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[Clinical and molecular genetic analysis of Angelman syndrome with oculocutaneous albinism type 2: A case report and literature review]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2023; 55:181-185. [PMID: 36718709 PMCID: PMC9894804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To summarize the clinical diagnosis and treatment process and genetic test results and characteristics of one child with Angelman syndrome (AS) complicated with oculocutaneous albinism type 2 (OCA2), and to review the literature. "Angelman syndrome" "P gene" and "Oculocutaneous albinism type 2" were used as keywords to search at CNKI, Wanfang, and PubMed databases (from creation to December 2019). Then all the patients were analyzed. The patient in this study was a girl aged 1 year. After birth, she was found to present as white body, yellow hair, and nystagmus. She could raise her head at the age of 2 months and turn over at the age of 7 months. The head circumference was 42 cm and she could not sit alone or speak at present. Trio-based exome sequencing revealed that the patient carried a homozygous mutation of c.168del (p.Gln58ArgfsTer44) in the P gene, and her father was heterozygous and her mother was wild-type. The detection of copy number variation showed deletion on the maternal chromosome at 15q11.2-13.1 region (P gene located in this region) in the patient. Until December 2019, a total of 4 cases in the 4 literature had been reported. Adding our case here, the 5 cases were summarized and found that all the cases showed white skin, golden hair, and shallow iris after birth. Comprehensive developmental delay was found around 6 months of age after birth, and the language remained undeveloped in 2 cases till follow-up into childhood. Seizures occurred in 4 patients. Two cases had ataxia. All the 5 cases had acquired microcephaly. Two cases had a family history of albinism. Electroencephalogram monitoring was completed in 3 cases and the results were abnormal. Genetic tests showed that all the 5 cases had deletion on maternal chromosome at 15q11-13 region. Four cases carried mutation of P gene on paternal chromosome. And 1 case was clinically diagnosed as OCA2 without P gene test. AS combined with OCA2 is relatively rare. OCA2 is easily diagnosed based on the obvious clinical manifestations after birth. When combined with clinical manifestations such as neurodevelopmental delay, it might indicate the possibility of AS that is hardly diagnosed clinically at an early stage. Genetic tests can reveal the cross-genetic phenomenon of AS and OCA2 and the complex of them can be eventually diagnosed.
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Gopalakrishnan S, Negiloni K, Suganthan RV, Velu S, Raman R. Low-vision intervention for oculocutaneous albinism in a Tertiary Eye Care Hospital in India. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2023; 37:38-42. [PMID: 36968775 PMCID: PMC10032282 DOI: 10.4103/sjopt.sjopt_266_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study on patients with albinism in different age groups was to compare their level of visual impairment with the low-vision intervention (LVI) and its benefit. METHODS The medical records of 72 patients with low vision secondary to albinism who were referred to the low vision care clinic from 2015 to 2017 were analyzed. This included the demographic profile such as age, gender, occupation, ocular history, visual acuity status, and type of low-vision device (LVD) preferred. The LVDs prescribed and its subsequent improvement was compared. RESULTS In this data, 70 (97.2%) people had oculocutaneous albinism and 2 (2.8%) had ocular albinism. Majority of the patients had hyperopic astigmatism 42 (58.3%) and with-the-rule astigmatism 58 (93.5%). Presenting mean visual acuity for distance was noted to be 0.88 logMAR which improved to 0.83 logMAR with the help of spectacle correction. The most commonly prescribed LVD was a dome magnifier for 15 (34.9%) patients. In all the patients, there was statistically significant improvement (P < 0.05) in near vision with the help of LVDs. CONCLUSION The study highlights the importance of appropriate LVI for each subdivided age group. Patients with albinism who have received medical and surgical treatment have no or a limited role in restoring useful vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Gopalakrishnan
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
- Low Vision Care Clinic, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kalpa Negiloni
- Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Vivek Suganthan
- Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saranya Velu
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajiv Raman
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Stephenson BP, Velani Z, Ihász N. The effect of albinism on avian predator attack rates in eastern garter snakes. ZOOLOGY 2021; 150:125987. [PMID: 34971911 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2021.125987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Albinism is a conspicuous and distinctive phenotype arising from the absence of melanin in the integument that has been documented in all major vertebrate groups. With few exceptions, albinism is rare in natural populations, suggesting that it incurs significant fitness costs as compared to wild-type phenotypes. One possible explanation for this rarity is that albinos experience higher predation risk as compared to wild-type individuals. We tested this hypothesis by comparing rates of attack by avian predators on immobile clay model proxies that mimicked wild-type and albino eastern garter snakes (Thamnophis s. sirtalis) at Bond Swamp in central Georgia, USA; two mixed pattern treatments provided intermediate phenotypes for comparison. Surprisingly, we found no difference in attack rate across all four model treatments, nor among pairs of treatments (i.e., wild-type-like vs. albino-like models). This indicates that albino garter snakes are not subject to higher predation risk from birds due to coloration alone, and that other factors (correlated pathologies of albinism, thermoregulatory challenges, mate selection) are likely to be more important in explaining the rarity of albinism in snakes and perhaps other vertebrate groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry P Stephenson
- 1501 Mercer University Dr., Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, GA, 31207, USA.
| | - Zeshan Velani
- 1501 Mercer University Dr., Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, GA, 31207, USA; 3001 Mercer University Dr., Mercer University Health Sciences Center, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
| | - Nikolett Ihász
- 1501 Mercer University Dr., Department of Psychology, Mercer University, Macon, GA, 31207, USA.
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Slavík O, Horký P, Valchářová T, Pfauserová N, Velíšek J. Comparative study of stress responses, laterality and familiarity recognition between albino and pigmented fish. ZOOLOGY 2021; 150:125982. [PMID: 34896758 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2021.125982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism is the result of a combination of homozygous recessive mutations that block the synthesis of the tyrosine and melatonin hormones. This disability is associated with physiological limitations, e.g., visual impairment expressed by lower visual acuity and movement perception, and eventually leads to acrophobia and/or photophobia, suggesting a potentially higher stress level associated with the behavioral responses of individuals with albinism to external stimuli compared to their pigmented conspecifics. However, in fish, differences in behavioral and/or physiological responses and stress levels between these phenotypes have been poorly documented. While acoustic perception of albino individuals is well known, the use of olfactory sensors for social communication, e.g., for the preference for familiar conspecifics, remains poorly understood. We performed two laboratory experiments with albino and pigmented European catfish Silurus glanis to observe: i) their behavioral and physiological responses to short-term stress induced by a combination of air exposure and novel environmental stressors and ii) their ability to use odor keys to recognize of familiar conspecifics and the influence of lateralization on this preference. In response to stress stimuli, albino fish showed higher movement activities and ventilatory frequencies and more often changed their swimming directions compared to their pigmented conspecifics. Blood plasma analysis showed significantly higher values of stress-, deprivation-, and emotional arousal-associated substances, e.g., glucose and lactate, as well as of substances released during intensive muscle activity of hyperventilation and tissue hypoxia, e.g., hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, erythrocytes, and neutrophil granulocytes. A preference test between environments with and without scented water showed the preference by both albino and pigmented catfish for environments with scent of familiar conspecifics, and both groups of fish displayed left-side lateralization associated with the observation of conspecifics and group coordination. The results tended to show higher physiological and behavioral responses of albinos to stress stimuli compared to the responses of their pigmented conspecifics, but the uses of olfactory sensors and lateralization were not differentiated between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Slavík
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6, Suchdol, 165 21, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Horký
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6, Suchdol, 165 21, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Valchářová
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6, Suchdol, 165 21, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Pfauserová
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague 6, Suchdol, 165 21, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Velíšek
- Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
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Anywhere but Here: a Calculus for Protection of Children with Albinism. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12134-020-00773-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sayed KM, Mahmoud Abdellah M, Gad Kamel A. Analysis of the Refractive Profile of Children with Oculocutaneous Albinism versus an Age-Matched Non-Albino Group. Clin Ophthalmol 2021; 15:73-78. [PMID: 33447012 PMCID: PMC7802909 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s286126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To find out and analyze the points of difference in the refractive profile between children with complete oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) and an age-matched, non-albino group seeking paediatric ophthalmic examination. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 164 infants and young children in Paediatric Ophthalmology Center, Sohag City, Egypt. Informed consent was obtained from the participants’ guardians. The study divided the population into 2 equal groups: albino group = 82 eyes, non-albino group = 82 eyes. Cycloplegic refraction and average keratometric measurements using the hand-held autokeratometer were taken for the study groups. Results In the albino group, astigmatism and hypermetropia were the most common refractive errors, 100% and 62% respectively, with significant difference between both groups. Mean total (TA), corneal (CA) and lenticular astigmatism (LA) were significantly higher in albino group (P<0.05). All albino eyes were high astigmats (≥1.25 D). Conclusion This study is novel in being comparative and includes the largest sample size ever reported for albino eyes of infants and children. High WTR astigmatism is the most prevalent refractive error in albinos with an overall bias toward hyperopia, but extreme errors (>−11.00D myopia or >+10.00D hyperopia) are not common. Albino eyes have a significantly higher degree of LA which compensates for the high CA to decrease the amount of TA. The study emphasizes the importance of refraction examination and visual rehabilitation for OCA children as early as possible to reduce eye morbidity-associated low vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khulood Muhammad Sayed
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Marwa Mahmoud Abdellah
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Gad Kamel
- The Department of Ophthalmology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
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Pupil size variation as a response to stress in European catfish and its application for social stress detection in albino conspecifics. PLoS One 2021; 15:e0244017. [PMID: 33382718 PMCID: PMC7775050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormonal changes such as increased cortisol level in blood plasma in response to stress and social environmental stimuli are common among vertebrates including humans and typically accompanied by other physiological processes, such as changes in body pigmentation and/or pupil dilatation. The role of pupil size variation (PSV) as a response to stress have yet to be investigated in fish. We exposed albino and pigmented European catfish to short-term stress and measured changes in pupil size and cortisol level. Albinos showed lower pupil dilatation and higher cortisol levels than did pigmented conspecifics. A clear positive relationship between pupil dilatation and cortisol concentrations was observed for both pigmented and albino specimens, suggesting that PSV can be used as a stress indicator in fish, irrespective of albino’s inability to express social communication by coloring. During the follow-up, we investigated whether a penultimate contest between albino individuals would impact contestants’ social stress during subsequent contact. We observed PSV during the contact of unfamiliar albino catfish with different penultimate experiences (winner (W) and/or loser (L)). Then, the following treatment combinations were tested: WW, WL and LL. Twenty-four-hour contact of two unfamiliar catfish resulted in higher pupil dilatation among individuals with previous winner experience. Among treatment combinations, a WL contest displayed the highest pupil dilatation for winners. PSV reflected socially induced stress in individuals that was accompanied by the “winner” experience and dominancy in albinos. To conclude, the present study validates pupil dilatation as a non-invasive method to evaluate stress level in pigmented as well as albino fish in various contexts.
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Application of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification in the genetic testing of oculocutaneous albinism. Chin Med J (Engl) 2019; 132:2011-2012. [PMID: 31356463 PMCID: PMC6708679 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Slavík O, Horký P, Wackermannová M. How does agonistic behaviour differ in albino and pigmented fish? PeerJ 2016; 4:e1937. [PMID: 27114883 PMCID: PMC4841223 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to hypopigmentation of the skin and red iris colouration, albino animals also display distinct physiological and behavioural alterations. However, information on the social interactions of albino animals is rare and has mostly been limited to specially bred strains of albino rodents and animals from unique environments in caves. Differentiating between the effects of albinism and domestication on behaviour in rodents can be difficult, and social behaviour in cave fish changes according to species-specific adaptations to conditions of permanent darkness. The agonistic behaviours of albino offspring of pigmented parents have yet to be described. In this study, we observed agonistic behaviour in albino and pigmented juvenile Silurus glanis catfish. We found that the total number of aggressive interactions was lower in albinos than in pigmented catfish. The distance between conspecifics was also analysed, and albinos showed a tendency towards greater separation from their same-coloured conspecifics compared with pigmented catfish. These results demonstrate that albinism can be associated with lower aggressiveness and with reduced shoaling behaviour preference, as demonstrated by a tendency towards greater separation of albinos from conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Slavík
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Horký
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Marie Wackermannová
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic
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Slavík O, Horký P, Wackermannová M. How does agonistic behaviour differ in albino and pigmented fish? PeerJ 2016. [PMID: 27114883 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1937.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to hypopigmentation of the skin and red iris colouration, albino animals also display distinct physiological and behavioural alterations. However, information on the social interactions of albino animals is rare and has mostly been limited to specially bred strains of albino rodents and animals from unique environments in caves. Differentiating between the effects of albinism and domestication on behaviour in rodents can be difficult, and social behaviour in cave fish changes according to species-specific adaptations to conditions of permanent darkness. The agonistic behaviours of albino offspring of pigmented parents have yet to be described. In this study, we observed agonistic behaviour in albino and pigmented juvenile Silurus glanis catfish. We found that the total number of aggressive interactions was lower in albinos than in pigmented catfish. The distance between conspecifics was also analysed, and albinos showed a tendency towards greater separation from their same-coloured conspecifics compared with pigmented catfish. These results demonstrate that albinism can be associated with lower aggressiveness and with reduced shoaling behaviour preference, as demonstrated by a tendency towards greater separation of albinos from conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Slavík
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Horký
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Marie Wackermannová
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic
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Khanal S, Pokharel A, Kandel H. Visual deficits in Nepalese patients with oculocutaneous albinism. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2016; 9:102-109. [PMID: 25823539 PMCID: PMC4812000 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Albinism poses a significant threat to visual functions and causes remarkable ocular morbidity often resulting in visual disabilities. The study aimed at describing the visual status in patients with diagnosed cases of complete oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) attending to a tertiary eye hospital in Nepal. METHODS This was a cross-sectional descriptive hospital-based study of all diagnosed oculocutaneous albinotic cases (16 males and 9 females; mean age of 16 years) who visited the Department of Ophthalmology at the Institute of Medicine, for ocular consultation between September 1, 2011 and December 1, 2013. RESULTS Twenty-five cases (50 eyes) with OCA were enrolled in the study. All the participants had maximally reduced visual acuity (mean: 1.24±0.50logMAR). Myopic astigmatism was the most common refractive error (n=17; 34%). 58% of all participants had with-the-rule astigmatism. Considering the spherical equivalent power, most of the eyes (n=30; 60%) had myopia, with overall mean SE refractive error of -1.59±5.39D. Visual acuity improved significantly with refractive correction in place (paired sample t-test, p<0.05). Horizontal pendular nystagmus was the most common nystagmus (n=34 eyes; 68%). Alternating esotropia and alternating exotropia each were observed in 16% of participants who had strabismus (40% of all cases). The diaphanous iris, foveal hypoplasia and poliosis were the most consistent clinical features. CONCLUSION Patients with OCA present with a broad spectrum of visual deficits that impair the visual functions. Significant improvement in visual acuity following optical correction serves as an impetus to the reduction of visual disabilities in individuals with albinism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safal Khanal
- College of Optometry, Southwestern University, Cebu City, Philippines.
| | - Amrit Pokharel
- Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Himal Kandel
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, MMUST, Kenya
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Slavík O, Horký P, Maciak M. Ostracism of an albino individual by a group of pigmented catfish. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128279. [PMID: 26018869 PMCID: PMC4446300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological and behavioural constraints hinder albino individuals. Albino animals are rare in the wild; this trait is associated with easy detection by predators, non-native or damaged environments, and exclusively aphotic environments in total darkness. The social aspect of albinism is reported only for human beings, and the effect is distinguishable in time and space when social benefits, are used to a limited the extent. Thus far, the social consequences of albinism for animals remain unknown. We used socially established groups of the pigmented catfish, (Silurus glanis), to observe space and temporal distance detachment of albino specimens in laboratory conditions. The albino fish were separated at larger distances from the group than pigmented individuals with the same social status determined by familiarity, and this asymmetry also varied in time. Albinism-related ostracism results in a solitary existence, usually followed by enhanced predation risk. The motivation for an individual's exclusion from a group appears to be the avoidance of the predation risk that increases not only for an odd individual but also for conspecifics within a group. Our findings indicate a role for albinism in behavioural processes related to sociality in a group of conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Slavík
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Pavel Horký
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matúš Maciak
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Macular optical coherence tomography findings and GPR143 mutations in patients with ocular albinism. Int Ophthalmol 2014; 34:1075-81. [PMID: 24526317 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-014-9912-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe macular findings using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in patients with ocular albinism (OA) and their carrier mothers, and to identify the frequency of GPR143 gene mutations in these patients. The study included five patients with a clinical diagnosis of OA. SD-OCT of the macular area was performed in both patients and their mothers. The anatomical characteristics of the macula and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), patterns of autofluorescence and infrared imaging were analyzed. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of the complete coding sequence of GPR 143 was performed and subsequently analyzed by direct sequencing in patients and their possible carrier mothers. SD-OCT images revealed the presence of inner retinal layers in the fovea, an abnormal disposition of the Henle layer and a lack of thickening in the perifoveal area. We found increased thickness in the RPE to the outer segment and in the outer segment to the outer nuclear layer that is associated with increased visual acuity. Autofluorescence images revealed an absence of normal hipoautofluorescence in the fovea. No changes were observed in the images of their carrier mothers. Mutation screening and sequence analysis of the GPR 143 gene revealed a novel pathological mutation in two patients. Abnormalities in the macula were observed in all patients. SD-OCT is a useful tool for the assessment of patients with OA. No changes were observed in the SD-OCT of carrier mothers. Only two patients had the GPR143 gene mutation.
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Hawkes JE, Cassidy PB, Manga P, Boissy RE, Goldgar D, Cannon-Albright L, Florell SR, Leachman SA. Report of a novel OCA2 gene mutation and an investigation of OCA2 variants on melanoma risk in a familial melanoma pedigree. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 69:30-7. [PMID: 23103111 PMCID: PMC4775076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oculocutaneous albinism type 2 (OCA2) is caused by mutations of the OCA2 gene. Individuals affected by OCA2 as well as other types of albinism are at a significantly increased risk for sun-induced skin-cancers, including malignant melanoma (MM). OBJECTIVE To identify the molecular etiology of oculocutaneous albinism in a previously uncharacterized melanoma pedigree and to investigate the relationship between two OCA2 variants and melanoma predisposition in this pedigree. METHODS DNA and RNA were isolated from the peripheral blood of seven patients in a familial melanoma pedigree. Electron microscopy was performed on the individual with clinical oculocutaneous albinism. OCA2, TYRP1, MC1R, CDKN2A/p16, CDKN2A/p19ARF, and CDK4 genes were sequenced in affected individuals. The relationship between OCA2 variants and melanoma was assessed using a pedigree likelihood-based method. RESULTS The proband was determined to be an OCA2 compound heterozygous mutation carrier with a previously reported conservative missense mutation (V443I) and a novel non-conservative missense mutation (L734R). The pedigree contained individuals diagnosed with both cutaneous and iris melanoma. Based on co-segregation analysis, the odds of these OCA2 variants being high penetrance loci for melanoma was: 1.3-to-1 if we include the iris melanoma as affected and 6.5-to-1 if we only consider cutaneous melanoma as affected. CONCLUSION The discovery of this novel OCA2 variant adds to the body of evidence on the detrimental effects of OCA2 gene mutations on pigmentation, supports existing GWAS data on the relevance of the OCA2 gene in melanoma predisposition, and may ultimately assist in the development of targeted molecular therapies in the treatment of OCA and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. Hawkes
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Pamela B. Cassidy
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry L.S. Skagg's Pharmacy, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Prashiela Manga
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raymond E. Boissy
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - David Goldgar
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lisa Cannon-Albright
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Scott R. Florell
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sancy A. Leachman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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16
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Pelosi S, Chandrasekhar SS. Intratympanic steroid use for hearing salvage in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2012; 90:574-7. [PMID: 22180111 DOI: 10.1177/014556131109001206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We discuss the rare case of a 68-year-old woman with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) who was successfully treated with intratympanic corticosteroid injections. The patient had presented with bilaterally asymmetric (i.e., moderate and moderate to severe) SNHL, tinnitus, vertigo, and vitiligo. She received two intratympanic injections in her worse-hearing ear over the course of 1 month. Subsequent audiometry showed an immediate 5- to 10-dB improvement in her hearing across multiple frequencies, as well as a long-term improvement to near-normal thresholds. The hearing thresholds in her untreated ear remained stable. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with VKH syndrome who was successfully treated with intratympanic steroid application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Pelosi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 7209 Medical Center East, South Tower, 1215 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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17
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Du YJ, Hou YL, Hou WR. Cloning and overexpression of an important functional gene ATP6V1F encoding a component of vacuolar ATPase from the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:5761-6. [PMID: 22212708 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ATP6V1F encodes a component of vacuolar ATPase mediating acidification. The cDNA and the genomic sequences of ATP6V1F were cloned successfully for the first time from the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and touchdown-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The cDNA fragment cloned is 364 bp in size, containing an open reading frame of 360 bp encoding 119 amino acids. Alignment analysis indicated that both ORF and the deduced amino acid sequence are highly conserved. The length of the genomic sequence of the Giant Panda is 2225 bp, including two exons and one intron. Topology prediction showed that there is one protein kinase C phosphorylation site, two Casein kinase II phosphorylation sites, and one N-myristoylation site in the ATP6V1F protein. The ATP6V1F gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli indicating that ATP6V1F fusion with the N-terminally His-tagged form gave rise to the accumulation of an expected 17 kDa polypeptide, which was according with the predicted protein and also could be used to purify the protein and study its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Du
- Biochemical Department, Basic Education College of Zhanjiang Normal University, 8# Cunjinsiheng Road, Zhanjiang, 524037, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Oh DH, Park SH, Lee JK, Moon NJ. Clinical Findings and Results of Low Vision Devices in Pediatric Patients with Albinism. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2011. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2011.52.4.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doo Hwan Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin Hae Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Kyu Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Ju Moon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Yang JW, Lee SJ, Kang SB, Park YH. A Case of Retinal Detachment Surgery in Albinism Patient. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2008. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Wook Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual science, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual science, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Seung-Bum Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual science, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual science, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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20
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Tolleson WH. Human melanocyte biology, toxicology, and pathology. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2005; 23:105-61. [PMID: 16291526 DOI: 10.1080/10590500500234970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The human melanocytes of the skin, hair, eyes, inner ears, and covering of the brain provide physiologic functions important in organ development and maintenance. Melanocytes develop from embryonic neural crest progenitors and share certain traits with other neural crest derivatives found in the adrenal medulla and peripheral nervous system. The distinctive metabolic feature of melanocytes is the synthesis of melanin pigments from tyrosine and cysteine precursors involving over 100 gene products. These complex biochemical mechanisms create inherent liabilities for melanocytic cells if intracellular systems necessary for compartmentalization, detoxification, or repair are compromised. Melanocyte disorders may involve pigmentation, sensory functions, autoimmunity, or malignancy. Environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation and chemical exposures, combined with heritable traits, represent the principal hazards associated with melanocyte disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Tolleson
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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21
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Dorey SE, Neveu MM, Burton LC, Sloper JJ, Holder GE. The clinical features of albinism and their correlation with visual evoked potentials. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87:767-72. [PMID: 12770978 PMCID: PMC1771702 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.87.6.767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2002] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the relation between the clinical and electrophysiological abnormalities of patients undergoing visual evoked potential investigation for albinism. METHODS 40 subjects with a probable or possible clinical diagnosis of albinism underwent pattern appearance and/or flash visual evoked potential (VEP) examination. The VEP findings are correlated with the clinical features of albinism determined by clinical examination and orthoptic assessment. RESULTS The majority of patients with clinical evidence of albinism showed a contralateral predominance in the VEPs. There was close correlation between the clinical signs of albinism and the degree of contralateral VEP predominance. This manifested as an interhemispheric latency asymmetry to monocular pattern appearance stimulation but amplitude asymmetry to flash stimulation. The strongest correlation for pattern appearance interhemispheric latency difference was with foveal hypoplasia (rho = 0.58; p = 0.0003) followed by nystagmus (rho = 0.48; p = 0.0027) and iris transillumination (rho = 0.33; p = 0.039). The VEP abnormalities were of greater magnitude in those patients with most features of albinism. Several patients with apparently mild disorders of ocular pigmentation had small but significantly abnormal VEP latency asymmetries. CONCLUSION There is a strong association between the magnitude of the interhemispheric latency asymmetry of the pattern appearance VEP, and of amplitude asymmetry of the flash VEP, with the clinical signs of albinism. The data are consistent with a spectrum of abnormalities in albinism involving both clinical expression and electrophysiological misrouting, which is wider than previously recognised.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Dorey
- Strabismus and Paediatric Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK
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Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism represents a group of inherited skin disorders characterized by a generalized reduction of cutaneous, ocular and pilar pigmentation from the time of birth. Oculocutaneous albinism types 1 and 2 are the most common, but several other types have been described. A defect in the melanin synthesis pathway, resulting in reduced formation of melanin, is responsible for oculocutaneous albinism. Aetiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Okulicz
- Department of Dermatology and Paediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103-2714, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Mehta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Birmingham & Midland Eye Centre, United Kingdom
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