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Mohammadzadeh V, Wu S, Davis T, Vepa A, Morales E, Besharati S, Edalati K, Martinyan J, Rafiee M, Martynian A, Scalzo F, Caprioli J, Nouri-Mahdavi K. Prediction of visual field progression with serial optic disc photographs using deep learning. Br J Ophthalmol 2024; 108:1107-1113. [PMID: 37833037 PMCID: PMC11014894 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2023-324277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM We tested the hypothesis that visual field (VF) progression can be predicted with a deep learning model based on longitudinal pairs of optic disc photographs (ODP) acquired at earlier time points during follow-up. METHODS 3919 eyes (2259 patients) with ≥2 ODPs at least 2 years apart, and ≥5 24-2 VF exams spanning ≥3 years of follow-up were included. Serial VF mean deviation (MD) rates of change were estimated starting at the fifth visit and subsequently by adding visits until final visit. VF progression was defined as a statistically significant negative slope at two consecutive visits and final visit. We built a twin-neural network with ResNet50-backbone. A pair of ODPs acquired up to a year before the VF progression date or the last VF in non-progressing eyes were included as input. Primary outcome measures were area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and model accuracy. RESULTS The average (SD) follow-up time and baseline VF MD were 8.1 (4.8) years and -3.3 (4.9) dB, respectively. VF progression was identified in 761 eyes (19%). The median (IQR) time to progression in progressing eyes was 7.3 (4.5-11.1) years. The AUC and accuracy for predicting VF progression were 0.862 (0.812-0.913) and 80.0% (73.9%-84.6%). When only fast-progressing eyes were considered (MD rate < -1.0 dB/year), AUC increased to 0.926 (0.857-0.994). CONCLUSIONS A deep learning model can predict subsequent glaucoma progression from longitudinal ODPs with clinically relevant accuracy. This model may be implemented, after validation, for predicting glaucoma progression in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sean Wu
- Department of Computer Science, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California, USA
| | - Tyler Davis
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arvind Vepa
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Esteban Morales
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sajad Besharati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kiumars Edalati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stien Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jack Martinyan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- University of California Los Angeles, Sherman Oaks, California, USA
| | - Mahshad Rafiee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arthur Martynian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fabien Scalzo
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joseph Caprioli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kouros Nouri-Mahdavi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Ophthalmology, UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Leshno A, De Moraes CG, Cioffi GA, Kass M, Gordon M, Liebmann JM. Risk Calculation in the Medication Arm of the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. Ophthalmol Glaucoma 2023; 6:592-598. [PMID: 37336266 PMCID: PMC10725513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ogla.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Risk assessment is integral to the management of individuals with ocular hypertension (OHTN). This study aims to determine the predictive accuracy of the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study 5-year risk calculator (OHTS calculator) among treated patients with OHTN by applying it to patients randomized to the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS) medication arm. DESIGN Post hoc secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. SUBJECTS Individuals participating in the OHTS who were randomized to the medication arm. Only participants with complete baseline data in both eyes were included (n = 726). METHODS The hazard ratios (HRs) of the medication group in OHTS were compared to the HR used for the OHTS calculator using the z-test statistic to establish the OHTS calculator's generalizability to the OHTS medication arm. The performance of the OHTS calculator among the OHTS medication group was evaluated twice, using both untreated baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) and average treated IOP during the first 24 months for the IOP variable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The performance was determined based on the model's accuracy in estimating the risk of reaching an OHTS primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) end point using calibration chi-square and discriminating between participants who did or did not develop POAG. RESULTS The HRs for the OHTS medication arm were not significantly different from those used in the OHTS calculator for untreated OHTN derived from observation arm data (P > 0.1). Based on the calibration chi-square test for the medication group, the OHTS calculator prediction model had good predictive accuracy when using the mean treated IOP and poorer predictive accuracy with the untreated baseline IOP (chi-square 10 and 29, respectively). The model had good discrimination with treated IOP (c-statistic = 0.77), comparable to what has been reported for the OHTS calculator in the OHTS observation group. CONCLUSIONS The OHTS calculator can be applied to treated patients with OHTN, and repeat risk calculation after initiating IOP reduction may provide useful information that can aid in disease management. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Leshno
- Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Carlos Gustavo De Moraes
- Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - George A Cioffi
- Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael Kass
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mae Gordon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey M Liebmann
- Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.
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A Comprehensive Review of Methods and Equipment for Aiding Automatic Glaucoma Tracking. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12040935. [PMID: 35453985 PMCID: PMC9031684 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic optic neuropathy characterized by irreversible damage to the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), resulting in changes in the visual field (VC). Glaucoma screening is performed through a complete ophthalmological examination, using images of the optic papilla obtained in vivo for the evaluation of glaucomatous characteristics, eye pressure, and visual field. Identifying the glaucomatous papilla is quite important, as optical papillary images are considered the gold standard for tracking. Therefore, this article presents a review of the diagnostic methods used to identify the glaucomatous papilla through technology over the last five years. Based on the analyzed works, the current state-of-the-art methods are identified, the current challenges are analyzed, and the shortcomings of these methods are investigated, especially from the point of view of automation and independence in performing these measurements. Finally, the topics for future work and the challenges that need to be solved are proposed.
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Dixit A, Ashish A, Sharma R. A comparative study on efficacy of fixed combination timolol/brinzolamide versus travoprost monotherapy in drug-naïve open-angle glaucoma patients. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2020; 12:2515841420909666. [PMID: 32440640 PMCID: PMC7227157 DOI: 10.1177/2515841420909666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glaucoma is most common irreversible cause of blindness in India. First line management of open-angle glaucoma is either beta blockers or prostaglandin analogs monotherapy. Monotherapy rarely achieves target intraocular pressure within 2 years and patients are shifted to combination medications, usually fixed-dose combination. Objective To compare travoprost monotherapy and timolol/brinzolamide fixed-dose combination for their intraocular pressure lowering efficacy, their effects on hemodynamic parameters and cup disc ratio reversibility in newly diagnosed drug-naïve open-angle glaucoma patients. Material and methods In a 12-week, prospective, randomised, single-blind study, patients were randomised to receive twice daily 0.5% timolol and 0.2% brinzolamide fixed-dose combination (n = 52) or once daily travoprost 0.004% (n = 52). Intraocular pressure, blood pressure, pulse rate and cup disc ratio were compared across treatment groups over 3 months. Results Significant reduction (p < 0.001) in intraocular pressure by 27.99% and 30.49% at 12th-week visit as compared with baseline was observed in monotherapy and fixed-dose combination group, respectively. Significant changes in pulse rate (9 beats/min) and systolic blood pressure (2.35 mmHg) was observed in fixed-dose combination group. No cup disc ratio reversibility was observed at the end of study. Conjunctival hyperaemia (n = 14) and transient blurring of vision (n = 16) were most commonly reported adverse drug reaction in monotherapy and fixed-dose combination, respectively. Conclusion The 0.5% timolol and 0.2% brinzolamide fixed-dose combination produced greater reduction in intraocular pressure than those produced by 0.004% travoprost alone in drug-naïve open-angle glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Dixit
- Department of Pharmacology, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, India
| | - Atul Ashish
- Department of Pharmacology, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai 206130, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Reena Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, India
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Pajouheshnia R, Groenwold RHH, Peelen LM, Reitsma JB, Moons KGM. When and how to use data from randomised trials to develop or validate prognostic models. BMJ 2019; 365:l2154. [PMID: 31142454 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romin Pajouheshnia
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rolf H H Groenwold
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Linda M Peelen
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johannes B Reitsma
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands
- Cochrane Netherlands, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Karel G M Moons
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands
- Cochrane Netherlands, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Sii S, Nasser A, Loo CY, Croghan C, Rotchford A, Agarwal PK. The impact of SIGN glaucoma guidelines on false-positive referrals from community optometrists in Central Scotland. Br J Ophthalmol 2018; 103:369-373. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundSince the introduction of National Institute for Health and Care Excellence glaucoma guidelines 2009, the number of referrals from community optometrists to hospital eye services has increased across the UK, resulting in increase in first visit discharge rates (FVDRs).AimTo assess the impact of Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) 144 on quality of referrals from community optometrists.MethodologyA retrospective study of patient records who attended as new adult glaucoma referrals to clinics in Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, and in Greater Glasgow and Clyde, was carried out across October–November 2014 (group 1) and September–October 2016 (group 2), before and after the introduction of SIGN 144. The primary outcome of this study is FVDRs. A secondary outcome is the extent of compliance to referral recommendations by SIGN guidelines.ResultsThree hundred and twelve and 325 patients were included in groups 1 and 2, respectively. There was a significant decline in FVDRs between these two periods from 29.2% to 19.2%. (p=0.004) (OR 0.58 (95%CI 0.40 to 0.84)). Post-SIGN guidelines, 87% of referrals were compliant to SIGN referral criteria while 13% remained non-compliant. The main reasons for non-compliance were no repeatable visual field defects (42.0%) and referrals due to high intraocular pressure were either not repeated or not interpreted in the context of age and central corneal thickness (36.8%).ConclusionPatients referred after the introduction of SIGN guidelines were 33.5% less likely to be discharged at the first visit. Although compliance to most recommendations in SIGN guidelines has improved, there is still a need to improve adherence to referral criteria
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Salvetat ML, Zeppieri M, Tosoni C, Brusini P. Baseline factors predicting the risk of conversion from ocular hypertension to primary open-angle glaucoma during a 10-year follow-up. Eye (Lond) 2016; 30:784-95. [PMID: 27174381 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PurposeTo evaluate the ability of baseline clinical, morphological, and functional factors to predict the conversion to primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in ocular hypertensive (OHT) patients.MethodsThis single-center prospective longitudinal observational study included 116 eyes of 116 OHT patients followed for a 10-year period. All patients had intraocular pressure (IOP) ≥24 mm Hg in one eye and >21 mm Hg in the other eye, normal visual fields (VFs) and normal optic disc (OD) appearance in both eyes at baseline. All OHT patients were untreated at baseline with subsequent treatment upon need according to clinical judgement. Only one eye per subject was randomly selected. Patient age, gender, IOP, central corneal thickness (CCT), and ibopamine test results were collected at baseline. All patients underwent standard automated perimetry, short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP), frequency-doubling technology, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (CSLO), and scanning laser polarimetry (SLP) at baseline and every 6 months thereafter. Main outcome measure was the conversion to POAG, defined as the development of reproducible VF and/or OD abnormalities attributable to glaucoma. Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify the baseline factors predictive of POAG conversion.ResultsDuring the 10-year follow-up, 25% of eyes converted to POAG. In multivariate Cox models, baseline factors that were significant predictors of POAG development included: older age (hazard ratio (HR) 1.0, 99% confidence intervals (CIs) 1.0-1.2, per 1 year older); SWAP Glaucoma Hemifield test 'outside normal limits' (HR 4.3, 99% CIs 1.2-17.9); greater SLP 'Inter-eye Symmetry' (HR 1.1, 99% CIs 0.4-3.0, per 1 unit lower); lower CSLO Rim Volume (HR 1.1, 99% CIs 0.3-3.2, per 0.1 mm(3) lower); and greater CSLO cup-to-disc ratio (HR 6.0, 99% CIs 3.6-16.8, per 0.1 unit greater).ConclusionsThe baseline parameters that proved to be useful in assessing the likelihood of an OHT patient to develop POAG included age, functional variables provided by SWAP, and structural variables provided by SLP and CSLO. In this cohort of patients, baseline IOP, CCT, and ibopamine provocative test results were not significant predictors of POAG conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Salvetat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria 'Santa Maria della Misericordia', Udine, Italy
| | - M Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria 'Santa Maria della Misericordia', Udine, Italy
| | - C Tosoni
- Department of Ophthalmology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria 'Santa Maria della Misericordia', Udine, Italy
| | - P Brusini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria 'Santa Maria della Misericordia', Udine, Italy
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Hernández R, Burr JM, Vale L, Azuara-Blanco A, Cook JA, Banister K, Tuulonen A, Ryan M. Monitoring ocular hypertension, how much and how often? A cost-effectiveness perspective. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 100:1263-8. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-306757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review evaluates the past 18-month literature related to cost-effectiveness of treating ocular hypertension (OHT) and give an opinion of the state of research. RECENT FINDINGS Three studies question the value of intensive monitoring in OHT and glaucoma. One study suggests that implementing Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study - European Glaucoma Prevention Study (OHTS-EGPS) risk prediction in every day practice overestimates the risk of open-angle glaucoma. While two models suggest that treating all intraocular pressures above 21 mmHg would be cost-saving (but disagree on the impact of this strategy on conversion to glaucoma), another study in turn suggests than we could safely reduce medications in almost half of the patients. Two studies suggest that effective early treatment could decrease follow-up costs in OHT and one modeling study suggests that using laser in preference to medication would be cost effective in glaucoma. SUMMARY The results of this time-limited review are confusing as they challenge many current beliefs to continue to do more than what we are currently doing. We have a huge gap in understating whether we are currently doing the 'right' things in our every day practices.
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Christopher M, Abràmoff MD, Tang L, Gordon MO, Kass MA, Budenz DL, Fingert JH, Scheetz TE. Stereo Photo Measured ONH Shape Predicts Development of POAG in Subjects With Ocular Hypertension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:4470-9. [PMID: 26193923 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify objective, quantitative optic nerve head (ONH) structural features and model the contributions of glaucoma. METHODS Baseline stereoscopic optic disc images of 1635 glaucoma-free participants at risk for developing primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) were collected as part of the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. A stereo correspondence algorithm designed for fundus images was applied to extract the three-dimensional (3D) information about the ONH. Principal component analysis was used to identify ONH 3D structural features and the contributions of demographic features, clinical variables, and disease were modeled using linear regression and linear component analysis. The computationally identified features were evaluated based on associations with glaucoma and ability to predict which participants would develop POAG. RESULTS The computationally identified features were significantly associated with future POAG, POAG-related demographics (age, ethnicity), and clinical measurements (horizontal and vertical cup-to-disc ratio, central corneal thickness, and refraction). Models predicting future POAG development using the OHTS baseline data and STEP features achieved an AUC of 0.722 in cross-validation testing. This was a significant improvement over using only demographics (age, sex, and ethnicity), which had an AUC of 0.599. CONCLUSIONS Methods for identifying objective, quantitative measurements of 3D ONH structure were developed using a large dataset. The identified features were significantly associated with POAG and POAG-related variables. Further, these features increased predictive model accuracy in predicting future POAG. The results indicate that the computationally identified features might be useful in POAG early screening programs or as endophenotypes to investigate POAG genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Christopher
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Michael D Abràmoff
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 3Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of I
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Mae O Gordon
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States 7Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Michael A Kass
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Donald L Budenz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - John H Fingert
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 4Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Todd E Scheetz
- Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States 4Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iow
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Chan PPM, Leung CKS, Chiu V, Gangwani R, Sharma A, So S, Congdon N. Protocol-driven adjustment of ocular hypotensive medication in patients at low risk of conversion to glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 99:1245-50. [PMID: 25733528 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-306014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the safety and potential savings of decreasing medication use in low-risk patients with ocular hypertension (OH). METHODS Patients with OH receiving pressure-lowering medication identified by medical record review at a university hospital underwent examination by a glaucoma specialist with assessment of visual field (VF), vertical cup-to-disc ratio (vCDR), central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure (IOP). Subjects with estimated 5-year risk of glaucoma conversion <15% were asked to discontinue ≥1 medication, IOP was remeasured 1 month later and risk was re-evaluated at 1 year. RESULTS Among 212 eyes of 126 patients, 44 (20.8%) had 5-year risk >15% and 14 (6.6%) had unreliable baseline VF. At 1 month, 15 patients (29 eyes, 13.7%) defaulted follow-up or refused to discontinue medication and 11 eyes (5.2%) had risk >15%. The remaining 69 patients (107 eyes, 50.7%) successfully discontinued 141 medications and completed 1-year follow-up. Mean IOP (20.5±2.65 mm Hg vs 20.3±3.40, p=0.397) did not change, though mean VF pattern SD (1.58±0.41 dB vs 1.75±0.56 dB, p=0.001) and glaucoma conversion risk (7.31±3.74% vs 8.76±6.28%, p=0.001) increased at 1 year. Mean defect decreased (-1.42±1.60 vs -1.07±1.52, p=0.022). One eye (0.47%) developed a repeatable VF defect and 13 eyes (6.1%) had 5-year risk >15% at 1 year. The total 1-year cost of medications saved was US$4596. CONCLUSIONS Nearly half (43.9%) of low-risk OH eyes in this setting could safely reduce medications over 1 year, realising substantial savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poemen P M Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Christopher K S Leung
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Vivian Chiu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Rita Gangwani
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sophie So
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Nathan Congdon
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong Translational Research for Equitable Eyecare, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China ORBIS International, New York, USA
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