state and immune system function. Adipocytes influence not only the endocrine system but also the immune response, through several cytokine-like mediators known as adipokines, which include leptin. Initially described as an antiobesity hormone, leptin has subsequently been shown also to influence hematopoiesis, thermogenesis, reproduction, angiogenesis, and more importantly immune homeostasis. As a cytokine, leptin can affect thymic homeostasis and the secretion of acute-phase reactants such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Leptin links nutritional status and proinflammatory T helper 1 (Th1) immune responses and the decrease in leptin plasma concentration during food deprivation leads to impaired immune function. Conversely, elevated circulating leptin levels in obesity appear to contribute to the low-grade inflammatory background which makes obese individuals more susceptible to increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, or degenerative disease including autoimmunity and cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances on the role of leptin in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune disorders that may be of particular relevance in the modulation of the autoimmune attack through metabolic-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR) c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valentina Pucino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, MA; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University, 72 Evans Street, Boston, MA 02217, USA
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Salerno, Baronissi Campus, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy; IRCCS-MultiMedica, 20138 Milano, Italy.
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Afroze D, Yousuf A, Ali R, Kawoosa F, Akhtar T, Reshi S, Shah ZA. Serum Leptin Levels, Leptin Receptor Gene (LEPR) Polymorphism, and the Risk of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Kashmiri Population. Immunol Invest 2014; 44:113-25. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2014.909457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Tieri P, Zhou X, Zhu L, Nardini C. Multi-omic landscape of rheumatoid arthritis: re-evaluation of drug adverse effects. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:59. [PMID: 25414848 PMCID: PMC4220167 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To provide a frame to estimate the systemic impact (side/adverse events) of (novel) therapeutic targets by taking into consideration drugs potential on the numerous districts involved in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from the inflammatory and immune response to the gut-intestinal (GI) microbiome. Methods: We curated the collection of molecules from high-throughput screens of diverse (multi-omic) biochemical origin, experimentally associated to RA. Starting from such collection we generated RA-related protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks (interactomes) based on experimental PPI data. Pharmacological treatment simulation, topological and functional analyses were further run to gain insight into the proteins most affected by therapy and by multi-omic modeling. Results: Simulation on the administration of MTX results in the activation of expected (apoptosis) and adverse (nitrogenous metabolism alteration) effects. Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) and Interleukin-1 Receptor Associated Kinase-4 (IRAK4, already an RA target) emerge as relevant nodes. The former controls the activation of inflammatory, proliferative and degenerative pathways in host and pathogens. The latter controls immune alterations and blocks innate response to pathogens. Conclusions: This multi-omic map properly recollects in a single analytical picture known, yet complex, information like the adverse/side effects of MTX, and provides a reliable platform for in silico hypothesis testing or recommendation on novel therapies. These results can support the development of RA translational research in the design of validation experiments and clinical trials, as such we identify GRB2 as a robust potential new target for RA for its ability to control both synovial degeneracy and dysbiosis, and, conversely, warn on the usage of IRAK4-inhibitors recently promoted, as this involves potential adverse effects in the form of impaired innate response to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Tieri
- IAC - Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo "Mauro Picone," CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Rome, Italy ; Group of Clinical Genomic Networks, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - XiaoYuan Zhou
- Group of Clinical Genomic Networks, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Lisha Zhu
- Group of Clinical Genomic Networks, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Christine Nardini
- Group of Clinical Genomic Networks, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Shanghai, China
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Tian G, Liang JN, Wang ZY, Zhou D. Emerging role of leptin in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:557-70. [PMID: 24802245 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have suggested the importance of leptin against autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS) and psoriasis. To summarize our current understanding of the role of leptin in inflammatory responses and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a systematic review was conducted to assess the discrepancy of leptin in RA and its effect on immunity according to different studies. Recently, emerging data have indicated that leptin is involved in the pathological function of RA, which is common in autoimmune disorders. This review discusses the possible consequences of leptin levels in RA. Blocking the key signal pathways of leptin and inhibiting the leptin activity-like leptin antagonist may be a promising way for potential therapeutic treatment of RA at risk of detrimental effects. However, leptin was increased in patients with RA and may also regulate joint damage. Thus, more understanding of the mechanism of leptin in RA would be advantageous in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tian
- School of Health Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Mirfeizi Z, Noubakht Z, Rezaie AE, Jokar MH, Sarabi ZS. Plasma levels of leptin and visfatin in rheumatoid arthritis patients; is there any relationship with joint damage? IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2014; 17:662-6. [PMID: 25691942 PMCID: PMC4322149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE S Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder, primarily targeting the synovium and articular cartilage that leads to joint damage. Recent reports have suggested the role of adipocytokines in mediating joint damage; however it still is a matter of debate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between serum values of adiopocytokines (leptin, visfatin) and radiographic joint damage in patients with RA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-four patients diagnosed with RA, based on Revised ACR Criteria 2010, with 1-5 year disease duration since diagnosis, were enrolled. Twenty-nine of patients had erosion in radiographic studies and 25patients had no erosion. Radiographic joint damages were defined according to Larsen Score. Additionally, serum levels of adipocytokines were measured and cross-sectional associations with radiographic damage were explored, adjusting for pertinent confounders. RESULTS The serum level of visfatin were significantly higher in patients with radiographic joint damage compared with patients with no joint damage (P=0.013). This difference remained significant after adjustment for C-reactive protein levels (P=0.008), but not after adjustment for disease duration (P=0.247). The mean leptin serum levels were not different between these two groups (P=0.903). There was a positive correlation between leptin levels and BMI (r=0.494, P<0.001). However, after adjustment for BMI, leptin levels had no difference between two groups (P=0.508). CONCLUSION This study revealed that visfatin levels were significantly higher in patients with radiographic joint damage dependently to disease duration. Therefore, it seems that adipocytokine may be a valuable factor in therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mirfeizi
- Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zohreh Noubakht
- Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hassan Jokar
- Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zhaleh Shariati Sarabi
- Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding author: Zhaleh Shariati Sarabi, Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel: +98-511-8012753; Fax: +98-511-8410136;
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Yaykasli KO, Hatipoglu OF, Yaykasli E, Yildirim K, Kaya E, Ozsahin M, Uslu M, Gunduz E. Leptin induces ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5, and ADAMTS-9 genes expression by mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-ĸB signaling pathways in human chondrocytes. Cell Biol Int 2014; 39:104-12. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kursat Oguz Yaykasli
- Department of Medical Biology; Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Medical Faculty; Kahramanmaras Turkey
| | - Omer Faruk Hatipoglu
- Department of Medical Genetics; Turgut Ozal University Medical Faculty; Ankara Turkey
| | - Emine Yaykasli
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics; Duzce University Institute of Health Science; Duzce Turkey
| | - Kubra Yildirim
- Department of Medical Genetics; Turgut Ozal University Medical Faculty; Ankara Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Kaya
- Department of Medical Pharmacology; Duzce University Medical Faculty; Duzce Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ozsahin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Duzce University Medical Faculty; Duzce Turkey
| | - Mustafa Uslu
- Department of Orthopedics; Duzce University Medical Faculty; Duzce Turkey
| | - Esra Gunduz
- Department of Medical Genetics; Turgut Ozal University Medical Faculty; Ankara Turkey
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Xiong RB, Li Q, Wan WR, Guo JQ, Luo BDE, Gan L. Effects and mechanisms of vitamin A and vitamin E on the levels of serum leptin and other related cytokines in rats with rheumatoid arthritis. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:499-504. [PMID: 25009608 PMCID: PMC4079452 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin has been identified as an important cytokine in the inflammatory networks of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Higher serum leptin levels may accelerate the development of RA. This study aimed to examine the effects of vitamin A (VitA) and vitamin E (VitE) on the levels of leptin and other related experimental and clinical indices, and to explore the mechanisms of these effects through the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signal transduction pathway in rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). CIA model rats were established by the intradermal injection of bovine type II collagen emulsified in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant, followed by a booster intradermal injection. Four weeks later, the CIA model rats were treated with 42.86 μg retinol equivalents/kg body weight (b.w.) VitA or 200 mg/kg b.w. VitE for four weeks. The levels of leptin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-4, C-reactive protein (CRP) and rheumatic factor were measured by ELISA using commercial kits, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was determined. In addition, the expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-STAT1, p-STAT3 and leptin in the synovium were evaluated by western blot analysis. The results indicated that VitA and VitE significantly reduced the levels of leptin, TNF-α, IL-6 and CRP and the ESR and significantly increased the levels of IL-10 compared with those of the model group. Furthermore, significantly reduced p-STAT3 protein expression levels were observed in the VitA and VitE groups. In conclusion, VitA and VitE reduced the levels of serum leptin protein and other cytokines. Furthermore, VitA and VitE also reduced the p-STAT3 protein levels. The present study may provide a novel approach for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri-Bo Xiong
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China ; Department of Nutrition of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ren Wan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Qiang Guo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Bing-DE Luo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Increased leptin levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis. Ir J Med Sci 2014; 183:659-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s11845-014-1072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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Abdalla M, Effat D, Sheta M, Hamed WE. Serum Leptin levels in Rheumatoid arthritis and relationship with disease activity. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGIST 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejr.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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46
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Relationship between serum leptin level and disease activity in patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol 2013; 33:335-9. [PMID: 24370646 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-013-2459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To determine the relationship between serum leptin levels and disease activity in systemic sclerosis (SSc). A total of 60 subjects (30 controls and 30 patients) were included. The inflammatory markers and leptin levels were evaluated and body mass index (BMI) was measured for both groups. The assessment of the skin involvement was performed based on the modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS). Disease activity was evaluated according to the Valentini scleroderma disease activity index. There was a significant difference between the patient and control groups in terms of BMI (p < 0.05); however there was no difference with regards to age and gender (p > 0.05). Valentini scores and mRSS were determined to be significantly higher in active patients (n = 14) than in inactive patients (n = 16) (p < 0.05). No significant difference was determined between groups in terms of leptin levels (p > 0.05). However, leptin levels were significantly lower in active patients than in inactive patients (p < 0.05). We found a significant positive correlation between serum leptin and BMI (p < 0.05), and leptin and serum C3 levels (p < 0.05); no relationship was detected between leptin and other parameters. Leptin can be used as an activity marker in SSc. Further studies, including larger series, should be carried out to clarify this relationship.
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Rheumatic diseases and obesity: adipocytokines as potential comorbidity biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:808125. [PMID: 24376307 PMCID: PMC3860141 DOI: 10.1155/2013/808125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been recognized as a common trait in the pathogenesis of multifactorial diseases including obesity, where a low-grade inflammation has been established and may be responsible for the cardiovascular risk related to the disease. Obesity has also been associated with the increased incidence and a worse outcome of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). RA is characterized by systemic inflammation, which is thought to play a key role in accelerated atherosclerosis and in the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease, an important comorbidity in patients with RA. The inflammatory process underlying the cardiovascular risk both in obesity and RA may be mediated by adipocytokines, a heterogeneous group of soluble proteins mainly secreted by the adipocytes. Many adipocytokines are mainly produced by white adipose tissue. Adipocytokines may also be involved in the pathogenesis of OA since a positive association with obesity has been found for weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing joints, suggesting that, in addition to local overload, systemic factors may contribute to joint damage. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on experimental models and clinical studies in which adipocytokines were examined in obesity, RA, and OA and discuss the potential of adipocytokines as comorbidity biomarkers for cardiovascular risk.
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Lack association of body mass index with disease activity composites of rheumatoid arthritis in Korean population: cross-sectional observation. Clin Rheumatol 2013; 33:485-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-013-2427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Antony B, Jones G, Stannus O, Blizzard L, Ding C. Body fat predicts an increase and limb muscle strength predicts a decrease in leptin in older adults over 2·6 years. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 79:652-60. [PMID: 23146120 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is characterized by hyperleptinaemia, which is associated with diabetes, hypertension and coronary heart disease. The aim of this study was to determine if body fat and muscle measures predict the natural increase in leptin over 2·6 years in older adults. METHODS A total of 190 subjects (50% females) aged between 50 and 79 years were selected to perform the serum measurements for leptin. Height and weight were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Fat and lean mass of the whole body and the trunk were acquired through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Leg muscle strength and handgrip strength were measured using dynamometry. RESULTS In multivariable analyses, leg muscle strength was negatively associated with both baseline leptin (β: -0·05 μg/l per kg, 95% CI: -0·08, -0·02) and follow-up leptin (β: -0·04 μg/l per kg, 95% CI: -0·07, -0·01). BMI, and percentage total fat and trunk fat and their respective change per annum (cpa) were significantly and positively associated with leptin. Lean mass was negatively associated with baseline leptin. Gender-specific analyses produced similar associations between leg muscle strength, fat measures and follow-up leptin in males and females. CONCLUSION Besides positive associations between body fat, trunk fat and leptin, we found that leg muscle strength was negatively associated with leptin after 2·6 years in a sample of older population. This suggests that interventions to maintain or increase muscle strength may have a protective effect on hyperleptinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Antony
- Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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The level of fatty acid-binding protein 4, a novel adipokine, is increased in rheumatoid arthritis and correlates with serum cholesterol levels. Cytokine 2013; 64:441-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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