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Spisarova M, Losse S, Jakubec P, Hartmann I, Kral M, Ehrmann J, Szkorupa M, Studentova H, Melichar B. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin pneumonitis after intravesical instillation: Report of two cases and a review of the literature. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2024; 168:181-186. [PMID: 36628562 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2022.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intravesical administration of bacillus Calmette-Guérin is standard adjuvant treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. In spite of the fact that this immunotherapy is locoregional, there are still risk of some complications. METHODS We describe two cases of systemic BCG infection after intravesical administration of BCG vaccine in patients with early stage of bladder cancer. RESULTS Both patients suffered from systemic BCG infection manifesting as BCG pneumonitis. After standard therapy with antituberculotic agents, both of them fully recovered. CONCLUSION BCG infection can occur as a rare but potentially serious complication of this treatment procedure. Gravity of this side effect and its specific therapy require prompt and right diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Spisarova
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Losse
- Department of Pneumology and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jakubec
- Department of Pneumology and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Hartmann
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kral
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Ehrmann
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Szkorupa
- 1st Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Studentova
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Melichar
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Fernandes PF, Nunes P, Figueiredo A. Septic Shock After Intravesical Therapy With Bacillus Calmette-Guerin: A Case Report of a Rare Life-Threatening Complication. Cureus 2023; 15:e46563. [PMID: 37933342 PMCID: PMC10625662 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravesical therapy with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the mainstay treatment for high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. The side effects are usually local and mild. Systemic dissemination of BCG is rare, typically develops soon after instillation, and may present as a severe life-threatening condition. We present a case of a 49-year-old man under chronic haemodialysis who developed septic shock after the first BCG maintenance instillation for bladder carcinoma in situ (CIS). Supportive measures and empiric broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy were promptly started after sample collection for cultures. Lastly, the recurrence of fever raised the initial suspicion of BCG dissemination. The diagnosis was confirmed by the identification of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in blood samples collected and anti-tuberculosis therapy was then initiated. We would like to highlight the need for early recognition of a systemic BCG infection and the importance of starting anti-tuberculosis treatment as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Francisco Fernandes
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, PRT
| | - Pedro Nunes
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, PRT
| | - Arnaldo Figueiredo
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, PRT
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Marouli D, Pappas C, Raissaki M, Proklou A, Papadakis E, Kondili E. Disseminated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection presenting as severe respiratory failure and septic shock. Germs 2023; 13:277-281. [PMID: 38146386 PMCID: PMC10748841 DOI: 10.18683/germs.2023.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) instillation is the most effective adjuvant therapy for superficial urinary bladder carcinoma, prolonging disease-free survival. Although it is usually well tolerated, moderate to severe local or systemic infectious complications, including sepsis involving multiple organs, may occur. Case report We report the unusual case of a man in his mid '70s who presented with septic shock and severe acute respiratory failure requiring intubation. Lack of response to antibiotics, history of intravesical BCG instillation and consistent imaging findings led to further investigations, with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results indicating pneumonitis due to Mycobacterium bovis dissemination. Prompt anti-tuberculosis treatment combined with corticosteroids resulted in significant clinical and radiological improvement, supporting the diagnosis of disseminated BCG infection. Conclusions Due to its non-specific clinical presentation and the relatively low diagnostic yield of conventional microbiological tests, a high index of suspicion is required for prompt diagnosis and treatment of systemic BCG infection. PCR-based assays for mycobacterial DNA identification may represent a valuable tool facilitating timely diagnosis of this uncommon, yet potentially life-threatening infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diamantina Marouli
- MD, PhD, Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital Heraklion, Panepistimiou Avenue, PC: 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Charalampos Pappas
- MD, Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital Heraklion, Panepistimiou Avenue, PC: 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Raissaki
- MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, University Hospital Heraklion, Panepistimiou Avenue, PC: 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Athanasia Proklou
- MD, PhD, Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital Heraklion, Panepistimiou Avenue, PC: 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Papadakis
- MD, Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital Heraklion, Panepistimiou Avenue, PC: 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Eumorfia Kondili
- MD, PhD, Department of Intensive Care, University Hospital Heraklion, Panepistimiou Avenue, PC: 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Rajabi A, Pouladfar G, Dehghan Y, Jafarpour Z, Dehghan A. Disseminated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection: role of imaging in the evaluation of complications. J Trop Pediatr 2023; 69:fmad024. [PMID: 37616069 DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is generally used to prevent tuberculosis, particularly meningeal and miliary types, in childhood. This vaccine can rarely cause complications of varying severity, ranging from localized disease to a severe diffuse type known as disseminated BCG infection. Imaging modalities play an important role in the evaluation of different complications of disseminated BCG infection. This study aimed to assess and describe the imaging findings of disseminated BCG infection in order to help clinicians diagnose this life-threatening infection more accurately. METHODS This retrospective study was performed on 44 hospitalized children diagnosed with disseminated BCG infection. The results of radiographs, sonography, computerized tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging were compiled in a checklist and were then assessed by a radiology resident and a board-certificated radiologist. The radiological findings from various imaging modalities were presented descriptively and the frequency of different parameters was reported. RESULTS Axillary lymphadenopathy at the vaccinated side was frequent and was often associated with abscesses. However, abscesses in other body regions were uncommon. The most common abdominal imaging findings were enlarged liver and spleen accompanied by multiple hypoechoic and hypodense nodules on ultrasound and CT scans, respectively. Furthermore, diffuse or multifocal pulmonary opacities were the most frequent findings on chest X-rays and CT scans. CONCLUSION Characteristic imaging findings of disseminated BCG infection play a vital role in the early diagnosis of this infection. The study findings demonstrated the importance of radiological imaging in the diagnosis and evaluation of the complications of disseminated BCG infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardeshir Rajabi
- Medical Imaging Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193635899, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Pouladfar
- Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134814336, Iran
| | - Yasamin Dehghan
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134814336, Iran
| | - Zahra Jafarpour
- Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134814336, Iran
| | - Alireza Dehghan
- Medical Imaging Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7193635899, Iran
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5
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Haselager D, Dorigo-Zetsma W, Schröder M, Heidt J. An 80-Year-Old Man With Respiratory Insufficiency After Intravesical Mycobacterium bovis BCG Immunotherapy. Chest 2023; 164:e39-e43. [PMID: 37558334 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CASE PRESENTATION An 80-year-old man came to the ED with fever, hematuria, and overall discomfort for 1 week. His medical history included a superficial urothelial carcinoma of the bladder for which he was adjunctively treated with intravesical Mycobacterium bovis BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guérin) immunotherapy for several months. The patient was admitted to the hospital and was initially treated with cephalosporins for a suspected complicated urinary tract infection, but his symptoms did not improve. Ten days after the initial admission, the patient developed hypoxemic respiratory failure during an episode of fever and cold chills and was admitted to the ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolly Haselager
- Department of Intensive Care, Tergooi MC, Hilversum, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michael Schröder
- Department of Pulmonology, Tergooi MC, Hilversum, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Heidt
- Department of Intensive Care, Tergooi MC, Hilversum, The Netherlands.
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Szczęsny W, Szylberg Ł, Słupski M, Marszałek A, Szmytkowski J. An unusual case of a tuberculous granuloma of the liver presenting thirteen years after intravesical BCG - therapy for bladder cancer. POLISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY 2021; 93:1-5. [PMID: 33724226 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The authors present the case of a female patient with a tumor of segment VII of the liver, which was postoperatively identified as a tuberculous granuloma. The patient was admitted for elective surgery for a liver tumor, which had been diagnosed a few months before. Computed tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance were performed, based on which focal nodular hyperplasia was suspected. Thirteen years prior to admission the patient had undergone a transurethral resection of superficial bladder carcinoma, followed by adjuvant intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG-therapy). Upon surgery, segment VII of the liver was resected; postoperative course was uneventful. After the identification of granuloma, the patient was referred to a phthysiatric clinic for further diagnostics and treatment. The authors have deemed this case worthy of reporting primarily due to the exceptionally long period between the completion of BCG therapy and the onset of hepatic tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Szczęsny
- Chair and Clinic of General Surgery, Liver Surgery and Transplant Surgery, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szylberg
- Chair and Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medium in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Maciej Słupski
- Chair and Clinic of General Surgery, Liver Surgery and Transplant Surgery, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Andrzej Marszałek
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jakub Szmytkowski
- Chair and Clinic of General Surgery, Liver Surgery and Transplant Surgery, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
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Itai M, Yamasue M, Takikawa S, Komiya K, Takeno Y, Igarashi Y, Takeshita Y, Hiramatsu K, Mitarai S, Kadota JI. A solitary pulmonary nodule caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. BCG after intravesical BCG treatment: a case report. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21:115. [PMID: 33827514 PMCID: PMC8028358 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01475-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intravesical instillation of bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) as a treatment for superficial bladder cancer rarely causes pulmonary complications. While published cases have been pathologically characterized by multiple granulomatous lesions due to disseminated infection,
no case presenting as a solitary pulmonary nodule has been reported. Case presentation A man in his 70 s was treated with intravesical BCG for early-stage bladder cancer. After 1 year, he complained of productive cough with a solitary pulmonary nodule at the left lower lobe of his lung being detected upon chest radiography. His sputum culture result came back positive, with conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. However, tuberculosis antigen-specific interferon-gamma release assay came back negative. Considering a history of intravesical BCG treatment, multiplex PCR was conducted, revealing the strain to be Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. BCG. The patient was then treated with isoniazid, ethambutol, levofloxacin, and para-aminosalicylic acid following an antibiotic susceptibility test showing pyrazinamide resistance, after which the size of nodule gradually decreased. Conclusion This case highlights the rare albeit potential radiographic presentation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. BCG, showing a solitary pulmonary nodule but not multiple granulomatous lesions, after intravesical BCG treatment. Differentiating Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. BCG from Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. tuberculosis is crucial to determine whether intravesical BCG treatment could be continued for patients with bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Itai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Nishi-Beppu Hospital, 4548 Tsurumi, Beppu, Oita, 874-0840, Japan
| | - Mari Yamasue
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Nishi-Beppu Hospital, 4548 Tsurumi, Beppu, Oita, 874-0840, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Shuichi Takikawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Nishi-Beppu Hospital, 4548 Tsurumi, Beppu, Oita, 874-0840, Japan
| | - Kosaku Komiya
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Nishi-Beppu Hospital, 4548 Tsurumi, Beppu, Oita, 874-0840, Japan. .,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Yukiko Takeno
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Nishi-Beppu Hospital, 4548 Tsurumi, Beppu, Oita, 874-0840, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Yuriko Igarashi
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, the Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24, Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8533, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takeshita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tsukumi Chuo Hospital, 6011 Chinu, Tsukumi, Tsukumi, Oita, 879-2401, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Hiramatsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mitarai
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, the Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24, Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8533, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kadota
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
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Larsen ES, Joensen UN, Poulsen AM, Goletti D, Johansen IS. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy for bladder cancer: a review of immunological aspects, clinical effects and BCG infections. APMIS 2020; 128:92-103. [PMID: 31755155 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy for bladder cancer has been used since 1976 when the first evidence of its ability to lower recurrence and progression rates was published. Today, BCG immunotherapy is the choice of care for high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) after transurethral resection. This article presents indications and procedure of BCG instillations, and outlines the effects on recurrence and progression of NMIBC. The BCG-induced immunity in NMIBC is not yet fully understood. Animal studies point towards BCG inducing specific tumour immunity. We describe the current knowledge of how this immunity is induced, from internalization of BCG bacilli in urothelial cells, to cytokine- and chemokine-mediated recruitment of neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, T cells, B cells and natural killer cells. In addition, we describe the process of trained immunity, the non-specific protective effects of BCG. Recent studies also indicate that dysbiosis of the urinary microbiome may cause lower urinary tract dysfunction. Side effects of BCG bladder instillations range from common, mild and transient symptoms, such as dysuria and flu-like symptoms, to more severe and rarely occurring life-threatening complications. We review the literature and give an overview of reported incidences and management of BCG infections after intravesical instillation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulla Nordström Joensen
- Department of Urology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alicia Martin Poulsen
- Department of Urology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Isik Somuncu Johansen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Mycobacterial Centre for Research Southern Denmark - MyCRESD, Odense, Denmark
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Myeloid cell TNFR1 signaling dependent liver injury and inflammation upon BCG infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5297. [PMID: 30923339 PMCID: PMC6438980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF plays a critical role in mononuclear cell recruitment during acute Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection leading to an effective immune response with granuloma formation, but may also cause tissue injury mediated by TNFR1 or TNFR2. Here we investigated the role of myeloid and T cell specific TNFR1 and R2 expression, and show that absence of TNFR1 in myeloid cells attenuated liver granuloma formation and liver injury in response to acute BCG infection, while TNFR2 expressed in myeloid cells contributed only to liver injury. TNFR1 was the main receptor controlling cytokine production by liver mononuclear cells after antigenic specific response, modified CD4/CD8 ratio and NK, NKT and regulatory T cell recruitment. Further analysis of CD11b+CD3+ phagocytic cells revealed a TCRαβ expressing subpopulation of unknown function, which increased in response to BCG infection dependent of TNFR1 expression on myeloid cells. In conclusion, TNFR1 expressed by myeloid cells plays a critical role in mononuclear cell recruitment and injury of the liver after BCG infection.
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Liver and Bile Duct Infections. DIAGNOSTIC PATHOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE 2018. [PMCID: PMC7152297 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-44585-6.00011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Case Presentation: Lung Consolidation as Sequelae of BCG Sepsis After Combined Intravesical and Intraurethral BCG. Urol Case Rep 2017; 13:152-153. [PMID: 28567334 PMCID: PMC5440684 DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BCG sepsis is rarely seen with modern intravesical therapy and therefore its presentation may not be apparent to recently trained urologists. We describe BCG sepsis occurring in a patient treated with combined intravesical and intraurethral BCG which resulted in lung consolidation with acid-fast bacilli requiring cessation of BCG and initiation of systemic antibiotic therapy.
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12
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Soria F, Moschini M, Korn S, Shariat SF. How to optimally manage elderly bladder cancer patients? Transl Androl Urol 2016; 5:683-691. [PMID: 27785425 PMCID: PMC5071194 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2016.04.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BCa) is a disease of the elderly and as the population is aging, BCa will become an even bigger public health challenge in the future. Nowadays the correct management of BCa in the elderly remains controversial. The purpose of this article was to review the previous literature to summarize the current knowledge. Using Medline, a non-systematic review was performed including articles between January 2000 and February 2016 in order to describe the management of BCa in the elderly in all its aspects. English language original articles, reviews and editorials were selected based on their clinical relevance. In the literature, the definition of elderly is variable and based on chronological, not biological, age. BCa seems to be more aggressive in the elderly. The management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) does not strongly differ from younger patients, except for the role of adjuvant immunotherapy. In patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) the role of a multidisciplinary geriatric evaluation is potentially beneficial. The curative treatment in MIBC remains radical cystectomy (RC) and elderly patients should not be withheld a potentially life-saving intervention only based on chronological age. Patients unsuitable to a major surgical approach may be eligible for bladder-sparing techniques. Geriatric assessment could help identify the frail elderly and customize their perioperative care (i.e., pre and re habilitation). In conclusion the treatment of BCa in the elderly has to be patient-centered and focused on biological age and functional reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Soria
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; ; Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Studies of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Moschini
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; ; Department of Urology, Urological Research Institute, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stephan Korn
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; ; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA; ; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
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13
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Interstitial lung disease associated with human papillomavirus vaccination. Respir Med Case Rep 2015; 16:15-7. [PMID: 26744643 PMCID: PMC4681901 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinations against the human papillomavirus (HPV) have been recommended for the prevention of cervical cancer. HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccines (Cervarix) are said to have favourable safety profiles. Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) can occur following exposure to a drug or a biological agent. We report a case of ILD associated with a Cervarix vaccination. A woman in her 40's, with a history of conisation, received three inoculations of Cervarix. Three months later, she presented with a cough and shortness of breath. Findings from a computed tomography of the chest and a transbronchial lung biopsy were consistent with non-specific interstitial pneumonia. Workup eliminated all other causes of the ILD, except for the vaccination. Over the 11 months of the follow-up period, her symptoms resolved without steroid therapy. The onset and spontaneous resolution of the ILD showed a chronological association with the HPV vaccination. The semi-quantitative algorithm revealed that the likelihood of an adverse drug reaction to Cervarix was “Probable”. The outcome was relatively good, but more attention should be paid to a potential risk for HPV vaccinations to cause ILDs. Wherever possible, chest radiographic examinations should be performed in order not to overlook any ILDs.
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