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O’Connor S, Geaney D, Whyte EF, Kontos AP, O’Halloran PJ, Beidler E. Perceptions of Concussion and Associated Anxiety in Irish Collegiate Athletes. Sports Health 2022; 15:199-209. [PMID: 36366782 PMCID: PMC9950993 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221134103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concussion nondisclosure and poor management after a concussion are a concern in Irish collegiate sports. How athletes perceive concussions and appraise their own concussion may affect their decisions and behaviors after a suspected concussion. However, this has yet to be examined in an Irish context. This study aimed to (1) establish concussion perceptions and associated anxiety in Irish collegiate athletes; (2) examine how sex, concussion, and mood disorder history influenced their perceptions; and (3) investigate factors associated with higher anxiety perceptions. HYPOTHESIS Irish collegiate athletes will display negative concussion perceptions and anxiety related to concussion, especially in female athletes and those without a concussion history. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS Irish collegiate athletes [n = 268 (141 women,127 men), mean age = 21.5 ± 2.2 years] from high-risk sports completed a survey including the Perceptions of Concussion Inventory for Athletes (PCI-A), demographics, diagnosed concussion history, self-reported mood disorder history, and a concussion knowledge assessment. Differences in concussion perceptions by sex, concussion history, mood disorder history were examined using Mann-Whitney U tests, and factors associated with anxiety-related concussion perceptions were identified using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Over half (53.0%, n = 142) of participants reported concerns regarding concussion. The thoughts of sustaining a concussion made participants feel upset (63.4%, n = 170), fearful (47.7%, n = 128), and anxious (35.1%, n = 94). Women reported significantly higher anxiety (P < 0.01, r = 0.23), effects (P = 0.04, r = 0.12), and clarity (P = 0.01, r = 0.16) perception scores. Participants with a diagnosed concussion history displayed greater symptom variability perception scores (P = 0.04, r = 0.12), but lower anxiety (P = 0.03, r = 0.13) and treatment (P < 0.01, r = 0.19) beliefs on the PCI-A. No differences were observed for those with a history of a mood disorder (P > 0.05). A significant multivariate model was established (χ2 = 55.44, P < 0.01), with female sex [odds ratio (OR) = 1.53], concussion history (OR = 0.63), effects (OR = 1.31), and treatment (OR = 1.15) subscales associated with greater anxiety. CONCLUSION Concerns about sustaining a concussion are prevalent in Irish collegiate athletes. Women displayed more negative perceptions and those with a concussion history displayed fewer perceived benefits of treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The findings support the need for concussion awareness campaigns to provide accurate concussion information to mitigate anxiety-related concussion perceptions and injury belief misconceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán O’Connor
- Centre for Injury Prevention and
Performance, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin,
Ireland,Siobhán O’Connor, CAT, MSc,
PhD, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, A144B,
Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, Dublin 9, Ireland (
) (Twitter:
@SiobhanOConnor3)
| | - Deirdre Geaney
- Centre for Injury Prevention and
Performance, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin,
Ireland
| | - Enda F. Whyte
- Centre for Injury Prevention and
Performance, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin,
Ireland
| | - Anthony P. Kontos
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Concussion Research Laboratory, UPMC
Sports Medicine Concussion Program, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Philip J. O’Halloran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen
Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK,UPMC Concussion Network Ireland,
Waterford, Ireland,School of Physiotherapy, Royal College
of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Erica Beidler
- Department of Athletic Training,
Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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2
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Qi B, Jin S, Qian H, Zou Y. Bibliometric Analysis of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Research from 1999 to 2019. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155411. [PMID: 32731338 PMCID: PMC7432826 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Research on chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) has increased over the past two decades. However, few studies have statistically analyzed these publications. In this work, we conducted a bibliometric analysis of studies on CTE to track research trends and highlight current research hotspots. Relevant original articles were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection database between 1999 and 2019. CiteSpace and VOSviewer software were used to perform analysis and visualization of scientific productivity and emerging trends. Our results show that the publications related to CTE dramatically increased from four publications in 1999 to 160 publications in 2019. The United States dominated this field with 732 publications (75.934%), followed by Canada with 88 publications (9.129%). Most of related publications were published in the journals with a focus on molecular biology, immunology, neurology, sports and ophthalmology, as represented by the dual-map overlay. A total of 11 major clusters were explored based on the reference co-citation analysis. In addition, three predominant research topics were summarized by clustering high-frequency keywords: epidemiological, clinical and pathological studies. The research frontiers were the diagnosis of diseases using new neuroimaging techniques, and the investigation of the molecular mechanism of tau aggregation. This study provides researchers with valuable guidance in the selection of research topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bote Qi
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, 886 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Shuting Jin
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, 886 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Hongsheng Qian
- College of Physical Education, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Avenue, Wuhan 430079, China;
| | - Yu Zou
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, 886 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Correspondence:
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3
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Sewry N, Verhagen E, Lambert M, van Mechelen W, Marsh J, Readhead C, Viljoen W, Brown J. Trends in time-loss injuries during the 2011-2016 South African Rugby Youth Weeks. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:2066-2073. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Sewry
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine; Department of Human Biology; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
| | - E. Verhagen
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine; Department of Human Biology; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports; Department of Public and Occupational Health; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP); Federation University Australia; Ballarat Vic. Australia
| | - M. Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine; Department of Human Biology; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports; Department of Public and Occupational Health; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - W. van Mechelen
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine; Department of Human Biology; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports; Department of Public and Occupational Health; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences; Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences; University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Sciences; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - J. Marsh
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine; Department of Human Biology; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
| | - C. Readhead
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine; Department of Human Biology; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
- South African Rugby Union; Cape Town South Africa
| | - W. Viljoen
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine; Department of Human Biology; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
- South African Rugby Union; Cape Town South Africa
| | - J. Brown
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine; Department of Human Biology; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports; Department of Public and Occupational Health; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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4
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Cognitive Function and Dynamic Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation in Multiple Concussions. Asian J Sports Med 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.67660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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5
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Mc Fie S, Abrahams S, Patricios J, Suter J, Posthumus M, September AV. The association between COMT rs4680 and 5-HTTLPR genotypes and concussion history in South African rugby union players. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:920-933. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1346274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mc Fie
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shameemah Abrahams
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jon Patricios
- Morningside Sports Medicine Clinic, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Section of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jason Suter
- Sports Science and Exercise Medicine Clinic, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael Posthumus
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alison V. September
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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6
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Pearce AJ, Young JA, Parrington L, Aimers N. Do as I say: contradicting beliefs and attitudes towards sports concussion in Australia. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1911-1919. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1241420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan J. Pearce
- Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne School of Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Janet A. Young
- Institute for Sport Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucy Parrington
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicole Aimers
- Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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7
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Fuller CW, Fuller GW, Kemp SPT, Raftery M. Evaluation of World Rugby's concussion management process: results from Rugby World Cup 2015. Br J Sports Med 2016; 51:64-69. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Lopez V, Ma R, Weinstein MG, Cantu RC, Myers LSD, Nadkar NS, Victoria C, Allen AA. Concussive Injuries in Rugby 7s: An American Experience and Current Review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:1320-30. [PMID: 26829001 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a comparative lack of concussion incidence data on the new Olympic sport Rugby 7s. This study aimed to determine the incidence (number of concussions per 1000 playing hours [ph]), mean and median severity (days absence), and cause of concussive injuries. METHODS This is a prospective epidemiology study, amateur to elite/national candidate, male (9768) and female (3876) players in USA Rugby sanctioned tournaments, compliant with the international consensus statement for studies in rugby union. RESULTS Concussions in US Rugby 7s were 7.7/1000 ph (n = 67). Women encountered concussions at 8.1/1000 ph, and men at 7.6/1000 ph (risk ratio [RR] = 1.10, P = 0.593). Elite/national-level players encountered concussions at higher rates (18.3/1000 ph) than lower levels (6.4/1000 ph; RR = 5.48, P < 0.001). Nonelite backs had higher concussive injury rates compared with forwards (7.7/1000 ph; 3.6/1000 ph; RR = 1.28, P = 0.024). Women missed 36.7 d absence from play, meanwhile men missed 27.9 d (P = 0.245). Retrospective history recall reflected previous concussive injuries occurred in 43% of the current study's cohort; of these, 57% encountered multiple concussions within 1 yr. The incidence of repetitive concussions was not statistically different between genders (RR = 1.09, P = 0.754). Most concussions occurred from tackles (63%) and collisions (24%) (P = 0.056). CONCLUSIONS Sports-related concussions occurred with frequency among US amateur Rugby 7s players. US Elite tournament players sustained concussions at much higher rates than international male Rugby 7s counterparts. A substantial portion of US players who sustained a concussion had previous concussion injuries. Given the high rate of concussion, including repetitive concussive injuries, US Rugby 7s may benefit from concussion prevention measures similar to other contact sports such as instruction on proper tackling techniques, in-game and postgame medical assessment, and a standardized return-to-play protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Lopez
- 1Rugby Research and Injury Prevention Group, New York, NY; 2USA Rugby Empire Geographic Union RFU, New York, NY; 3Rugby Codes Research Group, Sports Performance Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, NEW ZEALAND; 4Northeast Rugby Academy, USOC-Sanctioned Olympic Development Program, New York, NY; 5Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO; 6Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY; 7Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; 8Department of Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; 9Department of Neurosurgery, Emerson Hospital, Concord, MA; 10Department of Surgery, Emerson Hospital, Concord, MA; 11Service of Sports Medicine, Emerson Hospital, Concord, MA; 12Neurologic Sports Injury Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; 13Concussion Legacy Foundation, Waltham, MA; 14World Rugby, Independent Concussion Group, Dublin, Ireland; 15Advanced Therapeutics Physical Therapy, Inc., Florence, MA; 16Department of Physical Therapy, Seton Hall University, South Orange Village, NJ; 17New York University, Global Institute of Public Health, New York, NY; 18Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY; 19National Basketball Association, New York Knickerbockers New York, NY; and 20USA Basketball, Colorado Springs, CO
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9
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Stewart W, McNamara PH, Lawlor B, Hutchinson S, Farrell M. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a potential late and under recognized consequence of rugby union? QJM 2016; 109:11-5. [PMID: 25998165 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcv070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between exposure to head injury and increased risk of neurodegenerative disease, specifically chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), is widely recognized. Historically, this was largely considered a phenomenon restricted to boxers, with more recent case series identifying further 'high risk' individuals, such as former American footballers, or military personnel. However, in all cases thus far reported, it is clear that it is the exposure to head injury which is associated with increased dementia risk, and not the circumstances or environment of exposure. As such, there is considerable potential for under-recognition of CTE in patients presenting with neurodegenerative disease, particularly where head injury exposure might have been historical and through sport. This article reviews current understanding of CTE and, via an illustrative case in rugby union, highlights the value of a detailed history on head injury and also draws attention to imaging studies in assessing patients with neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Stewart
- From the Department of Neuropathology, Laboratory Medicine Building, Southern General Hospital, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | | | - B Lawlor
- Mercer's Institute for Research on Ageing, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland and
| | | | - M Farrell
- Department of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
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10
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Gardner AJ, Iverson GL, Williams WH, Baker S, Stanwell P. A systematic review and meta-analysis of concussion in rugby union. Sports Med 2015; 44:1717-31. [PMID: 25138311 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rugby Union, a popular full-contact sport played throughout the world, has one of the highest rates of concussion of all full-contact sports. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current review was to systematically evaluate the available evidence on concussion in Rugby Union and to conduct a meta-analysis of findings regarding the incidence of concussion. METHODS Articles were retrieved via a number of online databases. The current review examined all articles published in English up to May 2014 pertaining to concussion in Rugby Union players. The key search terms included 'Rugby Union', 'rugby', 'union', and 'football', in combination with the injury terms 'athletic injuries', 'concussion', 'sports concussion', 'sports-related concussion', 'brain concussion', 'brain injury', 'brain injuries', 'mild traumatic brain injury', 'mTBI', 'traumatic brain injury', 'TBI', 'craniocerebral trauma', 'head injury', and 'brain damage'. RESULTS The final search outcome following the eligibility screening process resulted in the inclusion of 96 articles for this review. The meta-analysis included a total of 37 studies. The results of the meta-analysis revealed an overall incidence of match-play concussion in men's rugby-15s of 4.73 per 1,000 player match hours. The incidence of concussion during training was 0.07 per 1,000 practice hours. The incidence of concussion in women's rugby-15s was 0.55 per 1,000 player match hours. In men's rugby-7s match-play, concussion incidence was 3.01 per 1,000 player match hours. The incidence of concussion varied considerably between levels of play, with elite level play recording a rate of 0.40 concussions per 1,000 player match hours, schoolboy level 0.62 concussions per 1,000 player match hours, and the community or sub-elite level recording a rate of 2.08 concussions per 1,000 player match hours. The incidence of concussion in men's rugby-15s as a function of playing position (forwards vs. backs) was 4.02 and 4.85 concussions per 1,000 player match hours, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Concussion is a common injury sustained and reported in match play and to a lesser extent during practice by Rugby Union players. Based on the available published data, there appears to be a variation in risk of concussion across level of play, with the sub-elite level having the greatest incidence of injury. Future research focused on studying the acute consequences and best management strategies in current players, and the potential longer term outcomes of concussion in retired players, is needed. A focus on the areas of prevention, injury identification, and medical management, and risk for long-term outcomes will be of benefit to current athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Gardner
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia,
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11
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Heffernan SM, Kilduff LP, Day SH, Pitsiladis YP, Williams AG. Genomics in rugby union: A review and future prospects. Eur J Sport Sci 2015; 15:460-8. [PMID: 25800134 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1023222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article introduces some aspects of sports genomics in a rugby union context, considers the rugby-specific genetic data in the published literature and outlines the next research steps required if the potential applications of genetic technology in rugby union, also identified here, are to become possible. A substantial proportion of the inter-individual variation for many traits related to rugby performance, including strength, short-term muscle power, VO2 max, injury susceptibility and the likelihood of being an elite athlete is inherited and can be investigated using molecular genetic techniques. In sports genomics, significant efforts have been made in recent years to develop large DNA biobanks of elite athletes for detailed exploration of the heritable bases of those traits. However, little effort has been devoted to the study of rugby athletes, and most of the little research that has focused on rugby was conducted with small cohorts of non-elite players. With steadily growing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underpinning complex performance traits and the aetiology of injury, investigating sports genomics in the context of rugby is now a viable proposition and a worthwhile endeavour. The RugbyGene project we describe briefly in this article is a multi-institutional research collaboration in rugby union that will perform molecular genetic analyses of varying complexity. Genetic tests could become useful tools for rugby practitioners in the future and provide complementary and additional information to that provided by the non-genetic tests currently used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M Heffernan
- a MMU Sports Genomics Laboratory , Manchester Metropolitan University , Crewe , UK
| | - Liam P Kilduff
- b A-STEM, College of Engineering , Swansea University , Swansea , UK
| | - Stephen H Day
- a MMU Sports Genomics Laboratory , Manchester Metropolitan University , Crewe , UK
| | - Yannis P Pitsiladis
- c Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME) , University of Brighton , Brighton , UK
| | - Alun G Williams
- a MMU Sports Genomics Laboratory , Manchester Metropolitan University , Crewe , UK.,d Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health , University College London , London , UK
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12
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Kirkwood G, Parekh N, Ofori-Asenso R, Pollock AM. Concussion in youth rugby union and rugby league: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49:506-10. [PMID: 25586912 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children and adolescents who play rugby are at increased risk of concussion and its effects. Competitive rugby union and rugby league feature as major sports in the school sport curriculum in the UK. There is a need for a thorough understanding of the epidemiology of concussion in youth rugby, the mechanisms involved in injuries and predisposing risk factors. DATA SOURCES The publication databases Pubmed, Embase and SportDISCUS were searched in April 2014 for primary research studies of child and adolescent rugby union and rugby league (under 20 years) in English language with data on concussion injuries. The review was conducted within a larger all injury systematic review on rugby union and rugby league where key words used in the search included rugby, injury and concussion with child, adolescent, paediatric and youth. RESULTS There were 25 studies retrieved with data on child or adolescent rugby and concussion, 20 were on rugby union, three on rugby league and in two the code of rugby was unspecified. There was significant heterogeneity in the definitions of injuries and of concussion. The incidence of child and adolescent match concussion ranged from 0.2 to 6.9 concussions per 1000 player-hours for rugby union and was 4.6 and 14.7 concussions per 1000 player-hours for rugby league, equivalent to a probability of between 0.3% and 11.4% for rugby union and of 7.7% and 22.7% for rugby league. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant risk of concussion in children and adolescents playing rugby union and rugby league evident from the studies included in this systematic review. There is a need for reliable data through routine monitoring and reporting in schools and clubs and in hospital emergency departments in order to inform prevention. Concussion protocols should be implemented and tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Kirkwood
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Richard Ofori-Asenso
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Allyson M Pollock
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon S Patricios
- Section of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, , Pretoria, Johannesburg, South Africa
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14
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Repeated Head Injuries in Australia’s Collision Sports Highlight Ethical and Evidential Gaps in Concussion Management Policies. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12152-014-9217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Fuller CW, Taylor A, Raftery M. Epidemiology of concussion in men's elite Rugby-7s (Sevens World Series) and Rugby-15s (Rugby World Cup, Junior World Championship and Rugby Trophy, Pacific Nations Cup and English Premiership). Br J Sports Med 2014; 49:478-83. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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