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Holgado D, Manresa-Rocamora A, Zamboni L, Lugoboni F, Peiró AM, Zandonai T. The effect of benzodiazepines on exercise in healthy adult participants: A systematic review. J Addict Dis 2021; 40:336-344. [PMID: 34751107 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2021.1990640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of benzodiazepines among athletes is a new and growing phenomenon according to the recent case reports published. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify if there is rationale for the use of benzodiazepines and its effects on exercise. This review aims to provide an overview of the effects of benzodiazepine in exercise among healthy adult participants and if they might have an additional ergogenic or ergolytic effect. Electronic searches were conducted in Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science databases up to December 2020. Search terms covered all active substance names of benzodiazepine class and search terms about sport, exercise performance and athletes. We used the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) to assess the methodological quality of the studies included in the qualitative synthesis. The methods and planned analyses of this systematic review were pre-registered at Open Science Framework (OSF: https://osf.io/uq6j8). A total of thirty-one full articles were assessed for eligibility and ten of them were included in the qualitative analysis. We found 7 studies which investigated benzodiazepine effects after an acute dose administered, whereas only 3 studies studied long-term effects after several doses used. According to our findings it does not seem that benzodiazepines might have an ergogenic or ergolytic effect on exercise performance. The small number of articles included (n = 10) with a relatively low sample of participants (N = 16, range = 6-58) does invite us to take our results with caution. This review evidences valuable insights into the use of benzodiazepines from a physical performance point of view. Our findings highlight the unclear effects benzodiazepines might have on exercise performance and its possible mechanisms of actions. Hence, the need to conduct new studies to understand its possible effects becomes essential to protect the health of athletes of all levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darías Holgado
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Centre (CIMCYC), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Agustín Manresa-Rocamora
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL Foundation), Alicante, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Zamboni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Addiction Medicine, Integrated University, Hospital of Verona, Policlinico "G.B. Rossi", Verona, Italy
| | - Fabio Lugoboni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Addiction Medicine, Integrated University, Hospital of Verona, Policlinico "G.B. Rossi", Verona, Italy
| | - Ana María Peiró
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL Foundation), Neuropharmacology on Pain and Functional Diversity (NED), Alicante, Spain.,Pain Unit, Department of Health of Alicante-General Hospital, Alicante, Spain.,Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Health of Alicante-General Hospital, Alicante, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Paediatrics and Organic Chemistry, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
| | - Thomas Zandonai
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL Foundation), Neuropharmacology on Pain and Functional Diversity (NED), Alicante, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Paediatrics and Organic Chemistry, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Sant Joan, Alicante, Spain
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Leatherwood WE, Dragoo JL. Effect of airline travel on performance: a review of the literature. Br J Sports Med 2012; 47:561-7. [PMID: 23143931 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The need for athletes to travel long distances has spurred investigation into the effect of air travel across multiple time zones on athletic performance. Rapid eastward or westward travel may negatively affect the body in many ways; therefore, strategies should be employed to minimise these effects which may hamper athletic performance. In this review, the fundamentals of circadian rhythm disruption are examined along with additional effects of airline travel including jet lag, sleep deprivation, travel at altitude and nutritional considerations that negatively affect performance. Evidence-based recommendations are provided at the end of the manuscript to minimise the effects of airline travel on performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney E Leatherwood
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94063-6342, USA
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