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Jooste M, Schwellnus M. Countermeasures to reduce the risk of infections at the 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games-A balancing act. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:722-725. [PMID: 38797436 PMCID: PMC11336314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Jooste
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0083, South Africa; Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0083, South Africa.
| | - Martin Schwellnus
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0083, South Africa; IOC Research Centre of South Africa, Pretoria 0083, South Africa
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Barbosa PN, Rodrigues MP, Costa E Silva ADA, Lemos CIL, Magno E Silva MP. Prevalence of urinary incontinence in Brazilian para athletes. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:895-901. [PMID: 38830751 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) in para athletes in Brazil. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study with Brazilian para athletes with physical impairments from all para sports. The data from 86 participants of both sexes (60 males and 26 females) were collected through an online survey that gathered sociodemographic data and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form, from March to July 2023. RESULTS The prevalence of UI was 45.3% (n=39), with the average impact on quality of life scored at 6.1±3.5 on a scale of 0-10. Most para athletes reported moderate (43.5%) or severe (38.4%) symptoms. The most common type was mixed UI (46.1%), with an average of 3±1.9 episodes of urinary loss per athlete in the last 4 weeks. Adjusted Poisson regression (controlling for sex, age and level of competition) revealed that para athletes with orthopaedic impairments had a 58% lower prevalence of UI (prevalence ratio=0.42; 95% CI 0.24, 0.83) compared with those with neurological impairments. Furthermore, ordinal regression indicated that para athletes with neurological impairments were 147% more likely to experience a progression from 'severe' to 'very severe' UI (OR=2.47; 95% CI 1.59, 3.93). CONCLUSIONS UI is highly prevalent among para athletes, particularly those with neurological impairments, underscoring the need for specialised genitourinary healthcare and the need for further treatment and monitoring of the condition. There is a critical need to raise awareness among coaches, healthcare providers and the athletes themselves about UI and its impact to foster the comprehensive well-being of these athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pê Nascimento Barbosa
- Human Movement Sciences Graduate Program, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marina Petter Rodrigues
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Faculty of Health Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Marília Passos Magno E Silva
- Human Movement Sciences Graduate Program, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Derman W, Runciman P, Eken M, Boer PH, Blauwet C, Bogdos E, Hirschmueller A, Jordaan E, Kissick J, Lexell J, Mohammadi F, Patricio M, Schwellnus M, Webborn N, Zhou JX. Incidence of injury and illness at the Beijing 2022 Paralympic Winter Games held in a closed-loop environment: a prospective cohort study of 7332 athlete days. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:836-843. [PMID: 38346775 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of injuries and illnesses sustained during the Beijing 2022 Paralympic Winter Games, organised in a closed-loop environment to adhere with COVID-19 restrictions. METHODS Injuries and illnesses from all teams were recorded on a daily basis by team medical staff on a web-based form and by local organising committee medical (polyclinic) facilities and venue medical support. Duplicates recorded on both systems were removed. Incidence of injuries and illnesses are reported per 1000 athlete days (95% CI). RESULTS 564 athletes (426 male and 138 female) representing 46 countries were monitored for the 13-day period of the Beijing 2022 Paralympic Winter Games (7332 athlete days). The overall incidences were 13.0 injuries (10.6-15.8) and 6.1 illnesses (4.5-8.4) per 1000 athlete days. The incidence of injury in alpine skiing (19.9; 15.2-26.1) was significantly higher compared with Nordic skiing, ice hockey and wheelchair curling (p<0.05), while the incidence of respiratory illness was significantly higher in Nordic skiing (1.6; 0.9-2.9) compared with alpine skiing, ice hockey and snowboarding (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The incidence of both injury and illness at the Beijing 2022 Games were the lowest yet reported in the Paralympic Winter Games. The incidence of injury was highest in alpine skiing. These findings underscore the importance of ongoing vigilance and continued injury risk mitigation strategies to safeguard the well-being of athletes in these high-risk competitions. Respiratory illnesses were most commonly reported in Nordic skiing, which included the three cases of COVID-19 recorded at the games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- IOC Research Center, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Phoebe Runciman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maaike Eken
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pieter-Henk Boer
- Department of Human Movement Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cheri Blauwet
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emmanouil Bogdos
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, General Hospital of Athens "G. Gennimatas", Athens, Greece
| | - Anja Hirschmueller
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Esme Jordaan
- Biostatistics Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Parow, South Africa
- Statistics and Population Studies Department, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James Kissick
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan Lexell
- Department of Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fariba Mohammadi
- Department of Sport Medicine, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Marcelo Patricio
- Trauma Observatory, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martin Schwellnus
- IOC Research Center, Pretoria, South Africa
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nick Webborn
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Jian-Xin Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Post EG, Anderson T, Samson O, Triplett AN, Gidley AD, Isono SS, Watters J, Donaldson AT, Finnoff JT, Adams WM. High rates of respiratory illnesses upon arrival: lessons from Team USA at the Santiago 2023 Pan American and Parapan American Games. Br J Sports Med 2024:bjsports-2024-108384. [PMID: 38981662 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the incidence and characteristics of injuries and illnesses among Team USA athletes competing at the Santiago 2023 Pan American Games (PAG) and Parapan American Games (PPAG), with a particular focus on the incidence of respiratory illnesses and on injuries for sports new to the Olympic and Paralympic programmes. METHODS Illnesses and injuries occurring among the 870 Team USA athletes competing in the Santiago 2023 PAG or PPAG were documented within Team USA's Injury and Illness Surveillance system. Illness and injury incidence per 1000 athlete-days (ADs) and incidence ratios (IR) were calculated, both with 95% CIs. RESULTS Illness (IR 2.5, 95% CI 1.6, 3.9) and injury (IR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3, 2.5) rates were greater during PPAG compared with PAG. Illness rates were higher in the pre-opening ceremony period compared with the competition period for both PAG (IR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1, 5.9) and PPAG (IR 1.9, 95% CI 0.9, 3.8). Respiratory illness was the most common illness with 3.2% and 8.9% of all Team USA athletes reporting a respiratory illness during the PAG and PPAG, respectively. Sports that are relatively new to the Olympic/Paralympic programmes exhibited the highest injury rates during the Games: breaking (250.0 (91.7, 544.2) per 1000 ADs), Para taekwondo (93.8 (19.3, 274.0) per 1000 ADs) and surfing (88.9 (24.2, 227.6) per 1000 ADs). CONCLUSION Respiratory illness rates were the most common type of illness during both PAG and PPAG and were more likely to occur prior to competition starting. Our data have identified high injury risk populations (breaking, surfing, Para taekwondo) and timing (pre-opening ceremony period) for further risk factor analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Post
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Travis Anderson
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Olivia Samson
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Ashley N Triplett
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Alexis D Gidley
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Steven S Isono
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Watters
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Amber T Donaldson
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Jonathan T Finnoff
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - William M Adams
- Department of Sports Medicine, United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- United States Coalition for the Prevention of Illness and Injury in Sport, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine (NCSEM), Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
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Katagiri H, Forster BB, Koga H, An JS, Adachi T, Derman W. Noteworthy Performance of Muscle-Injured Para-Athletes: A Study of Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Detected Muscle Injuries at the Tokyo 2020 Summer Paralympic Games. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2024; 103:652-658. [PMID: 38063307 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000002367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To the best of our knowledge, no studies have attempted to correlate athletic performance with muscle injuries sustained during Paralympic Games. AIM This study reports the incidence, anatomical location, anatomical site classification, and relationship between competition results and anatomical site classification in athletes who participated in the Paralympic Games. METHODS All magnetic resonance images collected at the International Paralympic Committee polyclinic at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games were reviewed to identify the presence and anatomical site of muscle injuries. The athletes' competition results were reviewed using IPC data sources. RESULTS Twenty-six magnetic resonance imaging-detected muscle injuries were observed in 16 male and 10 female athletes. Muscle injuries were most commonly observed during track and field events ( n = 20) and in athletes with visual impairment ( n = 12). Ten of the injuries involved the tendon. Twenty-one of injured athletes (81%) completed their competition, whereas five athletes did not. Eight athletes won medals in the games. The anatomical site of muscle injury did not significantly impact the proportion of athletes who did not finish competition. CONCLUSIONS Many athletes who sustained muscle injuries completed their competitions. No association was found between anatomical site classification and Paralympic athletes' performance in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Katagiri
- From the Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) (HKa, HKo, J-SA), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan (HKa); Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (BBF); Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan (TA); Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Exercise, Sport and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa (WD); and International Olympic Committee Research Center, Stellenbosch, South Africa (WD)
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Kelly MK, Smith ES, Brown HA, Jardine WT, Convit L, Bowe SJ, Condo D, Guy JH, Burke LM, Périard JD, Snipe RMJ, Snow RJ, Carr AJ. Auditing the Representation of Females Versus Males in Heat Adaptation Research. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024; 34:111-121. [PMID: 38211577 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this audit was to quantify female representation in research on heat adaptation. Using a standardized audit tool, the PubMed database was searched for heat adaptation literature from inception to February 2023. Studies were included if they investigated heat adaptation among female and male adults (≥18-50 years) who were free from noncommunicable diseases, with heat adaptation the primary or secondary outcome of interest. The number and sex of participants, athletic caliber, menstrual status, research theme, journal impact factor, Altmetric score, Field-Weighted Citation Impact, and type of heat exposure were extracted. A total of 477 studies were identified in this audit, including 7,707 participants with ∼13% of these being female. Most studies investigated male-only cohorts (∼74%, n = 5,672 males), with ∼5% (n = 360 females) including female-only cohorts. Of the 126 studies that included females, only 10% provided some evidence of appropriate methodological control to account for ovarian hormone status, with no study meeting best-practice recommendations. Of the included female participants, 40% were able to be classified to an athletic caliber, with 67% of these being allocated to Tier 2 (i.e., trained/developmental) or below. Exercise heat acclimation was the dominant method of heat exposure (437 interventions), with 21 studies investigating sex differences in exercise heat acclimation interventions. We recommend that future research on heat adaptation in female participants use methodological approaches that consider the potential impact of sexual dimorphism on study outcomes to provide evidence-based guidelines for female athletes preparing for exercise or competition in hot conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica K Kelly
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Ella S Smith
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Harry A Brown
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - William T Jardine
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Lilia Convit
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven J Bowe
- Deakin Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
- Faculty and School of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Dominique Condo
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Joshua H Guy
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julien D Périard
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Rodney J Snow
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Amelia J Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
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Puce L, Biz C, Ceylan HI, Bragazzi NL, Formica M, Trabelsi K, Szarpak Ł, Trompetto C, Rossin A, Lanciano NA, Ruggieri P. Adaptive Shooting Disciplines: A Scoping Review of the Literature with Bibliometric Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:463. [PMID: 38391838 PMCID: PMC10888416 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12040463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Para-archery and para-shooting, two very popular adaptive shooting disciplines that have earned their place as major official events in the Paralympic Games, share some similarities, as well as distinctive features in terms of rules, physiological requirements, and equipment used. The International Paralympic Committee has a clear responsibility to ensure that all sports within its jurisdiction, including adaptive shooting, can achieve excellence in their respective fields. To achieve this, the conduct of well-designed studies and rigorous research is essential. Although some research has been conducted in this area, a comprehensive and systematic evaluation is still needed. Therefore, the present study aims to provide a thorough review and synthesis of existing research on adaptive shooting disciplines, identify strengths and gaps, and suggest future directions. Arksey and O'Malley's methodology is leveraged and enhanced with bibliometric and policy analyses to review literature on adaptive shooting. Databases like PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, OvidSP, and EMBASE were searched, focusing on studies in adaptive shooting disciplines and analysing these findings through a blend of thematic and statistical methods. Twenty-four studies totalling 483 para-athletes (299 para-shooters and 184 para-archers) are included in this scoping review, focusing on a range of aspects, including physiological responses (n = 9), research design and measurement methods for evidence-based classification (n = 6), biopsychosocial aspects (n = 3), development of new methods and technologies (n = 4), kinematic and biomechanical assessment (n = 1), and epidemiology of injuries (n = 1). Seven articles focused exclusively on para-archery, thirteen exclusively on para-shooting, and four on both para-archery and para-shooting. In conclusion, the available literature on adaptive shooting disciplines is still very limited, especially regarding para-archery compared to para-shooting. This highlights the need for further research in many key areas to ensure a better understanding of the different disciplines and to provide appropriate support for para-athletes. Future research in para-archery and para-shooting should focus on technological innovations, biomechanical studies, and psychological support to enhance athlete performance and accessibility. Addressing the imbalance between the two disciplines, along with injury prevention and global participation, can drive the sports towards greater inclusivity and equity for para-athletes worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Puce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Biz
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Halil Ibrahim Ceylan
- Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25030, Turkey
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Matteo Formica
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- Institut Supérieur du Sport et de l'Éducation Physique de Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Łukasz Szarpak
- Department of Clinical Research and Development, LUXMED Group, 02-676 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Research Outcomes, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Medical Academy, 03-211 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carlo Trompetto
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rossin
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Nicola Antonio Lanciano
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Pietro Ruggieri
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
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Inoue H, Tanaka H, Sakanashi S, Kinoshi T, Numata H, Yokota H, Otomo Y, Masuno T, Nakano K, Sugita M, Tokunaga T, Sugimoto K, Inoue J, Kato N, Nakagawa K, Tanaka S, Sagisaka R, Miyamoto T, Akama T. Incidence and factor analysis for the heat-related illness on the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001467. [PMID: 37051574 PMCID: PMC10083866 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Among the 43 venues of Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games (OG) and 33 venues of Paralympic Games (PG) were held, the heat island effect was highly expected to cause heat-related illnesses in the outdoor venues with maximum temperatures exceeding 35°C. However, the actual number of heat-related illness cases during the competition was lower than that was initially expected, and it was unclear under what conditions or environment-related heat illnesses occurred among athletes. Object To clarify the cause and factors contributing to the occurrence of heat-related illness among athletes participating in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Method This retrospective descriptive study included 15 820 athletes from 206 countries. From 21 July 2021 to 8 August 2021 for the Olympics, and from 24 August 2021 to 5 September 2021 for the Paralympics. The number of heat-related illness cases at each venue, the incidence rate for each event, gender, home continent, as well as the type of competition, environmental factors (such as venue, time, location and wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT)), treatment factor and the type of competition were analysed. Results More number of heat-related illnesses among athletes occurred at the OG (n=110, 76.3%) than at the PG (n=36, 23.7%). A total of 100 cases (100%) at the OG and 31 cases (86.1%) at the PG occurred at the outdoors venues. In the OG, a total of 50 cases (57.9%) occurred during the competition of marathon running and race walking at Sapporo Odori Park. Six of those, were diagnosed with exertional heat illness and treated with cold water immersion (CWI) at OG and one case at PG. Another 20 cases occurred in athletics (track and field) competitions at Tokyo National Olympic Stadium. In total, 10 cases (10.0%) were diagnosed with severe heat illness in the OG and 3 cases (8.3%) in the PG. Ten cases were transferred to outside medical facilities for further treatment, but no case has been hospitalised due to severe condition. In the factor analysis, venue zone, outdoor game, high WBGT (<28°C) and endurance sports have been found to have a higher risk of moderate and severe heat-related illness (p<0.05). The incidence rate and severity could be attenuated by proper heat-related illness treatment (CWI, ice towel, cold IV transfusion and oral hydration) reduced the severity of the illness, providing summer hot environment sports. Conclusion The Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic summer games were held. Contrary to expectations, we calculated that about 1 in 100 Olympic athletes suffered heat-related illness. We believe this was due to the risk reduction of heat-related illness, such as adequate prevention and proper treatment. Our experience in avoiding heat-related illness will provide valuable data for future Olympic summer Games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Inoue
- Emergency Medical System, Kokushikan University Graduate School, Tama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideharu Tanaka
- Department of EMS System, Kokushikan University, Setagaya-ku, Japan
| | - Shuji Sakanashi
- Emergency Medical System, Kokushikan University Graduate School, Tama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kinoshi
- Emergency Medical System, Kokushikan University Graduate School, Tama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Numata
- Nippon Medical School Tama Nagayama Hospital, Tama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yokota
- Graduate School of Health and Medical Science, Nippon Sports Science University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Otomo
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Bunnkyouku, Japan
| | | | - Kousuke Nakano
- Saitama City Hospital, Emergency Department, Saitama, Japan, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Katsuhiko Sugimoto
- Emergency Medical System, Kokushikan University Graduate School, Tama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Inoue
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Nagisa Kato
- Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan
- Trauma and Acute Critical Care Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koshi Nakagawa
- Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shota Tanaka
- Research Institute of Disaster and EMS, Kokushikan University, Tama City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Sagisaka
- Department of EMS System, Kokushikan University, Tama City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Miyamoto
- Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Akama
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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