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Dhakal R, Lawrenson JG, Huntjens B, Shah R, Verkicharla PK. Light exposure profiles differ between myopes and non-myopes outside school hours. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2024; 9:e001469. [PMID: 38816010 PMCID: PMC11138295 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Considering the putative role of light in myopia, and variations in socioeconomic, lifestyle, educational and environmental factors across ethnicities, we objectively investigated light exposure patterns in Indian school children. METHODS The light exposure profile of 143 school children (9-15 years, 50 myopes) recorded using a validated wearable light tracker for six continuous days was analysed. Additional data for non-school days were available for 87 children (26 myopes). The illuminance exposure levels, time spent outdoors and epoch (number of times participant is exposed to a predefined range of lux level per day) were compared between myopes and non-myopes across different light conditions: ≥1000, ≥3000, ≥5000 and ≥10 000 lux. For school days, light exposure profiles during (1) before school, school and after school hours; and (2) class, break and transition (when a student travels to and from school) time were analysed. RESULTS The overall median (IQR) daily illuminance exposure level, time spent outdoors and epochs at outdoors (≥1000 lux) were 807 (507-1079) lux/day, 46 (30-64) min/day and 9 (6-12) times/day, respectively. The daily illuminance exposure on non-school days was significantly higher in non-myopes than myopes (6369 (4508-9112) vs 5623 (2616-6929) lux/day, p=0.04). During transition time (school days), non-myopes had significantly higher illuminance exposure (910 (388-1479) vs 550 (263-1098) lux/day, p=0.04), spent more time outdoors (25 (10-43) vs 14 (4-29) min/day, p=0.01) and had higher outdoor epochs (6 (4-11) vs 5 (2-8) times/day, p=0.01) than myopes. CONCLUSIONS A small but significant difference in illuminance exposure, time spent outdoors and epoch was noted between myopes and non-myopes during transition time, which may have implications in myopia control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Dhakal
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre & Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sceinces, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, City University of London, London, UK
| | - John G Lawrenson
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, City University of London, London, UK
| | - Byki Huntjens
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, City University of London, London, UK
| | - Rakhee Shah
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, City University of London, London, UK
| | - Pavan Kumar Verkicharla
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre & Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sceinces, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
- Infor Myopia Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Wen L, Liu H, Chen Z, Xu Q, Hu Z, Lan W, Yang Z. Effect of mount location on the quantification of light intensity in myopia study. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2023; 8:e001409. [PMID: 38154910 PMCID: PMC10759099 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2023-001409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate how the mounting location of wearable devices affects the measurement of light intensity. METHODS Two commercially available wearable devices, HOBO and Clouclip, were used to compare the effects of different mount locations on light intensity measurement. We assessed the consistency of the measurements of the two devices by placing a HOBO and a Clouclip simultaneously in 26 different light environments and measuring the light intensity. To simulate the real-life usage scenarios of the two devices, we had 29 participants wear two HOBOs-one on the wrist and the other on the chest-along with a Clouclip on their spectacles for 1 day; meanwhile, the light intensity was measured and analysed. RESULTS When under the same light environments, the light intensity measured by the Clouclip was 1.09 times higher than that by the HOBO, with an additional 82.62 units (r2=1.00, p<0.001). When simulating the real-life scenarios, the mean light intensity at the eye-level position was significantly lower than that at the chest position (189.13±665.78 lux vs 490.75±1684.29 lux, p<0.001) and the wrist position (189.13±665.78 lux vs 483.87±1605.50 lux, p<0.001). However, there was no significant difference in light intensity between the wrist and chest positions (483.87±1605.50 lux vs 490.75±1684.29 lux, p=1.00). Using a threshold of 1000 lux for outdoor exposure, the estimated light exposure at the eye-level position was significantly lower than that at the chest position (3.9% vs 7.8%, χ2=266.14, p<0.001) and the wrist position (3.9% vs 7.7%, χ2=254.25, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed significant variations in light exposure among the wrist, chest and eye position. Therefore, caution must be exercised when comparing results obtained from different wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longbo Wen
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province Optometry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province Optometry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province Optometry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Qinglin Xu
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province Optometry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Ziqi Hu
- Hunan Province Optometry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Weizhong Lan
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, China
- Guangzhou Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhikuan Yang
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, China
- Hunan Province Optometry Engineering and Technology Research Center, Changsha, China
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Xue A, Zeng Z, Wang H, Han J, Pang B. Kinematic characteristics of gait with different myopia: a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1256242. [PMID: 38179553 PMCID: PMC10765516 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1256242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Myopia, a condition affecting approximately one-quarter of the world' s population, has been projected to double in prevalence by the year 2050. It can have an impact on postural control during walking and can increase the risk of falls and injuries. Objective (1) To examine the abnormal performance of postural control during walking in male college students who used convex lenses for myopia intervention from a kinematic perspective; (2) to establish theoretical foundation for preventing falls and injuries in the myopic population. Methods A total of 22 male college students participated in this study. The center of gravity (COG), the percentage of gait cycle (PGC) and the joint angle(JT) were collected as indications of postural control during walking. A quantitative analysis was conducted using a One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA to examine the variations among the three groups. Results During myopic interventions, (1) the range of vertical COG changes is significant to be greater compared with normal vision (P < 0.05). (2) there was an significant increase in the PGC in single-legged support, accompanied by a decrease in the PGC in double-legged support, compared with normal vision (P < 0.05). (3) The myopic intervention leads to increased variability in JT of the hip and the knee during the single-leg support and swing, as compared to individuals with normal vision (P < 0.05). Severe myopic interventions result in more changes in JT of ankle. Conclusion Myopia has been found to have a negative impact on postural control during walking, leading to changes in balance, increased instability, and an elevated risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aochuan Xue
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Sports and Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhaohong Zeng
- School of Sports and Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- School of Sports and Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jinming Han
- School of Physical and Art Education, Beijing Institute of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Pang
- School of Sports Science, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, China
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Hönekopp A, Weigelt S. Using Light Meters to Investigate the Light-Myopia Association - A Literature Review of Devices and Research Methods. Clin Ophthalmol 2023; 17:2737-2760. [PMID: 37743889 PMCID: PMC10517690 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s420631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of myopia, evaluating its relationship with objective light exposure as a potential adjustable environmental factor in myopia development has been an emerging research field in recent years. From a thorough literature search, we identify ten wearable light meters from human studies on light exposure and myopia and present an overview of their parameters, thereby demonstrating the wide between-device variability and discussing its implications. We further identify 20 publications, including two reanalyses, reporting investigations of light-myopia associations with data from human subjects wearing light meters. We thoroughly review the publications with respect to general characteristics, aspects of data collection, participant population, as well as data analysis and interpretation, and also assess potential patterns regarding the absence or presence of light-myopia associations in their results. In doing so, we highlight areas in which more research is needed as well as several aspects that warrant consideration in the study of light exposure and myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Hönekopp
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Research Unit Vision, Visual Impairments & Blindness, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sarah Weigelt
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Research Unit Vision, Visual Impairments & Blindness, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
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Neale RE, Lucas RM, Byrne SN, Hollestein L, Rhodes LE, Yazar S, Young AR, Berwick M, Ireland RA, Olsen CM. The effects of exposure to solar radiation on human health. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023:10.1007/s43630-023-00375-8. [PMID: 36856971 PMCID: PMC9976694 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
This assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the Montreal Protocol under the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) evaluates the effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on human health within the context of the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments. We assess work published since our last comprehensive assessment in 2018. Over the last four years gains have been made in knowledge of the links between sun exposure and health outcomes, mechanisms, and estimates of disease burden, including economic impacts. Of particular note, there is new information about the way in which exposure to UV radiation modulates the immune system, causing both harms and benefits for health. The burden of skin cancer remains high, with many lives lost to melanoma and many more people treated for keratinocyte cancer, but it has been estimated that the Montreal Protocol will prevent 11 million cases of melanoma and 432 million cases of keratinocyte cancer that would otherwise have occurred in the United States in people born between 1890 and 2100. While the incidence of skin cancer continues to rise, rates have stabilised in younger populations in some countries. Mortality has also plateaued, partly due to the use of systemic therapies for advanced disease. However, these therapies are very expensive, contributing to the extremely high economic burden of skin cancer, and emphasising the importance and comparative cost-effectiveness of prevention. Photodermatoses, inflammatory skin conditions induced by exposure to UV radiation, can have a marked detrimental impact on the quality of life of sufferers. More information is emerging about their potential link with commonly used drugs, particularly anti-hypertensives. The eyes are also harmed by over-exposure to UV radiation. The incidence of cataract and pterygium is continuing to rise, and there is now evidence of a link between intraocular melanoma and sun exposure. It has been estimated that the Montreal Protocol will prevent 63 million cases of cataract that would otherwise have occurred in the United States in people born between 1890 and 2100. Despite the clearly established harms, exposure to UV radiation also has benefits for human health. While the best recognised benefit is production of vitamin D, beneficial effects mediated by factors other than vitamin D are emerging. For both sun exposure and vitamin D, there is increasingly convincing evidence of a positive role in diseases related to immune function, including both autoimmune diseases and infection. With its influence on the intensity of UV radiation and global warming, the Montreal Protocol has, and will have, both direct and indirect effects on human health, potentially changing the balance of the risks and benefits of spending time outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. E. Neale
- Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD Australia ,School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - R. M. Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT Australia
| | - S. N. Byrne
- School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - L. Hollestein
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L. E. Rhodes
- Dermatology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - S. Yazar
- Garvan Medical Research Institute, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | | | - M. Berwick
- University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, USA
| | - R. A. Ireland
- School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - C. M. Olsen
- Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD Australia ,Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD Australia
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Davis D, Birnbaum L, Ben-Ishai P, Taylor H, Sears M, Butler T, Scarato T. Wireless technologies, non-ionizing electromagnetic fields and children: Identifying and reducing health risks. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2023; 53:101374. [PMID: 36935315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2023.101374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Children today are conceived and live in a sea of wireless radiation that did not exist when their parents were born. The launch of the digital age continues to transform the capacity to respond to emergencies and extend global communications. At the same time that this increasingly ubiquitous technology continues to alter the nature of commerce, medicine, transport and modern life overall, its varied and changing forms have not been evaluated for their biological or environmental impacts. Standards for evaluating radiation from numerous wireless devices were first set in 1996 to avoid heating tissue and remain unchanged since then in the U.S. and many other nations. A wide range of evidence indicates that there are numerous non-thermal effects from wireless radiation on reproduction, development, and chronic illness. Many widely used devices such as phones and tablets function as two-way microwave radios, sending and receiving various frequencies of information-carrying microwave radiation on multiple simultaneously operating antennas. Expert groups advising governments on this matter do not agree on the best approaches to be taken. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends limited screen time for children under the age of two, but more than half of all toddlers regularly have contact with screens, often without parental engagement. Young children of parents who frequently use devices as a form of childcare can experience delays in speech acquisition and bonding, while older children report feelings of disappointment due to 'technoference'-parental distraction due to technology. Children who begin using devices early in life can become socially, psychologically and physically addicted to the technology and experience withdrawal upon cessation. We review relevant experimental, epidemiological and clinical evidence on biological and other impacts of currently used wireless technology, including advice to include key questions at pediatric wellness checkups from infancy to young adulthood. We conclude that consistent with advice in pediatric radiology, an approach that recommends that microwave radiation exposures be As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) seems sensible and prudent, and that an independently-funded training, research and monitoring program should be carried out on the long term physical and psychological impacts of rapidly changing technological milieu, including ways to mitigate impacts through modifications in hardware and software. Current knowledge of electrohypersensitivity indicates the importance of reducing wireless exposures especially in schools and health care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devra Davis
- Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Environmental Health Trust, Teton Village, WY, USA.
| | - Linda Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and National Toxicology Program, Scholar in Residence, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, USA
| | | | - Hugh Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Meg Sears
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Prevent Cancer Now, Ottawa, Canada
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Yien L, Lun K, Ngo C. Let Us Avoid a ‘Myopic View’ in Times of COVID-19. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9081125. [PMID: 36010016 PMCID: PMC9406293 DOI: 10.3390/children9081125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected people from almost all facets of life and it’s impact is extremely palpable among students. In this review paper, we discuss about the risk factors for myopia progression that were exacerbated by the pandemic, which are supported by evidence from studies published recently. It is imperative that measures are put in place to address the rising incidence of myopia so as to prevent the impending myopia pandemic.
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Swiatczak B, Schaeffel F. "Emmetropic, but not myopic human eyes distinguish positive defocus from calculated defocus in monochromatic red light". Vision Res 2021; 192:107974. [PMID: 34875443 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2021.107974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies in animal models have provided evidence that broadband light and chromatic cues are necessary for successful emmetropization. We have studied this question in young human subjects by measuring short-term changes in axial length when they watched movies with calculated defocus (2.5D) or optically defocused movies (+2.5D) with red interference filters (620 ± 10 nm). Since filters cut luminance down by a factor of 10, a control experiment with neutral density filters (ND 1.0) was done. Ten myopes and 10 emmetropes were studied. Four experimental conditions were tested on two separate days. On the first day, movies with calculated defocus, and defocused by positive lenses were watched with ND filters. On the second day, movies with the same defocus patterns were watched with the red filters. Movies were presented on a large TV screen (LG OLED65C9, 65″) in a dark room at 2 m distance for 30 min. Changes in axial length before and after each stimulation were measured with the Lenstar (LS 900, with autopositioning system; Haag-Streit). Interestingly, the effects of calculated defocus or optical positive defocus on axial length were suppressed by 1.0 ND filters in myopes and emmetropes, with no clear trend. In contrast, narrow-band red light suppressed eye elongation with calculated defocus but not eye shortening with positive defocus in emmetropes. In myopes, as previously found in white light, there was a trend of axial eye elongation with positive lenses. In conclusion, the effect of positive lenses on eye growth did not require chromatic cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Swiatczak
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Schaeffel
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland; Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Zeiss Vision Lab, Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Mineshita Y, Kim HK, Shinto T, Kuwahara M, Shibata S. Attending a Sports Club Can Help Prevent Visual Impairment Caused by Cram School in Elementary School Children in Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312440. [PMID: 34886166 PMCID: PMC8657373 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Longer durations for near-work activities, such as studying, worsen eyesight. In contrast, outdoor exercise is effective in reducing the risk of developing myopia. Despite these findings, however, the interaction between studying and exercise in eyesight has not been quantitatively evaluated. Moreover, since there is a culture of attending lessons in Japan, it is important to investigate the relationship between elementary school activities, such as cram schools or sports clubs, and vision. Therefore, in this study, we examined whether attending cram schools and/or sports clubs is associated with the use of glasses among elementary school students. We conducted a survey among 7419 elementary school students in Tokyo, Japan using a food education questionnaire. A logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between wearing glasses, an objective variable, and attending sports clubs and cram schools. Sex and school year were considered confounding factors. The results of this study showed that students who attended only sports clubs were more likely to be categorized into the “not wearing glasses” group (p = 0.03, OR = 1.45), whereas those who attended only cram schools were more likely to be categorized into the “wearing glasses” group (p = 0.008, OR = 0.67). In addition, students who attended both cram schools and sports clubs were more likely to be categorized into the “not wearing glasses” group than those who only attended cram schools (p = 0.28, OR = 0.85). Our findings indicate that attending not only cram schools but also sports clubs may prevent deterioration of eyesight. Parents and health care providers need to take these findings into account in order to prevent visual impairment in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Mineshita
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 1628480, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.-K.K.); (T.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Hyeon-Ki Kim
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 1628480, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.-K.K.); (T.S.); (M.K.)
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 1628480, Japan
| | - Takae Shinto
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 1628480, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.-K.K.); (T.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Mai Kuwahara
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 1628480, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.-K.K.); (T.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Shigenobu Shibata
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 1628480, Japan; (Y.M.); (H.-K.K.); (T.S.); (M.K.)
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 1628480, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5369-7318
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