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Štyriak R, Hadža R, Arriaza R, Augustovičová D, Zemková E. Effectiveness of Protective Measures and Rules in Reducing the Incidence of Injuries in Combat Sports: A Scoping Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:150. [PMID: 37987486 PMCID: PMC10660771 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8040150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, much effort has been made to reduce the injury rate in combat sports. However, the question remains to what extent these measures are effective. Analysis of studies could provide evidence of the effectiveness of measures aimed at reducing the incidence of injuries. This scoping review aims (1) to map research articles dealing with the effectiveness of proper use of protective measures in reducing the incidence of injuries in combat sports; (2) to investigate to what extent the proper use of protective measures and compliance with sports rules help to reduce the incidence of injuries in combat sports; and (3) to identify gaps in the existing literature and suggest future research on this topic. The literature search was conducted on articles published between 2010 and 2023. The main inclusion criteria were studies investigating the effect of sports rules and protective equipment used during training or competition in combat sports on reducing the incidence of injuries. After meeting the criteria, only seven articles from boxing, karate, and taekwondo were included in this study. Results showed that mandatory head guards, along with modern thicker gloves, significantly reduced the rate of knockouts (KOs) and head injuries in boxing despite an increase in the number of head blows. However, the number of facial cuts increased significantly due to the removal of head guards as a piece of mandatory equipment. The use of mouth guards has significantly reduced the number of oral injuries. Changes in rules, such as shortening the duration of bouts, along with the introduction of greater competencies of referees in the supervision of bouts (the standing count, outclassed rule, and medical stops) have helped to reduce the rate of injuries in boxing. The application of a computerised scoring system also contributed to the rate of injuries reduction. The increase in the number of weight divisions had the same effect on U21 karate athletes. However, a higher incentive to attack the head area in taekwondo did not increase the incidence of injuries in youth athletes. It can be concluded that the proper use of protective measures (head and mouth guards) in combination with the rules established for health protection (higher competencies of referees and more weight divisions in competitions) effectively reduces the occurrence of injuries in combat sports. In all Olympic combat sports, the injury incidence should be regularly assessed using the Injury Incidence Rate (IIR) per 1000 min exposures (MEs). Nonetheless, further studies are needed to monitor how established rules (e.g., prohibited behaviour) affect the IIRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastislav Štyriak
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81469 Bratislava, Slovakia; (R.H.); (D.A.)
| | - Radovan Hadža
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81469 Bratislava, Slovakia; (R.H.); (D.A.)
| | - Rafael Arriaza
- Physical Education and Sports School, Universidade da Coruna, 15179 A Coruna, Spain;
| | - Dušana Augustovičová
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81469 Bratislava, Slovakia; (R.H.); (D.A.)
| | - Erika Zemková
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81469 Bratislava, Slovakia; (R.H.); (D.A.)
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Rydzik Ł, Wąsacz W, Ambroży T, Pałka T, Sobiło-Rydzik E, Kopańska M. Comparison of Head Strike Incidence under K1 Rules of Kickboxing with and without Helmet Protection-A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20064713. [PMID: 36981626 PMCID: PMC10048724 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kickboxing is a combat sport that encompasses various forms of competition. K1 kickboxing is conducted without any restrictions on the force of strikes, and the bout can end prematurely through a knockout. Headgear has been introduced in amateur kickboxing to safeguard the head. However, scientific studies have shown that despite their use, serious head injuries can still occur. The aim of this study was to evaluate the temporal structure of the bout by calculating the number of head strikes in K1 kickboxing bouts with and without headgear. METHODS Thirty K1 kickboxing bouts were analyzed, with 30 participants included in the study. The fights were conducted according to the World Association Kickboxing Organization (WAKO) rules. The bouts consisted of three rounds of 2 min each, with a 1 min break between rounds. Sparring pairs were arranged according to weight categories. The first bouts were conducted without headgear, and two weeks later, the fights were repeated with WAKO-approved headgear. The number of head strikes was assessed retrospectively by analyzing video recordings of the bouts, categorizing strikes as hand or foot strikes, and differentiating between strikes that hit the head directly or indirectly. RESULTS The results showed statistically significant differences between bouts with and without headgear in terms of the number of strikes to the head (p = 0.002), strikes directly to the head (p < 0.001), all hand strikes to the head (p = 0.001), hand strikes directly to the head (p = 0.003), and foot strikes directly to the head (p = 0.03). Higher values were observed in bouts with headgear. CONCLUSIONS Headgear increases the probability of direct strikes to the head. Therefore, it is important to familiarize kickboxers with the use of headgear in their sport to minimize head injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Rydzik
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wąsacz
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Ambroży
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pałka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Marta Kopańska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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Realization of Intelligent Scoring System of Taekwondo Protective Gear under the Application of Neural Network BP Model. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:5902983. [PMID: 35814568 PMCID: PMC9259272 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5902983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the novel design of the technology acceptance model to create a predictive model of whether or not people will accept Taekwondo safety gear. A survey containing 28 items was completed by 200 collegiate Taekwondo practitioners associated with the Taekwondo Association. A significance level of 0.05 was employed for the correlation and structural equation modeling analyses. The perceived usefulness of the proposed system is practical compared to the existing system, which is significantly influenced by perceived quality. Perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness were also unaffected by visual beauty. Wearability had a substantial impact on perceived ease of use but significantly negatively impacted perceived usefulness. Perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness were not affected by the functionality of the proposed system. Perceived usefulness is significantly influenced by perceived ease of use, and the acceptance intention is affected by perceived usefulness which also affects the system's performance. These findings imply that increasing the device's perceived quality and wearability will increase its acceptance. This research shows an adequate verification model to validate the desired range of signals to accept Taekwondo electronic protective devices.
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Jeong HS, O'Sullivan DM, Jeong DH, Lee SY. Sports Injury and Illness after Implementation of the Web-Based Surveillance System in World Taekwondo. J Athl Train 2021; 56:1232-1238. [PMID: 33657209 DOI: 10.4085/330-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is a shortage of Taekwondo epidemiology studies since the rule changes introduced by World Taekwondo in 2017. OBJECTIVE To describe injury and illness patterns at the Muju 2017 World Taekwondo Championships (WTC) following the implementation of the web-based surveillance system by World Taekwondo. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING All injuries and illnesses were recorded during the 2017 WTC using a web-based system developed by the International Olympic Committee. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS 971 athletes who participated in the 2017 WTC. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) A profiles and mechanisms of injury and illness in the 2017 WTC. RESULTS We analyzed total 131 injuries and 26 illnesses, corresponding to an overall clinical incidence of 13.5 ((95% confidence interval (CI): 11.2-15.8)) injuries and 2.7 (95% CI: 1.6-3.7) illnesses per 100 athletes, and an overall incidence rate of 19.3 (95% CI: 16.0-22.6) injuries and 3.8 (95% CI: 2.4-5.3) illnesses per 1,000 athlete-days, respectively. Most injuries occurred in the lower extremities (46.6%, n=61), of which knee injuries were most frequent (19.8%, n=26). Among the head and trunk injuries (29.8%, n=39), face injuries (22.1%, n=29) were most frequent, whereas among upper extremity injuries (23.7%, n=31), finger injuries (6.1%, n=8) were most frequent. Contusions (33.6%, n=44) were the most frequent injury type, followed by fractures and ligament ruptures/sprains. The most common injury mechanism was in contact with another athlete (74.0%, n=97), whereas the least common was concussions (n=5). The major affected system was the respiratory system (30.8%, n=8), with major symptoms being pain (42.3%, n=11) and fever (26.9%, n=7). Environmental factors were the most common cause of illness (57.7%, n=15). CONCLUSION The web-based surveillance system used at the 2017 WTC revealed that 13.5/100 athletes (77.8/1,000 athlete-exposures, 13.9/1000 minute-exposures) had new or recurrent injuries, whereas 2.7/100 athletes became ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Seong Jeong
- 1Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea.,2International Olympic Committee Research Centre KOREA, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Dae Hyoun Jeong
- 4Department of Family and Community Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Sae Yong Lee
- 1Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea.,2International Olympic Committee Research Centre KOREA, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
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Jeong HS, Lee SY, Noh HJ, O'Sullivan DM, Lee YR. Investigating the influence of Taekwondo body protectors size on shock absorption. Technol Health Care 2021; 29:667-675. [PMID: 33427702 DOI: 10.3233/thc-202598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to compare and analyze the difference of impact force attenuation according to size and impact location on a Taekwondo body protector. METHODS Body protectors sized 1 to 5, were impact tested by equipment based on the specifications in the European standard manual (EN 13277-1, 3). The impactor release heights were set to match impact energies of 3 and 15 J. The impactor was made from a 2.5 kg cylindrically cut piece of aluminum. Each body protector was impacted 10 times at the two impact energies and two locations. The differences in performance for each body protector size were compared using a two-way analysis of variance with a significance level of p< 005. The effect sizes were investigated using a partial eta squared value (η2). RESULTS The significant mean differences between the body protector size and impact area (p< 005) and the average impact time of impact strengths 3 and 15 J were 0.0017 and 0.0012 s, respectively In addition, when an impact strength of 15 J was applied, the maximum resulting impact force exceeded 2000 N for both locations on all sizes. Furthermore, at an impact strength of 3 J size 3 significantly reduced the impact force more than the other sizes; however, size 1 showed the greatest shock absorption at an impact of 15 J. CONCLUSION The results of this study show that the shock absorption of body protectors does not increase according to size; i.e., a larger body protector does not reduce the impact load more effectively. To improve safety performance, we recommend a maximum impact force of 2000 N or less for all body protectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Seong Jeong
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,International Olympic Committee Research Centre Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sae Yong Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,International Olympic Committee Research Centre Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Jun Noh
- Department of Taekwondo, Nazarene University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - David Michael O'Sullivan
- Department of Sports Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea.,Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Rim Lee
- Institure of Haeram Education, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea.,Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Describing headform pose and impact location for blunt impact testing. J Biomech 2020; 109:109923. [PMID: 32807308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction of anthropomorphic test device (ATD) head impact test methods is a critical element needed to develop guidance and technologies that reduce the risk for brain injury in sport. However, there does not appear to be a consensus for reporting ATD pose and impact location for industry and researchers to follow. Thus, the purpose of this article is to explore the various methods used to report impact location and ATD head pose for sport-related head impact testing and provide recommendations for standardizing these descriptions. A database search and exclusion process identified 137 articles that met the review criteria. Only 4 of the 137 articles provided a description similar to the method we propose to describe ATD pose and impact location. We thus propose a method to unambiguously convey the impact location and pose of the ATD based on the sequence, quantifiable design, and articulation of ATD mount joints. This reporting method has been used to a limited extent in the literature, but we assert that adoption of this method will help to standardize the reporting of ATD headform pose and impact location as well as aid in the replication of impact test protocols across laboratories.
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Abstract
Abstract
Social robots have shown some efficacy in assisting children with autism and are now being considered as assistive tools for therapy. The physical proximity of a small companion social robot could become a source of harm to children with autism during aggressive physical interactions. A child exhibiting challenging behaviors could throw a small robot that could harm another child’s head upon impact. In this paper, we investigate the effects of the mass and shape of objects thrown on impact at different velocities on the linear acceleration of a developed dummy head. This dummy head could be the head of another child or a caregiver in the room. A total of 27 main experiments were conducted based on Taguchi’s orthogonal array design. The data were then analyzed using ANOVA and then optimized based on the signal-to-noise ratio. Our results revealed that the two design factors considered (i.e. mass and shape) and the noise factor (i.e. impact velocities) affected the response. Finally, confirmation runs at the optimal identified shape and mass (i.e. mass of 0.3 kg and shape of either cube or wedge) showed an overall reduction in the resultant peak linear acceleration of the dummy head as compared to the other conditions. These results have implications on the design and manufacturing of small social robots whereby minimizing the mass of the robots can aid in mitigating the potential harm to the head due to impacts.
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Cecchi NJ, Oros TJ, Monroe DC, Fote GM, Moscoso WX, Hicks JW, Reinkensmeyer DJ. The Effectiveness of Protective Headgear in Attenuating Ball-to-Forehead Impacts in Water Polo. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:2. [PMID: 33344926 PMCID: PMC7739673 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have demonstrated that there is a serious risk of head impact and injury in water polo. The use of protective headgear in contact sports is a commonly accepted strategy for reducing the risk of head injury, but there are few available protective headgears for use in water polo. Many of those that are available are banned by the sport's governing bodies due to a lack of published data supporting the effectiveness of those headgears in reducing head impact kinematics. To address this gap in knowledge, we launched a water polo ball at the forehead of an anthropomorphic testing device fitted with either a standard water polo headgear or one of two protective headgears. We selected a range of launch speeds representative of those observed across various athlete ages. Mixed-model ANOVAs revealed that, relative to standard headgear, protective headgears reduced peak linear acceleration (by 10.8-21.6%; p < 0.001), and peak rotational acceleration (by 24.5-48.5%; p < 0.001) induced by the simulated ball-to-forehead impacts. We discuss the possibility of using protective headgears in water polo to attenuate head impact kinematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Cecchi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Theophil J Oros
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Derek C Monroe
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Gianna M Fote
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Wyatt X Moscoso
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - James W Hicks
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - David J Reinkensmeyer
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Safety experiments for small robots investigating the potential of soft materials in mitigating the harm to the head due to impacts. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Whyte T, Stuart C, Mallory A, Ghajari M, Plant D, Siegmund GP, Cripton PA. A review of impact testing methods for headgear in sports: Considerations for improved prevention of head injury through research and standards. J Biomech Eng 2019; 141:2728551. [PMID: 30861063 DOI: 10.1115/1.4043140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Standards for sports headgear were introduced as far back as the 1960s and many have remained substantially unchanged to present day. Since this time, headgear has virtually eliminated catastrophic head injuries such as skull fractures and changed the landscape of head injuries in sports. Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is now a prevalent concern and the effectiveness of headgear in mitigating mTBI is inconclusive for most sports. Given that most current headgear standards are confined to attenuating linear head mechanics and recent brain injury studies have underscored the importance of angular mechanics in the genesis of mTBI, new or expanded standards are needed to foster headgear development and assess headgear performance that addresses all types of sport-related head and brain injuries. The aim of this review is to provide a basis for developing new sports headgear impact tests for standards by summarizing and critiquing: 1) impact testing procedures currently codified in published headgear standards for sports and 2) new or proposed headgear impact test procedures in published literature and/or relevant conferences. Research areas identified as needing further knowledge to support standards test development include defining sports-specific head impact conditions, establishing injury and age appropriate headgear assessment criteria, and the development of headgear specific head and neck surrogates for at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Whyte
- Orthopaedic Injury Biomechanics Group, Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cameron Stuart
- Orthopaedic Injury Biomechanics Group, Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ann Mallory
- Transportation Research Center Inc., OH, USA; The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio State University, OH, USA
| | - Mazdak Ghajari
- Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daniel Plant
- Rheon Labs Ltd., 11S Hewlett House, Havelock Terrace, London, SW8 4AS, UK
| | - Gunter P Siegmund
- MEA Forensic Engineers & Scientists, 11-11151 Horseshoe Way, Richmond, BC V7A 4S5, Canada; School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peter A Cripton
- Orthopaedic Injury Biomechanics Group, Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Orthopaedics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Alhaddad AY, Cabibihan JJ, Bonarini A. Head Impact Severity Measures for Small Social Robots Thrown During Meltdown in Autism. Int J Soc Robot 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12369-018-0494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Fife GP, O'sullivan DM, Lee SY. Rotational and linear head accelerations from taekwondo kicks and punches. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1461-1464. [PMID: 29099672 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1398406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to compare rotational and linear head accelerations as a result of taekwondo kicks and punches. Taekwondo athletes executed five repetitions of the turning kick, spinning hook kick, hook punch, straight punch, and jab punch to a Hybrid III Crash Test Dummy head-neck complex. A tri-axial accelerometer and an angular rate sensor were mounted inside the Hybrid III head to measure resultant linear (RLA) and rotational accelerations. The Hybrid III was fixed to a height-adjustable frame and fitted with protective taekwondo headgear. Dummy head height was positioned to each participant's standing height. Acceleration data were processed in accordance with SAE J211-1.There was no significant multivariate difference in RLA but the effect was not clear. Univariate follow-up analysis showed a significant difference in RLA but the effect was also not clear. There was no difference in rotational acceleration. The highest RLA and rotational acceleration were produced, in order, by the turning kick, hook kick, hook punch, straight punch, and jab. These data are clinically important as they provide a better understanding of the biomechanical injury measures and support for improved headgear testing methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel P Fife
- a Department of Health & Human Performance , Texas State University , San Marcos , TX , USA
| | - David M O'sullivan
- b Department of Sports Science , Pusan National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Yong Lee
- c Department of Physical Education , Yonsei University , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,d Yonsei Institute of Sports Science and Exercise Medicine , Yonsei University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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13
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Abstract
Neurologic injuries of both an acute and chronic nature have been reported in the literature for various combat sport styles; however, reports of the incidence and prevalence of these injury types vary greatly. Combat sports clinicians must continue to strive for the development, implementation, and enforcement of uniform minimum requirements for brain safety. These health care providers must also seize on the honor to provide this oft-underserved population with the health care advocacy they very much deserve, but often do not receive.
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O'Sullivan DM, Fife GP. Biomechanical head impact characteristics during sparring practice sessions in high school taekwondo athletes. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2017; 19:662-667. [PMID: 28387642 DOI: 10.3171/2017.1.peds16432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to monitor head impact magnitude and characteristics, such as impact location and frequency, at high school taekwondo sparring sessions. METHODS Eight male high school taekwondo athletes participated in this study. The head impact characteristics were recorded by X-Patch, a wireless accelerometer and gyroscope, during 6 taekwondo sparring sessions. The outcome measures were the peak linear acceleration ( g = 9.81 msec2), peak rotational acceleration, rotational velocity, and Head Injury Criterion. RESULTS A total of 689 impacts occurred over 6 sessions involving the 8 athletes. There was an average of 24 impacts per 100 minutes, and there were significant differences in the frequency of impacts among both the sessions and individual athletes. In order of frequency, the most commonly hit locations were the side (38.2%), back (35.7%), and front (23.8%) of the head. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that there is a relatively high number of head impacts experienced by taekwondo athletes during sparring practice. According to the rotational acceleration predicting impact severity published in previous research, 17.1% of the impacts were deemed to be a moderate and 15.5% were deemed to be severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M O'Sullivan
- Department of Sports Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Gabriel P Fife
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas
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15
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Sone JY, Kondziolka D, Huang JH, Samadani U. Helmet efficacy against concussion and traumatic brain injury: a review. J Neurosurg 2017; 126:768-781. [DOI: 10.3171/2016.2.jns151972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Helmets are one of the earliest and most enduring methods of personal protection in human civilization. Although primarily developed for combat purposes in ancient times, modern helmets have become highly diversified to sports, recreation, and transportation. History and the scientific literature exhibit that helmets continue to be the primary and most effective prevention method against traumatic brain injury (TBI), which presents high mortality and morbidity rates in the US. The neurosurgical and neurotrauma literature on helmets and TBI indicate that helmets provide effectual protection against moderate to severe head trauma resulting in severe disability or death. However, there is a dearth of scientific data on helmet efficacy against concussion in both civilian and military aspects. The objective of this literature review was to explore the historical evolution of helmets, consider the effectiveness of helmets in protecting against severe intracranial injuries, and examine recent evidence on helmet efficacy against concussion. It was also the goal of this report to emphasize the need for more research on helmet efficacy with improved experimental design and quantitative standardization of assessments for concussion and TBI, and to promote expanded involvement of neurosurgery in studying the quantitative diagnostics of concussion and TBI. Recent evidence summarized by this literature review suggests that helmeted patients do not have better relative clinical outcome and protection against concussion than unhelmeted patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Yeong Sone
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Douglas Kondziolka
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jason H. Huang
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Central Division, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Uzma Samadani
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Hennepin County Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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16
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O'Sullivan D, Fife GP, Pieter W, Lim T, Shin I. Resultant linear acceleration of an instrumented head form does not differ between junior and collegiate taekwondo athletes' kicks. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2016; 5:226-230. [PMID: 30356507 PMCID: PMC6188713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of various taekwondo kicks and age (school level) in absolute terms and relative body mass on the resultant linear acceleration (RLA) of an instrumented head form. METHODS Forty-eight male (middle school: 16; high school: 16; university: 16) taekwondo athletes were recruited for this study. Subjects performed 10 turning, 10 jump spinning hook, and 10 jump back kicks on a Hybrid II head mounted on a height-adjustable frame. RESULTS A 2-way (School × Kick) MANOVA was used to determine the differences in RLA between schools (age groups) by type of kick. There was no univariate School main effect for absolute RLA (η 2 = 0.06) and RLA relative to body mass (η 2 = 0.06). No univariate Kick main effects were found for absolute (η 2 = 0.06) and relative RLA (η 2 = 0.06). CONCLUSION It is of concern that RLA did not significantly differ between school levels, implying that young taekwondo athletes generate similar forces to their adult counterparts, possibly exposing young athletes to an increased risk for head injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O'Sullivan
- Division of Sport Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Gabriel P. Fife
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Willy Pieter
- Department of Kinesiology, Masaryk University, Brno, Kamenice 562500, Czech Republic
| | - Taehee Lim
- Department of Taekwondo Instructor Education, Yongin University, Yongin 449-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Insik Shin
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-748, Republic of Korea
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O’Sullivan DM, Fife GP. Impact attenuation of protective boxing and taekwondo headgear. Eur J Sport Sci 2016; 16:1219-25. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1161073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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McIntosh AS, Patton DA. The impact performance of headguards for combat sports. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49:1113-7. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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McIntosh AS, Patton DA. Boxing headguard performance in punch machine tests. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49:1108-12. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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