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Fousková M, Habartová L, Vališ J, Nahodilová M, Vaňková A, Synytsya A, Šestáková Z, Votruba J, Setnička V. Raman spectroscopy in lung cancer diagnostics: Can an in vivo setup compete with ex vivo applications? SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 322:124770. [PMID: 38996761 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Lung carcinoma remains the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The tactic to change this unfortunate rate may be a timely and rapid diagnostic, which may in many cases improve patient prognosis. In our study, we focus on the comparison of two novel methods of rapid lung carcinoma diagnostics, label-free in vivo and ex vivo Raman spectroscopy of the epithelial tissue, and assess their feasibility in clinical practice. As these techniques are sensitive not only to the basic molecular composition of the analyzed sample but also to the secondary structure of large biomolecules, such as tissue proteins, they represent suitable candidate methods for epithelial cancer diagnostics. During routine bronchoscopy, we collected 78 in vivo Raman spectra of normal and cancerous lung tissue and 37 samples of endobronchial pathologies, which were subsequently analyzed ex vivo. Using machine learning techniques, namely principal component analysis (PCA) and support vector machines (SVM), we were able to reach 87.2% (95% CI, 79.8-94.6%) and 100.0% (95% CI, 92.1-100.0%) of diagnostic accuracy for in vivo and ex vivo setup, respectively. Although the ex vivo approach provided superior results, the rapidity of in vivo Raman spectroscopy might become unmatchable in the acceleration of the diagnostic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Fousková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Habartová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vališ
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Nahodilová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Vaňková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alla Synytsya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Šestáková
- 1st Clinic of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, 128 08, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Votruba
- 1st Clinic of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, 128 08, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Setnička
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Harris G, Rickard JJS, Butt G, Kelleher L, Blanch RJ, Cooper J, Oppenheimer PG. Review: Emerging Eye-Based Diagnostic Technologies for Traumatic Brain Injury. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2023; 16:530-559. [PMID: 35320105 PMCID: PMC9888755 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2022.3161352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The study of ocular manifestations of neurodegenerative disorders, Oculomics, is a growing field of investigation for early diagnostics, enabling structural and chemical biomarkers to be monitored overtime to predict prognosis. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers a cascade of events harmful to the brain, which can lead to neurodegeneration. TBI, termed the "silent epidemic" is becoming a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. There is currently no effective diagnostic tool for TBI, and yet, early-intervention is known to considerably shorten hospital stays, improve outcomes, fasten neurological recovery and lower mortality rates, highlighting the unmet need for techniques capable of rapid and accurate point-of-care diagnostics, implemented in the earliest stages. This review focuses on the latest advances in the main neuropathophysiological responses and the achievements and shortfalls of TBI diagnostic methods. Validated and emerging TBI-indicative biomarkers are outlined and linked to ocular neuro-disorders. Methods detecting structural and chemical ocular responses to TBI are categorised along with prospective chemical and physical sensing techniques. Particular attention is drawn to the potential of Raman spectroscopy as a non-invasive sensing of neurological molecular signatures in the ocular projections of the brain, laying the platform for the first tangible path towards alternative point-of-care diagnostic technologies for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Harris
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of BirminghamB15 2TTBirminghamU.K.
| | - Jonathan James Stanley Rickard
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of BirminghamB15 2TTBirminghamU.K.
- Department of Physics, Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCB3 0HECambridgeU.K.
| | - Gibran Butt
- Ophthalmology DepartmentUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustB15 2THBirminghamU.K.
| | - Liam Kelleher
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of BirminghamB15 2TTBirminghamU.K.
| | - Richard James Blanch
- Department of Military Surgery and TraumaRoyal Centre for Defence MedicineB15 2THBirminghamU.K.
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustcBirminghamU.K.
| | - Jonathan Cooper
- School of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of GlasgowG12 8LTGlasgowU.K.
| | - Pola Goldberg Oppenheimer
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of BirminghamB15 2TTBirminghamU.K.
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational MedicineB15 2THBirminghamU.K.
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3
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Zhang Y, Hao J, Cao K, Qi Y, Wang N, Han S. Macular pigment optical density responses to different levels of zeaxanthin in patients with high myopia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 260:2329-2337. [PMID: 35044504 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Measurement of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) can be conducted to assist in the diagnosis of multiple fundus diseases. METHODS Fifty-four subjects with high myopia were prospectively recruited for a 3-month clinical trial. Detailed ophthalmologic examinations and MPOD measurements were performed. The subjects in each high myopia category group were randomly subdivided into 5 intervention groups, including a low-dose Lycium barbarum group (10 g Lycium barbarum, containing 10 mg of zeaxanthin and 1 mg of lutein), low-dose control group (1 mg of lutein), high-dose Lycium barbarum group (20 g of Lycium barbarum, containing 20 mg of zeaxanthin and 2 mg lutein), high-dose control group (2 mg of lutein), and a blank control group. Differences in the MPODs among the high myopia groups were calculated with Welch two-sample t tests. A linear mixed-effects model was constructed and Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to determine correlations between MPOD and other factors. The MPOD values at baseline and the 3-month follow-up were compared with the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS The category 1 group had a significantly higher MPOD than the category 2 (P = 0.02) and category 3 groups (P < 0.001). The category 2 group had a significantly higher MPOD than the category 3 group (P < 0.001). The MPOD significantly decreased with increasing axial length (AL) and decreasing best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the category 1-3 groups and with increasing age and increasing intraocular pressure (IOP) in the category 2-3 groups. The MPOD was significantly higher in the group who received high-dose zeaxanthin from Lycium barbarum than in the group who received high-dose lutein at 3 months (P = 0.0403), while no significant difference was identified between the low-dose zeaxanthin group and low-dose lutein group (P = 0.1117). CONCLUSIONS The MPOD was negatively correlated with the category of high myopia. Supplementation of zeaxanthin from Lycium barbarum is beneficial in preventing the loss of macular pigment of high myopia patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial registration number and date of registration: ChiCTR2100046748.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 1 Dongjiaominxiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, No. 1 Dongjiaominxiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 1 Dongjiaominxiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, No. 1 Dongjiaominxiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Kai Cao
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, No. 1 Dongjiaominxiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yue Qi
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 1 Dongjiaominxiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 1 Dongjiaominxiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, No. 1 Dongjiaominxiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Song Han
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 1 Dongjiaominxiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Bartlett H, Howells O, Eperjesi F. The role of macular pigment assessment in clinical practice: a review. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 93:300-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2010.00499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Bartlett
- Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
E‐mail:
| | - Olivia Howells
- Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
E‐mail:
| | - Frank Eperjesi
- Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
E‐mail:
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Stiebing C, Schie IW, Knorr F, Schmitt M, Keijzer N, Kleemann R, Jahn IJ, Jahn M, Kiliaan AJ, Ginner L, Lichtenegger A, Drexler W, Leitgeb RA, Popp J. Nonresonant Raman spectroscopy of isolated human retina samples complying with laser safety regulations for in vivo measurements. NEUROPHOTONICS 2019; 6:041106. [PMID: 31482104 PMCID: PMC6718815 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.6.4.041106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, are leading causes of vision impairment, increasing in incidence worldwide due to an aging society. If diagnosed early, most cases could be prevented. In contrast to standard ophthalmic diagnostic tools, Raman spectroscopy can provide a comprehensive overview of the biochemical composition of the retina in a label-free manner. A proof of concept study of the applicability of nonresonant Raman spectroscopy for retinal investigations is presented. Raman imaging provides valuable insights into the molecular composition of an isolated ex vivo human retina sample by probing the entire molecular fingerprint, i.e., the lipid, protein, carotenoid, and nucleic acid content. The results are compared to morphological information obtained by optical coherence tomography of the sample. The challenges of in vivo Raman studies due to laser safety limitations and predefined optical parameters given by the eye itself are explored. An in-house built setup simulating the optical pathway in the human eye was developed and used to demonstrate that even under laser safety regulations and the above-mentioned optical restrictions, Raman spectra of isolated ex vivo human retinas can be recorded. The results strongly support that in vivo studies using nonresonant Raman spectroscopy are feasible and that these studies provide comprehensive molecular information of the human retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Stiebing
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße, Jena, Germany
| | - Iwan W. Schie
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße, Jena, Germany
| | - Florian Knorr
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg, Jena, Germany
| | - Nanda Keijzer
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Department of Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Department of Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Izabella J. Jahn
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Jahn
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße, Jena, Germany
| | - Amanda J. Kiliaan
- Radboud University Medical Center, Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Preclinical Imaging Center, Department of Anatomy Donders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laurin Ginner
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonia Lichtenegger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer A. Leitgeb
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg, Jena, Germany
- Address all correspondence to Jürgen Popp, E-mail:
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Putnam CM. Clinical imaging of macular pigment optical density and spatial distribution. Clin Exp Optom 2016; 100:333-340. [PMID: 27885710 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical research continues to provide an increasing number of studies that reveal an association between macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and both visual function and ocular health. As a result, there is a growing need for repeatable, accurate measures of MPOD that can describe peak optical density as well as spatial distribution. Measurement of MPOD in a research setting has an established history encompassing a number of both objective and subjective techniques. Transition of these techniques to a clinical setting has produced an array of commercial devices using three primary methods: heterochromatic flicker photometry, fundus autofluorescence and fundus reflectometry. The inherent differences among the techniques create difficulty in making direct comparisons between MPOD measurement devices. Understanding the limitations of each technique is critical in the clinical interpretation of MPOD results. Here, both the objective and subjective methods of MPOD measurement are reviewed with emphasis on the commercially available devices used in clinical settings.
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Abstract
Clinical diagnostic devices provide new sources of information that give insight about the state of health which can then be used to manage patient care. These tools can be as simple as an otoscope to better visualize the ear canal or as complex as a wireless capsule endoscope to monitor the gastrointestinal tract. It is with tools such as these that medical practitioners can determine when a patient is healthy and to make an appropriate diagnosis when he/she is not. The goal of diagnostic medicine then is to efficiently determine the presence and cause of disease in order to provide the most appropriate intervention. The earliest form of medical diagnostics relied on the eye - direct visual observation of the interaction of light with the sample. This technique was espoused by Hippocrates in his 5th century BCE work Epidemics, in which the pallor of a patient's skin and the coloring of the bodily fluids could be indicative of health. In the last hundred years, medical diagnosis has moved from relying on visual inspection to relying on numerous technological tools that are based on various types of interaction of the sample with different types of energy - light, ultrasound, radio waves, X-rays etc. Modern advances in science and technology have depended on enhancing technologies for the detection of these interactions for improved visualization of human health. Optical methods have been focused on providing this information in the micron to millimeter scale while ultrasound, X-ray, and radio waves have been key in aiding in the millimeter to centimeter scale. While a few optical technologies have achieved the status of medical instruments, many remain in the research and development phase despite persistent efforts by many researchers in the translation of these methods for clinical care. Of these, Raman spectroscopy has been described as a sensitive method that can provide biochemical information about tissue state while maintaining the capability of delivering this information in real-time, non-invasively, and in an automated manner. This review presents the various instrumentation considerations relevant to the clinical implementation of Raman spectroscopy and reviews a subset of interesting applications that have successfully demonstrated the efficacy of this technique for clinical diagnostics and monitoring in large (n ≥ 50) in vivo human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Pence
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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8
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Factors affecting macular pigment optical density. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:1865-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2801-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Effect of age and other factors on macular pigment optical density measured with resonance Raman spectroscopy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:1221-8. [PMID: 24614948 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macular pigment is a defense system against phototoxic damage of the retina by visible light. It is still under debate whether or not macular pigment optical density (MPOD) levels decline with age, because the age effect varied depending on the technique used to measure MPOD levels. Resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) is an objective method to measure MPOD, and studies using RRS showed a drastic age-related decline of MPOD levels; however, since RRS measurements are influenced by cataracts, it has been argued that the age-related decline of RRS measurements is an artifact from lens changes in aged subjects. In the present study, MPOD levels were measured with RRS in pseudophakic eyes, and the effects of age and other factors on MPOD levels were investigated. METHODS The subjects included 144 patients with no fundus disorders who received cataract surgery with untinted intraocular lens implantation. MPOD levels were measured in 144 eyes using integral RRS 1 day post surgery. Factors potentially associated with MPOD levels such as age, gender, smoking habits, body mass index, diabetes, glaucoma, axial length, pupil diameter, spherical equivalent refractive error, and foveal thickness were examined by multiple regression analysis. RESULTS The macular pigment RRS levels ranged from 776 to 11,815 Raman counts, with an average level of 4,375 ± 1,917 (standard deviation [SD]) Raman counts. Multiple regression analysis revealed that age and axial length were significantly correlated with low MPOD values (regression coefficient of -59 for age and -404 for axial length, respectively). No significant correlations were observed for other factors. CONCLUSIONS After removing the potentially confounding effect of age-related lens yellowing on the RRS measurements, age remained a significant patient parameter for lowered MPOD levels. MPOD levels were found to decline by more than 10 % each decade. Axial length was also a negative predictor of MPOD levels. Since the present study included only patients aged 50 years and older, the effects of age and other factors on MPOD levels for younger subjects remain unknown.
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Beirne RO. The macular pigment optical density spatial profile and increasing age. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 252:383-8. [PMID: 24081317 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-013-2471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between the central spatial profile of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and increasing age in normal eyes. METHODS Ninety-eight individuals (aged 19-71 years) with good visual acuity, free from ocular disease, and with clear ocular media participated. MPOD was measured at 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 1.75° eccentricity from the foveal centre using a heterochromatic flicker photometry based densitometer instrument. RESULTS Linear regression analysis revealed that there was no statistically significant association between MPOD and increasing age for the group as a whole at 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00° eccentricity (p > 0.05 for all eccentricities). There was a small but statistically significant positive association between increasing age and MPOD at 1.75° eccentricity (p = 0.020), but age only accounted for 6 % of the variation in MPOD values. Fifteen percent of all participants had a non-exponential MPOD spatial profile. CONCLUSION There was no statistically significant relationship between MPOD and increasing age for three of the four locations measured. A significant proportion of individuals show an atypical MPOD spatial profile, indicating that studies on MPOD should ideally report information on the MPOD spatial profile rather than estimates from only one retinal location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond O Beirne
- Vision Science Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK,
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The relationship between foveal short-wavelength-sensitive visual function and macular pigment optical density in the ageing age. Vision Res 2013; 86:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tong N, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Gong Y, Wooten B, Wu X. Inverse relationship between macular pigment optical density and axial length in Chinese subjects with myopia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 251:1495-500. [PMID: 23224230 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-012-2225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macular pigment (MP) has been the focus of much attention in recent years, due to its protective effect against macular degenerations. In this study, we investigated the association between macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and axial length (AL) in Chinese subjects with myopia. METHODS In total, 173 myopes (mean spherical equivalent [MSE] ≤-1.00D) were recruited for this prospective observational study. MPOD was measured in both eyes of each subject using a macular metrics densitometer. AL was measured in eyes using an IOL-Master. A raw coefficient of correlation analysis and a partial correlation analysis were used to investigate the relationship between MPOD and AL. RESULTS The age of the subjects ranged from 18 to 67 years. The overall mean MPOD for the cohort was 0.412 ± 0.119 (range, 0.105-0.812). The mean AL was 25.18 ± 1.08 mm (range, 23.14-28.19 mm). Using a raw coefficient of correlation, a significant inverse correlation was found between MPOD and AL (r= -0.134, p=0.012). When using a partial correlation analysis to eliminate the impact of covariant, a significant inverse correlation was also found between MPOD and AL (r= -0.142, p=0.008). Furthermore, when AL was divided into two groups: AL>26 mm and AL ≤ 26 mm, a significant inverse correlation was observed between MPOD and AL in the former (r= -0.253, p=0.029), but no significant relationship was observed between these in the latter (r=0.104, p=0.067). CONCLUSIONS MPOD correlated inversely with AL in this sample of Chinese subjects with myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianting Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Shanghai First People's Hospital, No.85 Wujin Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, China
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Macular pigment density changes in Japanese individuals supplemented with lutein or zeaxanthin: quantification via resonance Raman spectrophotometry and autofluorescence imaging. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2012; 56:488-96. [PMID: 22699751 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-012-0157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our purpose was to determine whether either lutein or zeaxanthin supplementation affects macular pigment concentration/optical density (MPOD) in healthy Japanese individuals. METHODS Twenty-two healthy volunteers were randomized to either 10 mg of orally administered lutein or zeaxanthin daily for up to 3 months. MPOD levels were measured by resonance Raman spectrophotometry (RRS) and one-wavelength autofluorescence imaging (AFI) at baseline and 1, 2, and 3 months after the start of supplementation. RESULTS MPOD levels measured with each method were correlated significantly at all time points. MPOD(RRS) and MPOD(AFI) levels increased >20 % from baseline at 2 and 3 months after lutein supplementation. By multiple regression analyses, the refractive error was correlated positively with MPOD(RRS) levels at baseline, whereas age and sex were not significant. In the lutein group, MPOD(RRS) levels significantly increased from baseline at all time points in individuals without high myopia exceeding -4 diopters, whereas the increase was not observed in individuals with high myopia. In the zeaxanthin group, MPOD(RRS) levels remained unchanged in those with and without high myopia. CONCLUSIONS MPOD(RRS) and MPOD(AFI) levels correlated significantly with each other. In normal healthy Japanese individuals without high myopia, lutein supplementation increased MPOD levels within the fovea more effectively than did zeaxanthin.
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The effect of lutein- and zeaxanthin-rich foods v. supplements on macular pigment level and serological markers of endothelial activation, inflammation and oxidation: pilot studies in healthy volunteers. Br J Nutr 2012; 108:334-42. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511005599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of lutein- and zeaxanthin-rich foods and supplements on macular pigment level (MPL) and serological markers of endothelial activation, inflammation and oxidation in healthy volunteers. We conducted two 8-week intervention studies. Study 1 (n 52) subjects were randomised to receive either carrot juice (a carotene-rich food) or spinach powder (a lutein- and zeaxanthin-rich food) for 8 weeks. Study 2 subjects (n 75) received supplements containing lutein and zeaxanthin, β-carotene, or placebo for 8 weeks in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. MPL, serum concentrations of lipid-soluble antioxidants, inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, C-reactive protein and F2-isoprostane levels were assessed at baseline and post-intervention in both studies. In these intervention studies, no effects on MPL or markers of endothelial activation, inflammation or oxidation were observed. However, the change in serum lutein and zeaxanthin was associated or tended to be associated with the change in MPL in those receiving lutein- and zeaxanthin-rich foods (lutein r 0·40, P = 0·05; zeaxanthin r 0·30, P = 0·14) or the lutein and zeaxanthin supplement (lutein r 0·43, P = 0·03; zeaxanthin r 0·22, P = 0·28). In both studies, the change in MPL was associated with baseline MPL (food study r − 0·54, P < 0·001; supplement study r − 0·40, P < 0·001). We conclude that this 8-week supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin, whether as foods or as supplements, had no significant effect on MPL or serological markers of endothelial activation, inflammation and oxidation in healthy volunteers, but may improve MPL in the highest serum responders and in those with initially low MPL.
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Howells O, Eperjesi F, Bartlett H. Measuring macular pigment optical density in vivo: a review of techniques. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011; 249:315-47. [PMID: 21221629 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-010-1577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macular pigment has been the focus of much attention in recent years, as a potential modifiable risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. This interest has been heightened by the ability to measure macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in vivo. METHOD A systematic literature search was undertaken to identify all available papers that have used in vivo MPOD techniques. The papers were reviewed, and all relevant information was incorporated into this article. RESULTS Measurement of MPOD is achievable with a wide range of techniques, which are typically categorized into one of two groups: psychophysical (requiring a response from the subject) or objective (requiring minimal input from the subject). The psychophysical methods include heterochromatic flicker photometry and minimum motion photometry. The objective methods include fundus reflectometry, fundus autofluorescence, resonance Raman spectroscopy and visual evoked potentials. Even within the individual techniques, there is often much variation in how data is obtained and processed. CONCLUSION This review comprehensively details the procedure, instrumentation, assumptions, validity and reliability of each MPOD measurement technique currently available, along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. This leads us to conclude that development of a commercial instrument, based on fundus reflectometry or fundus autofluorescence, would be beneficial to macular pigment research and would support MPOD screening in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Howells
- Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
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Hagen S, Krebs I, Glittenberg C, Binder S. Repeated measures of macular pigment optical density to test reproducibility of heterochromatic flicker photometry. Acta Ophthalmol 2010; 88:207-11. [PMID: 19094168 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.01418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the reproducibility of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) values assessed with heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP) in healthy individuals. METHODS Twenty-four volunteers from our department underwent MPOD testing of both eyes by flicker photometry on three separate occasions. To test reproducibility of MPOD, the coefficient of variance was calculated separately for right and left eyes. In addition, we investigated MPOD averages of right and left eyes and interocular correlations (Pearson's r) at every visit. RESULTS The mean MPODs at the first visit were 0.61 +/- 0.24 and 0.72 +/- 0.27 in right and left eyes, respectively. Mean values of 0.58 +/- 0.29 and 0.60 +/- 0.21 (second visit) and 0.62 +/- 0.27 and 0.63 +/- 0.24 (third visit) were assessed for right and left eyes, respectively. Differences of the mean values between eyes were not significant. Correlations were weak at visits one and two (r = 0.49, p < 0.014 and r = 0.43, p < 0.038, respectively) and moderate at visit three (r = 0.58, p < 0.003). The coefficients of variance were 36.1% and 23% for right and left eyes, respectively. CONCLUSION Our mean MPODs are higher and the interocular correlations weaker compared to the literature. The coefficient of variance in both eyes is high and does not imply good reproducibility of obtained MPOD values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hagen
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Retinology and Biomicroscopic Laser Surgery, Rudolf Foundation Clinic, Vienna, Austria.
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Loane E, Stack J, Beatty S, Nolan JM. Measurement of Macular Pigment Optical Density Using Two Different Heterochromatic Flicker Photometers. Curr Eye Res 2009; 32:555-64. [PMID: 17612971 DOI: 10.1080/02713680701418405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare macular pigment optical density using two different heterochromatic flicker photometers. METHODS We measured macular pigment optical density in 121 healthy subjects using heterochromatic flicker photometry. RESULTS The mean (+/-SD) macular pigment optical density measured using the Maculometer was 0.394 (+/-0.170), and that using the Densitometer was 0.395 (+/-0.189). The difference in measurements on each instrument was influenced by age and macular pigment levels. CONCLUSIONS On average, there is no difference in measurements provided by these two instruments. The Maculometer tends to underestimate macular pigment in older subjects and/or those with higher macular pigment compared with the Densitometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Loane
- Macular Pigment Research Group, Department of Chemical & Life Sciences, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
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Beirne RO, McIlreavy L, Zlatkova MB. The effect of age-related lens yellowing on Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue error score. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2008; 28:448-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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