1
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Zhao RT, Medina G, Chen ET, Oh LS. Acute injuries in American collegiate taekwondo competitions: a prospective study spanning four competitive seasons. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:517-524. [PMID: 33969956 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injury patterns are well-documented for taekwondo competitions prior to the use of an electronic chest protector for scoring tabulation. To see if injury rates and types changed following this rule change that transformed the fighting style in taekwondo, we investigated injuries in collegiate taekwondo competitions in the United States. METHODS Data were collected at eight collegiate taekwondo tournaments from April 2018 to December 2019. All injured athletes seen at the first-aid station were invited to complete a survey that included injury location, type, and mechanism of injury. Injury rates were calculated per 1,000 athlete-exposures (A-Es) and minute-exposures (M-Es). Risk factors were modeled using logistic regression and chi-squared analysis. RESULTS Out of 1,096 athletes, 194 athletes reported 275 acute injuries. We found an injury risk of 17.7/100 athletes (95% CI 15.4, 20.0) and injury rate of 68.9/1,000 A-E (95% CI 60.7, 77.0) which was comparable to previous studies. The most common injuries were contusions to the lower limbs. In contrast to prior reports, men were injured more frequently from delivering a kick and women from receiving a kick. Populations at higher risk for injury included those with low belt rank and middle weight class for women. CONCLUSIONS It appears that the new fighting style did not affect injury rates. Injury locations and types remain similar, but the mechanisms of injury have reversed as men are more injured from attacking and women from defending. There remains a strong need for research to improve protective equipment and safety rules in taekwondo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee T Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giovanna Medina
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric T Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Luke S Oh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA -
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Del Vecchio F, Farias C, de Leon R, Rocha A, Galliano L, Coswig V. Injuries in martial arts and combat sports: Prevalence, characteristics and mechanisms. Sci Sports 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ranalletta M, Rossi LA, Sirio A, Diaz Dilernia F, Bertona A, Maignon GD, Bongiovanni SL. Return to Sports and Recurrences After Arthroscopic Anterior Shoulder Stabilization in Martial Arts Athletes. Orthop J Sports Med 2017; 5:2325967117725031. [PMID: 28932751 PMCID: PMC5600303 DOI: 10.1177/2325967117725031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The high demands to the glenohumeral joint and the violent shoulder blows
experienced during martial arts (MA) could compromise return to sports and
increase the recurrence rate after arthroscopic stabilization for anterior
shoulder instability in these athletes. Purpose: To report the functional outcomes, return to sports, and recurrences in a
series of MA athletes with anterior shoulder instability treated with
arthroscopic stabilization with suture anchors. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A total of 20 consecutive MA athletes were treated for anterior shoulder
instability at a single institution between January 2008 and December 2013.
Range of motion (ROM), the Rowe score, a visual analog scale (VAS), and the
Athletic Shoulder Outcome Scoring System (ASOSS) were used to assess
functional outcomes. Return-to-sport and recurrence rates were also
evaluated. Results: The mean age at the time of surgery was 25.4 years (range, 18-35 years), and
the mean follow-up was 71 months (range, 36-96 months). No significant
difference in preoperative and postoperative shoulder ROM was found. The
Rowe, VAS, and ASOSS scores showed statistical improvement after surgery
(P < .001). In all, 19 athletes (95%) returned to
sports. However, only 60% achieved ≥90% recovery after surgery. The
recurrence rate was 20%. Conclusion: In this retrospective study of a consecutive cohort of MA athletes,
arthroscopic anterior shoulder stabilization significantly improved
functional scores. However, only 60% of the athletes achieved the same level
of competition, and there was a 20% recurrence rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Ranalletta
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Prof. Dr. Carlos E. Ottolenghi Institute, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano A Rossi
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Prof. Dr. Carlos E. Ottolenghi Institute, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrian Sirio
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Prof. Dr. Carlos E. Ottolenghi Institute, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Diaz Dilernia
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Prof. Dr. Carlos E. Ottolenghi Institute, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustin Bertona
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Prof. Dr. Carlos E. Ottolenghi Institute, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gastón D Maignon
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Prof. Dr. Carlos E. Ottolenghi Institute, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago L Bongiovanni
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Prof. Dr. Carlos E. Ottolenghi Institute, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
The martial arts can provide children and adolescents with vigorous levels of physical exercise that can improve overall physical fitness. The various types of martial arts encompass noncontact basic forms and techniques that may have a lower relative risk of injury. Contact-based sparring with competitive training and bouts have a higher risk of injury. This clinical report describes important techniques and movement patterns in several types of martial arts and reviews frequently reported injuries encountered in each discipline, with focused discussions of higher risk activities. Some of these higher risk activities include blows to the head and choking or submission movements that may cause concussions or significant head injuries. The roles of rule changes, documented benefits of protective equipment, and changes in training recommendations in attempts to reduce injury are critically assessed. This information is intended to help pediatric health care providers counsel patients and families in encouraging safe participation in martial arts.
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Raquel G, Namba EL, Bonotto D, Ribeiro Rosa EA, Trevilatto PC, Naval Machado MÂ, Vianna-Lara MS, Azevedo-Alanis LR. The use of a custom-made mouthguard stabilizes the electromyographic activity of the masticatory muscles among Karate-Dō athletes. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2016; 21:109-116. [PMID: 28167165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To analyze and compare the electromyographic activity of the temporal (anterior portion) and masseter muscles among Karate-Dō athletes before and after training, with and without the use of a mouthguard. METHODS Twenty athletes (14 males and 6 females) with a mean age of 23.7 ± 7.5 years participated. They had surface electromyography recordings taken of their bilateral temporal and masseter muscles before and after training under the following conditions: no mouthguard, with a ready-made mouthguard, and with a custom-made mouthguard. Activity was examined at mandibular rest, while clenching, and at maximum voluntary contraction. The data were normalized using the mean maximum voluntary contraction. RESULTS The right (p = 0.005) and left (p = 0.015) temporal muscles showed significantly lower electromyographic activity with a custom-made mouthguard compared with no mouthguard after training while clenching. The electromyographic activity of the temporal and masseter muscles did not show significant differences when tested at mandibular rest and while clenching before or after training with a custom-made mouthguard (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The use of a custom-made mouthguard preserved participants' electromyographic profiles before and after training; thus, they allow for stable muscle activity during the training of Karate-Dō athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilsane Raquel
- Midwest State University (Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste; Unicentro), Irati, PR, Brazil
| | - Eli Luis Namba
- Coordinator of the Graduate Course in Sports Dentistry, Universidade Positivo, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniel Bonotto
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Edvaldo Antônio Ribeiro Rosa
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Paula Cristina Trevilatto
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Michelle Santos Vianna-Lara
- School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Department of Anatomy, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luciana Reis Azevedo-Alanis
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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6
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Arriaza R, Inman D, Arriaza A, Saavedra MA. Low Risk of Injuries in Young Adolescents Participating in Top-Level Karate Competition. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:305-8. [PMID: 26657262 DOI: 10.1177/0363546515615577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective studies on injuries in martial arts competition are scarce, especially those involving young practitioners, but the upsurge of children and adolescents taking part in organized training and competition in these sports requires clarification of the injury risk that they represent for youths. HYPOTHESIS Top-level karate competition for young adolescents (cadets, or 14- to 15-year-olds) has a low injury rate and can be safely promoted. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiological study. METHODS Prospective recording of the injuries resulting from all bouts in 3 consecutive World Karate Championships (2009, 2011, and 2013) for cadets was performed. Data were collected prospectively in situ with checklists that described competitor sex, bout category, and weight as well as injured area, diagnosis, mechanism of injury, severity, and treatment. RESULTS A total of 1020 bouts were reviewed, 671 in the male category and 349 in the female category. A total of 61 injuries were recorded. Of those, only 3 were time-loss injuries. During the 2009 and 2011 championships, there was 1 injury per 25.6 fights, while during the 2013 championship the number of injuries increased, with 1 injury per 10 fights (P = .003). There was no statistical difference in the total injury rate between the male and female categories (P = .71), with an odds ratio of 1.16 (95% CI, 0.52-2.55). CONCLUSION The injury rate for cadet top-level karate competition found in this prospective study is much lower than the rates previously published for karate or other martial arts competitions, but there seems to be a marked increase as more championships are held, which is a matter of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miguel A Saavedra
- Physical Education and Sports School, University of A Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
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7
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Covarrubias N, Bhatia S, Campos LF, Nguyen DV, Chang EY. The relationship between Taekwondo training habits and injury: a survey of a collegiate Taekwondo population. Open Access J Sports Med 2015; 6:121-7. [PMID: 25960680 PMCID: PMC4410897 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s80974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To correlate training habits of Taekwondo (TKD) athletes to risk for injury. Background TKD is a Korean marital art that has been growing in popularity, with nearly 2 million individuals practicing the sport in the United States. Because of the combative nature of the sport, injuries are an inherent risk. However, data on proper training habits, types of injuries sustained during training, and recommendations for athletes to avoid injury are lacking. Frequently, studies of TKD evaluate athletes’ injuries during tournaments, but most do not evaluate athletes in training. Hypothesis Increased training would potentially create more injuries secondary to increased exposure. Methods This is a cross-sectional observational survey of 72 collegiate TKD athletes from the Pacific West Sanctioned Taekwondo Tournaments in the 2008–2009 season. Variables analyzed during training and competitions were training sessions per week, workout habits, belt level, years of experience, and characteristics of injury (location, type, mechanism, situation, treatment, and days missed). Results TKD training habits of individuals who practiced four or more times per week (odds ratio [OR], 4.5; P=0.005) or sparred for more than 2 hours (OR, 8.7; P=0.003) were associated with significantly increased odds (risk) of sustaining an injury. Those who had more than 3 years of tournament experience were more likely to sustain an injury (OR, 0.198; P=0.020). Conclusion Increased risk for injury with more frequent practice and longer sparring should remind coaches and trainers that monitoring and adjusting the athletes’ training schedules and exposure time could decrease the chance of injury. An athlete that has spent more years in tournaments along with high-frequency and long-duration training was associated with greater risk for injuries. Prevention and education about the risk for exposure to injury may may help athletes and trainers promote prevention strategies and adjust an athletes’ training and tournament schedules to decrease the risk for injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Covarrubias
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Subir Bhatia
- School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Luis F Campos
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dahn V Nguyen
- School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA ; Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Eric Y Chang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA ; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA ; Reeve-Irvine Research Center, Irvine, CA, USA
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8
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Ziaee V, Rahmani SH, Rostami M. Injury rates in Iranian taekwondo athletes; a prospective study. Asian J Sports Med 2012; 1:23-8. [PMID: 22375188 PMCID: PMC3289167 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.34877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Taekwondo, as the most popular martial art among Iranian sportsmen, might lead to injury for the athletes of this sport during competitions. We decided to report the incidence rate of injuries sustained by the athletes of this sport during national competitions. Methods All competitions of Iran national championship taekwondo league in 2006-2007 with 204 athletes were observed prospectively to detect the occurrence of injuries. The severity of injuries was classified into four groups (mild, moderate, severe, and critical) according to the involvement of medical care team in the contest, ability of the athletes to resume and duration of probable absence of injured athletes from future competitions and training sessions. Athlete-Exposure (A-E) was defined as the number of competitions multiplied by two. On this base, the rate of injury incidence per 1000 A-Es, the rate of injuries per time unit and the rate of injury occurred for each 100 athletes were considered as the major outcomes of this study. Results Of totally 1,338 A-Es, 93 injuries were recorded during the competitions. The rate of injury incidence was found to be 69.5 injuries per 1000 A-Es and the rate of injuries per minute of competitions was 0.023 which corresponded to 23.3 injuries per 1000 minutes of competitions. 45.6 injuries were occurred for each 100 athletes during the course of competitions. The most frequent injuries were mild (68.8%) and critical injuries (24.7%), followed by moderate and severe injuries; 4.3% and 2.1%, respectively. Conclusion The rate of injury we found was lower than that of western countries. In spite of finding the lower limbs as the most frequent place of injuries in other studies, we found the upper limbs as the most predisposed place of injuries which might be due to difference in the method of combat of Iranian athletes with other athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Ziaee
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, IR Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Rostami
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Address: Sports Medicine Research Center, No 7, Al-e-Ahmad Highway, Tehran, IR Iran. E-mail:
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9
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Gupta S. The attenuation of strike acceleration with the use of safety equipment in tae kwon do. Asian J Sports Med 2012; 2:235-40. [PMID: 22375244 PMCID: PMC3289223 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.34743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The objectives of this study include: (1) Determination of the attenuation of strike acceleration that Tae Kwon Do sparring safety pads provide from kicks from Olympic style TKD fighters, (2) The sex and weight differentiation in acceleration achieved within the thorax model with the roundhouse kicks. Methods This prospective, observational study utilized 15 Olympic style fighters from an “elite” team kicking a water core heavy bag thorax model with roundhouse kicks. The model was fitted with a tri-axial accelerometer (GCDC, model X250-2) to measure g acceleration from strikes to the bag. The bag was kicked in three, 10 kick phases by all subjects: kicks without padding; kicks with hogu on heavy bag, and kicks with hogu and instep guards on feet. The g acceleration readings were recorded in all phases. Results Kolmogorov-Smirnov failed for all variables. There were 8 female subjects: median age 14 years, median weight 53.4 kg and 7 male subjects: median age 17 years, median weight 70.45 kg. The ANOVA on ranks of the acceleration from kicks against the bag achieved significance, P=0.001. Spearman rank order correlation between the weights of players and acceleration of strike against the hogu without and with insteps pads was significant, P=0.035/r=0.54 and P=0.018/r=0.59, respectively. Conclusion Heavier and male subjects tend to produce more force in strikes. Protective chest guard reduces acceleration to the thorax model, but the utility of instep guards is questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjey Gupta
- Corresponding Author: Address: Department of Emergency Medicine, New York Hospital Queens, 5645 Main Street Flushing, NY 11355, USA. E-mail:
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10
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Tamborindeguy AC, Tirloni AS, Reis DCD, Freitas CDELR, Moro ARP, Santos SGD. Incidência de lesões e desvios posturais em atletas de taekwondo. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-32892011000400012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Com o objetivo de analisar a incidência de lesões e desvios posturais no taekwondo foram avaliados 10 atletas do sexo masculino da seleção catarinense. O histórico de lesões relacionadas à prática desta modalidade foi obtido por aplicação de questionário. A postura foi analisada por meio do protocolo do software SAPO. Os resultados indicaram lesões mais frequentes nos membros inferiores (7/10), principalmente no pé, por fratura e entorse. Houve diferença significativa entre os hemicorpos no ângulo Q (p = 0,037), ângulo perna/retropé (p = 0,001), alinhamento horizontal da pelve (p = 0,016) e comprimento entre membros (p = 0,02). Sugere-se a implementação de treinamento preventivo e exercícios compensatórios para prevenir lesões e desvios posturais em atletas de taekwondo.
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Draxler T, Ostermann H, Honekamp W. Relationship between Asian martial arts and health-related quality of life in Germany. J Public Health (Oxf) 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-010-0343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
Sports injuries can occur and may cause significant discomfort and disability. They may also be associated with considerable medical expenses. The objective of this article was to evaluate the current evidence-based effectiveness of sports injury prevention strategies. The authors assessed both intrinsic and extrinsic injury prevention strategies. However, determination of the relative contribution of each component was not determined in the multifaceted intervention studies. Among the interventions that used multiple components, including various combinations of warm-up, strengthening, stretching, and plyometric and balance exercises, the authors could not identify which of the components was effective. Among the extrinsic strategies, including mouthguards, face shields, helmets, bracing, insoles and orthotics, breakaway bases, and sport-specific rules, the authors found that ankle bracing, helmets, face shields, and mouthguards were effective. Studies of breakaway bases and sport-specific rules had methodological flaws that made interpretation difficult. Much future research is needed to identify modifiable risk factors that will lead to the development of new interventions. In addition, studies of new interventions should adhere to rigorous methodology to assess their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Schiff
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle, Washington, , University of Washington School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, Washington
| | - Dennis J. Caine
- Department of Physical Education, Exercise Science and Wellness, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks
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Abstract
Many sports have neurologic injury from incidental head contact; however, combat sports allow head contact, and a potential exists for acute and chronic neurologic injuries. Although each combat sport differs in which regions of the body can be used for contact, they are similar in competitor exposure time. Their acute injury rates are similar; thus their injuries can appropriately be considered together. Injuries of all types occur in combat sports, with injuries in between one fifth to one half of all fights in boxing, karate, and tae kwon do. Most boxing injuries are to the head and neck region. In other combat sports, the head and neck region are the second (after the lower limbs) or the first most common injury site.
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Lystad RP, Pollard H, Graham PL. Epidemiology of injuries in competition taekwondo: a meta-analysis of observational studies. J Sci Med Sport 2008; 12:614-21. [PMID: 19054714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to review and collate the epidemiological data of injuries in competition taekwondo as reported in the literature, make recommendations, and suggest further research. The electronic databases AMED, AusportMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus were searched from inception to March 2008. Fourteen prospective cohort studies reporting the incidence of injuries in taekwondo were included. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed trial quality using the STROBE statement. Homogenous studies were combined in a pooled analysis using a Poisson random effects regression model. Poisson regression showed an overall mean injury rate of 79.3 per 1000 athlete-exposures (95% confidence interval 22.8, 275.4). Neither age, gender nor level of play were significant in the analysis. The most common injury location and type were found to be the lower limb and contusion, respectively, and were invariably associated with contact. Although taekwondo players are exposed to a substantial risk of sustaining injuries, the majority of injuries appeared to be of minimal severity. Modifications to the competition rules and protective equipment may be warranted. Future studies should adhere to recommended operational definitions, utilise a standardised injury classification system, and report injury rates using multiple denominators in order to facilitate inter- and cross-sport comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reidar P Lystad
- Department of Health and Chiropractic, Macquarie University, Australia.
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Yard EE, Knox CL, Smith GA, Comstock RD. Pediatric martial arts injuries presenting to Emergency Departments, United States 1990–2003. J Sci Med Sport 2007; 10:219-26. [PMID: 16914371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2006.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although an estimated 6.5 million United States (US) children aged 6-17 practiced a martial art in 2004, there have been no nationally representative studies comparing pediatric injuries among the three most popular disciplines, karate, taekwondo, and judo. Describe pediatric martial arts injuries presenting to a representative sample of US Emergency Departments (EDs) from 1990 to 2003. We reviewed all martial arts injuries captured by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission's (CPSC), National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS). An estimated 128,400 children </=17 years were treated in US EDs for martial arts-related injuries from 1990 to 2003. Injured tended to be male (73.0%) and had a mean age of 12.1 years. Most injuries were attributed to karate (79.5%). The most common mechanism of injury was being kicked (25.6%), followed by falling (20.6%) and kicking (18.0%). The majority of injuries occurred to the lower leg/foot/ankle (30.1%) and hand/wrist (24.5%). The most common injury diagnoses were sprains/strains (29.3%), contusions/abrasions (27.8%), and fractures (24.6%). Participants in judo sustained significantly higher proportions of shoulder/upper arm injuries than karate (IPR=4.31, 95% CI: 2.84-6.55) or taekwondo (IPR=9.75, 95% CI: 3.53-26.91) participants. There were also higher proportions of neck injuries sustained by judo participants compared to karate (IPR=4.73, 95% CI: 1.91-11.70) or taekwondo (IPR=4.17, 95% CI: 1.02-17.06) participants. Pediatric martial arts injuries differ by discipline. Understanding these injury patterns can assist with the development of discipline-specific preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E Yard
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, Columbus Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital, Ohio, USA.
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18
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Nishime RS. Martial arts sports medicine: current issues and competition event coverage. Curr Sports Med Rep 2007; 6:162-9. [PMID: 19202662 DOI: 10.1007/s11932-007-0023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
More sports medicine professionals are becoming actively involved in the care of the martial arts athlete. Although there are many different forms of martial arts practiced worldwide, certain styles have shown a potential for increased participation in competitive-type events. Further research is needed to better understand the prevalence and profiles of injuries sustained in martial arts full-contact competitive events. Breaking down the martial art techniques into basic concepts of striking, grappling, and submission maneuvers, including choking and joint locking, may facilitate better understanding and management of injuries. This article outlines this approach and reviews the commonly encountered injuries and problems during martial arts full-contact competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Nishime
- USA Judo Sports Medicine, Japan Town Medical Group, 280 Jackson Street, San Jose, CA 95112, USA.
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Nomoto J, Seiki Y, Nemoto M, Takahashi H, Terashima H, Yokota K, Kondo K, Kano T, Goto S, Sugo N. Head Trauma in Female Professional Wrestlers. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2007; 47:147-51; discussion 151-2. [PMID: 17457017 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.47.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical characteristics of head trauma were evaluated in 18 wrestlers belonging to a female professional wrestling organization, 13 regular members and five trainees aged 15-34 years. Medical examinations for head trauma were performed in all wrestlers, and wrestlers treated at our emergency outpatient department were clinically evaluated. In addition, the relationships of head trauma with duration of the wrestling career of 1-16 years (mean 8 years) in the regular members, and less than 1 year in the five trainees, and body mass index (BMI) of 21.0-32.0 in the 16 subjects, excluding two trainees, was evaluated. Chronic symptoms were noted in four of the 18 wrestlers with long wrestling careers (16 years in 1, 13 years in 1, and 5 years in 2). Three wrestlers with symptoms immediately after head trauma showed recurrent retrograde amnesia and had low BMI (21.6, 21.6, and 23.1). Five wrestlers were treated at our emergency outpatient clinic, three required hospitalization and two showed intracranial traumatic changes on computed tomography (acute subdural hematoma in 1 and diffuse brain swelling in 1). Head trauma in female professional wrestlers is associated with longer wrestling career and low BMI. Periodic medical examinations are recommended to monitor for signs of head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nomoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Toho University, Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Macan J, Bundalo-Vrbanac D, Romić G. Effects of the new karate rules on the incidence and distribution of injuries. Br J Sports Med 2006; 40:326-30; discussion 330. [PMID: 16556787 PMCID: PMC2577531 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2005.022459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the incidence and distribution of injuries in karate before and after the implementation of new rules established by the World Karate Federation in 2000. METHODS Injury incidence was followed up during the official karate competition seasons of 1997 and 2002 in Croatia. A questionnaire was used to collect data on the age and sex of the competitor and localisation and severity of injury. Data were analysed separately for female and male competitors and age categories < 18 and > or = 18 years. RESULTS A total of 2023.5 and 2584 minutes of active fighting (exposure time) was assessed for 1997 and 2002 respectively. The overall injury incidence rate (IR) was similar in 1997 and 2002 (10.28 and 9.82/100 exposure minutes respectively). The relative risk (RR) of injury was significantly higher in 1997 than in 2002 for competitors younger than 18 years (RR 1.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11 to 2.16). The overall RR of head injury was significantly higher in 1997 than in 2002 (RR 1.96, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.49), but the RR of leg injury was significantly lower in 1997 than in 2002 (RR 0.16, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.28). Most injuries (> 98%) were categorised as mild (grade 1) in both periods studied. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study confirm the importance of the new competition rules in the distribution and prevention of injuries in martial arts. Strict judging and heavy penalties for uncontrolled blows, particularly for the youngest competitors, can significantly decrease the risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Macan
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare five martial arts with respect to injury outcomes. METHODS A one year retrospective cohort was studied using an injury survey. Data on 263 martial arts participants (Shotokan karate, n = 114; aikido, n = 47; tae kwon do, n = 49; kung fu, n = 39; tai chi, n = 14) were analysed. Predictor variables included age, sex, training frequency (<or=3 h/week v >3 h/week), experience (<3 years v >or=3 years), and martial art style. Outcome measures were injuries requiring time off from training, major injuries (>or=7 days off), multiple injuries (>or=3), body region, and type of injury. Logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI). Fisher's exact test was used for comparisons between styles, with a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. RESULTS The rate of injuries, expressed as percentage of participants sustaining an injury that required time off training a year, varied according to style: 59% tae kwon do, 51% aikido, 38% kung fu, 30% karate, and 14% tai chi. There was a threefold increased risk of injury and multiple injury in tae kwon do than karate (p<0.001). Subjects >or=18 years of age were at greater risk of injury than younger ones (p<0.05; OR 3.95; CI 1.48 to 9.52). Martial artists with at least three years experience were twice as likely to sustain injury than less experienced students (p<0.005; OR 2.46; CI 1.51 to 4.02). Training >3 h/week was also a significant predictor of injury (p<0.05; OR 1.85; CI 1.13 to 3.05). Compared with karate, the risks of head/neck injury, upper extremity injury, and soft tissue injury were all higher in aikido (p<0.005), and the risks of head/neck, groin, and upper and lower extremity injuries were higher in tae kwon do (p<0.001). No sex differences were found for any of the outcomes studied. CONCLUSIONS There is a higher rate of injury in tae kwon do than Shotokan karate. Different martial arts have significantly different types and distribution of injuries. Martial arts appear to be safe for young athletes, particularly those at beginner or intermediate levels.
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