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Langer T, Nicoli R, Schweizer-Grundisch C, Grabherr S, Kuuranne T, Musenga A. Comparison of analytical approaches for the detection of oral testosterone undecanoate administration in men. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38205661 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
For antidoping laboratories, the determination of an illicit testosterone (T) administration in urine samples remains a difficult process as it requires the determination of the exogenous origin by carbon isotope ratios (CIRs) of testosterone and its metabolites. As a complement to the urinary analysis, targeting testosterone esters (e.g. testosterone undecanoate [TU]) in serum samples by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) could represent a simpler approach compared with isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). These two approaches both lead to the direct detection of the administration of exogenous T but with a difference in effort and complexity of the analysis. To compare the detection window obtained with the two strategies, serum and the corresponding urine samples collected from an administration study with oral TU were analysed. Results showed that, at all timepoints where the intact TU was detected in serum, the CIRs of urinary steroids were also not in agreement with an endogenous origin. IRMS analysis required more effort but resulted in slightly longer detection windows than the ester analysis. Finally, this comparison study showed that, in the presence of a suspicious urinary steroid profile, the LC-MS/MS steroid esters analysis in the corresponding serum samples can be very helpful. If steroid esters are not detected, the IRMS analysis can then be conducted on the urine sample afterwards. Overall, the combination of matrices might facilitate the detection of prohibited T administration in sports, especially for athletes with naturally low T/E ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Langer
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Raul Nicoli
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carine Schweizer-Grundisch
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silke Grabherr
- University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Musenga
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Brailsford AD, Majidin WNM, Wojek N, Cowan DA, Walker C. IRMS delta values (
13
C) of nandrolone and testosterone products available in the UK: Implications for anti‐doping. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1722-1727. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan D. Brailsford
- Drug Control Centre, King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic SciencesKing's College London London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Wan Noor Mahirah Majidin
- Drug Control Centre, King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic SciencesKing's College London London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Nick Wojek
- UK Anti‐Doping Fleetbank House, 2‐6 Salisbury Square London EC4Y 8AE UK
| | - David A. Cowan
- Drug Control Centre, King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic SciencesKing's College London London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Christopher Walker
- Drug Control Centre, King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic SciencesKing's College London London SE1 9NH UK
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3
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Development and validation of a multidimensional gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry-based test method for analyzing urinary steroids in doping controls. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1030:105-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Hülsemann F, Gougoulidis V, Schertel T, Fusshöller G, Flenker U, Piper T, Thevis M. Case Study: Atypical
δ
13
C values of urinary norandrosterone. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1728-1733. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hülsemann
- German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Biochemistry Cologne Germany
| | | | - Thomas Schertel
- German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Biochemistry Cologne Germany
| | - Gregor Fusshöller
- German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Biochemistry Cologne Germany
| | - Ulrich Flenker
- German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Biochemistry Cologne Germany
| | - Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of BiochemistryGerman Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Biochemistry Cologne Germany
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5
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Anawalt BD. Detection of anabolic androgenic steroid use by elite athletes and by members of the general public. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 464:21-27. [PMID: 28943276 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Because national and international sports competitions are sources of community pride and financial revenue, there have been great efforts to prevent and detect the use of performance-enhancing drugs such as anabolic androgenic steroids by elite athletes. The World Anti-Doping Agency and its national affiliate anti-doping agencies have created sophisticated monitoring systems and advanced testing techniques to detect the use of banned substances including anabolic androgenic steroids by participants in international and national athletic competitions. The creation of a longitudinal monitoring program known as the biological passport is a recent, important development in the efforts to prevent and detect the use of banned performance-enhancing drugs and methods. The biological passport program consists of the measurement of urinary and blood markers of anabolic androgenic steroid use (and other banned drugs or methods) at baseline and at random times. A panel of experts reviews the longitudinal data and interprets the likelihood of the use of banned drugs and methods. These advances in anti-doping appear to be highly effective, but some athletes persist in their efforts to cheat the detection process. In addition, some members of the general public use anabolic androgenic steroids for a variety of reasons including to improve physical appearance or to enhance performance in athletics. Clinicians must depend on clinical acumen and the measurement of serum testosterone and gonadotropins to guide them in making a tentative diagnosis of anabolic androgenic steroid use. Definitive diagnosis requires that the patient disclose the use of the drugs. Because anabolic androgenic steroids are effective for improving certain aspects of physical performance, some elite athletes (and members of the general public) will continue to use these drugs. Effective efforts to curtail the use of these drugs will require decreasing the ease of access to them, continued advancements in laboratory techniques, and perhaps a shift in societal approbation for athletic performance and muscular appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley D Anawalt
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 356420, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
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6
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Torre X, Colamonici C, Curcio D, Botrè F. Fast IRMS screening of pseudoendogenous steroids in doping analyses. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1804-1812. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Torre
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Cristiana Colamonici
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Davide Curcio
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale‘Sapienza’ Università di Roma Viale Regina Elena 324 00161 Rome Italy
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7
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Jardines D, Botrè F, Colamonici C, Curcio D, Procida G, de la Torre X. Longitudinal evaluation of the isotope ratio mass spectrometric data: towards the ‘isotopic module’ of the athlete biological passport? Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:1212-1221. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jardines
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI; Largo Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI; Largo Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine; “Sapienza” University of Rome; Viale Regina Elena, 291 00161 Roma Italy
| | | | - Davide Curcio
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI; Largo Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Gemma Procida
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI; Largo Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
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Strahm E, Mullen JE, Gårevik N, Ericsson M, Schulze JJ, Rane A, Ekström L. Dose-dependent testosterone sensitivity of the steroidal passport and GC-C-IRMS analysis in relation to the UGT2B17 deletion polymorphism. Drug Test Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Strahm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; SE-141 86 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jenny E. Mullen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; SE-141 86 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Nina Gårevik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; SE-141 86 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; SE-141 86 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jenny J. Schulze
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; SE-141 86 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anders Rane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; SE-141 86 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lena Ekström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; SE-141 86 Stockholm Sweden
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9
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Kuuranne T, Saugy M, Baume N. Confounding factors and genetic polymorphism in the evaluation of individual steroid profiling. Br J Sports Med 2015; 48:848-55. [PMID: 24764553 PMCID: PMC4033181 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the fight against doping, steroid profiling is a powerful tool to detect drug misuse with endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids. To establish sensitive and reliable models, the factors influencing profiling should be recognised. We performed an extensive literature review of the multiple factors that could influence the quantitative levels and ratios of endogenous steroids in urine matrix. For a comprehensive and scientific evaluation of the urinary steroid profile, it is necessary to define the target analytes as well as testosterone metabolism. The two main confounding factors, that is, endogenous and exogenous factors, are detailed to show the complex process of quantifying the steroid profile within WADA-accredited laboratories. Technical aspects are also discussed as they could have a significant impact on the steroid profile, and thus the steroid module of the athlete biological passport (ABP). The different factors impacting the major components of the steroid profile must be understood to ensure scientifically sound interpretation through the Bayesian model of the ABP. Not only should the statistical data be considered but also the experts in the field must be consulted for successful implementation of the steroidal module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory, United Medix Laboratories Ltd., , Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Stable carbon isotope ratio profiling of illicit testosterone preparations - domestic and international seizures. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:996-1001. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Piper T, Thomas A, Baume N, Sobolevsky T, Saugy M, Rodchenkov G, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Determination of ¹³C/¹² C ratios of endogenous urinary 5-amino-imidazole-4-carboxamide 1β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1194-1202. [PMID: 24760559 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1β-D-ribofuranoside) is prohibited in sport according to rules established by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Doping control laboratories identify samples where AICAR abuse is suspected by measuring its urinary concentration and comparing the observed level with naturally occurring concentrations. As the inter-individual variance of urinary AICAR concentrations is large, this approach requires a complementary method to unambiguously prove the exogenous origin of AICAR. Therefore, a method for the determination of carbon isotope ratios (CIRs) of urinary AICAR has been developed and validated. METHODS Concentrated urine samples were fractionated by means of liquid chromatography for analyte cleanup. Derivatization of AICAR yielding the trimethylsilylated analog was necessary to enable CIR determinations by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The method was tested for its repeatability and stability over time and a linear mixing model was applied to test for possible isotopic discrimination. A reference population of n = 63 males and females was investigated to calculate appropriate reference limits to differentiate endogenous from exogenous urinary AICAR. These limits were tested by an AICAR elimination study. RESULTS The developed method fulfills all the requirements for adequate sports drug testing and was found to be fit for purpose. The investigated reference population showed a larger variability in the CIR of AICAR than of the endogenous steroids. Nevertheless, the calculated thresholds for differences between AICAR and endogenous steroids can be applied straightforwardly to evaluate suspicious doping control samples with the same statistical confidence as established e.g. for testosterone misuse. These thresholds enabled the detection of a single oral AICAR administration for more than 40 h. CONCLUSIONS Determination of thee CIRs is the method of choice to distinguish between an endogenous and an exogenous source of urinary AICAR. The developed method will enable investigations into doping control samples with elevated urinary concentrations of AICAR and clearly differentiate between naturally produced/elevated and illicitly administered AICAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Köln, Germany
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12
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Ouellet A, LeBerre N, Ayotte C. A simplified and accurate method for the analysis of urinary metabolites of testosterone-related steroids using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1739-1750. [PMID: 23821567 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The analysis of urinary metabolites of testosterone-related steroids through the measurement of their carbon isotopic signature (δ(13) C) by gas chromatography/combustion/mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) is a confirmation method employed in doping control analyses. Stringent analytical conditions are essential to an accurate and precise analysis as well as the proper selection of the metabolites, which forms the basis of the refined method presented in this paper. METHODS In a simplified approach, following enzymatic hydrolysis and extraction from a relatively low volume of urine sample, a one-step high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification was developed for seven diagnostic urinary metabolites (TS) including testosterone itself, dehydroepiandrosterone, 5α- and 5β-androstanediol, epitestosterone, androsterone, etiocholanolone and two endogenous reference compounds (ERC), 5β-pregnanediol and 5α-androst-16-en-3β-ol. These steroids were pooled in three fractions and analyzed as such. With regards to the GC/C/IRMS analysis, a multi-level isotopic calibration using the 'identical treatment' principle was created. RESULTS The proposed isotopic calibration yielded results for purified reference steroids with a precision ≤0.15 and accuracy of ≤0.30 ‰ (between-assay, n = 26). Compared to other common endogenous reference compounds, those selected in this study had δ(13) C values close to the target metabolites which, along with the proposed isotopic calibration, produced narrow reference intervals within ± 3‰ for most diagnostic TS-ERC pairs, in compliance with the requirements of the World Anti-Doping Agency. CONCLUSIONS These carefully controlled analytical conditions are compatible with routine operations, affording accurate and precise results for the more diagnostically relevant metabolites such as testosterone itself and the 5α- and 5β-androstanediols. The values of the TS-ERC pairs measured in reference populations are described and the results from the routine testing of several hundreds of athletes' samples are discussed. Robust, this technique permitted the detection of adverse findings that would have been missed had these low level metabolites not been analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Ouellet
- Laboratoire de contrôle du dopage, INRS - Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Canada
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Marclay F, Mangin P, Margot P, Saugy M. Perspectives for Forensic Intelligence in anti-doping: Thinking outside of the box. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 229:133-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Piper T, Emery C, Thomas A, Saugy M, Thevis M. Combination of carbon isotope ratio with hydrogen isotope ratio determinations in sports drug testing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5455-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ahrens BD, Butch AW. Carbon isotope ratio mass spectrometry for detection of endogenous steroid use: A testing strategy. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:534-40. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Ahrens
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, Reagan UCLA Medical Center; Los Angeles; CA; USA
| | - Anthony W. Butch
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, Reagan UCLA Medical Center; Los Angeles; CA; USA
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16
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Janssens G, Courtheyn D, Mangelinckx S, Prévost S, Bichon E, Monteau F, De Poorter G, De Kimpe N, Le Bizec B. Use of isotope ratio mass spectrometry to differentiate between endogenous steroids and synthetic homologues in cattle: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 772:1-15. [PMID: 23540242 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although substantial technical advances have been achieved during the past decades to extend and facilitate the analysis of growth promoters in cattle, the detection of abuse of synthetic analogs of naturally occurring hormones has remained a challenging issue. When it became clear that the exogenous origin of steroid hormones could be traced based on the (13)C/(12)C isotope ratio of the substances, GC/C/IRMS has been successfully implemented to this aim since the end of the past century. However, due to the costly character of the instrumental setup, the susceptibility of the equipment to errors and the complex and time consuming sample preparation, this method is up until now only applied by a limited number of laboratories. In this review, the general principles as well as the practical application of GC/C/IRMS to differentiate between endogenous steroids and exogenously synthesized homologous compounds in cattle will be discussed in detail, and will be placed next to other existing and to be developed methods based on isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Finally, the link will be made with the field of sports doping, where GC/C/IRMS has been established within the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) approved methods as the official technique to differentiate between exogenous and endogenous steroids over the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Janssens
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Directorate General Laboratories, Brussels, Belgium.
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Griffith DR, Wacker L, Gschwend PM, Eglinton TI. Carbon isotopic (13C and 14C) composition of synthetic estrogens and progestogens. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2619-2626. [PMID: 23059878 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Steroids are potent hormones that are found in many environments. Yet, contributions from synthetic and endogenous sources are largely uncharacterized. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether carbon isotopes could be used to distinguish between synthetic and endogenous steroids in wastewater and other environmental matrices. METHODS Estrogens and progestogens were isolated from oral contraceptive pills using semi-preparative liquid chromatography/diode array detection (LC/DAD). Compound purity was confirmed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/FID), gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOF-MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry using negative electrospray ionization (LC/ESI-MS). The (13)C content was determined by gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS) and (14)C was measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). RESULTS Synthetic estrogens and progestogens are (13)C-depleted (δ(13)C(estrogen) = -30.0 ± 0.9 ‰; δ(13)C(progestogen) = -30.3 ± 2.6 ‰) compared with endogenous hormones (δ(13)C ~ -16 to -26 ‰). The (14)C content of the majority of synthetic hormones is consistent with synthesis from C(3) plant-based precursors, amended with 'fossil' carbon in the case of EE(2) and norethindrone acetate. Exceptions are progestogens that contain an ethyl group at carbon position 13 and have entirely 'fossil' (14)C signatures. CONCLUSIONS Carbon isotope measurements have the potential to distinguish between synthetic and endogenous hormones in the environment. Our results suggest that (13)C could be used to discriminate endogenous from synthetic estrogens in animal waste, wastewater effluent, and natural waters. In contrast, (13)C and (14)C together may prove useful for tracking synthetic progestogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Griffith
- MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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18
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Cawley AT, George AV. Complementary stable carbon isotope ratio and amount of substance measurements in sports anti-doping. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:897-911. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian V. George
- School of Chemistry; University of Sydney; Sydney; NSW; 2006; Australia
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19
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Piper T, Baume N, Strahm E, Emery C, Saugy M. Influences of β-HCG administration on carbon isotope ratios of endogenous urinary steroids. Steroids 2012; 77:644-54. [PMID: 22369868 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several factors influencing the carbon isotope ratios (CIR) of endogenous urinary steroids have been identified in recent years. One of these should be the metabolism of steroids inside the body involving numerous different enzymes. A detailed look at this metabolism taking into account differences found between steroids excreted as glucuronides or as sulphates and hydrogen isotope ratios of different steroids pointed out possibility of unequal CIR at the main production sites inside the male body - the testes and the adrenal glands. By administration of β-HCG it is possible to strongly stimulate the steroid production within the testes without influencing the production at the adrenal glands. Therefore, this treatment should result in changed CIR of urinary androgens in contrast to the undisturbed pre-treatment values. Four male volunteers received three injections of β-HCG over a time course of 5 days and collected their urine samples at defined intervals after the last administration. Those samples showing the largest response in contrast to the pre-administration urines were identified by steroid profile measurements and subsequent analysed by GC/C/IRMS. CIR of androsterone, etiocholanolone, testosterone, 5α- and 5β-androstanediol and pregnanediol were compared. While pregnanediol was not influenced, most of the investigated androgens showed depleted values after treatment. The majority of differences were found to be statistically significant and nearly all showed the expected trend towards more depleted δ(13)C-values. These results support the hypothesis of different CIR at different production sites inside the human body. The impact of these findings on doping control analysis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analysis, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University Lausanne, Ch. des Croisettes 22, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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20
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Recent developments in the use of isotope ratio mass spectrometry in sports drug testing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:433-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4886-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2010; 2:149-61. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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