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Leow CH, Fischer K, Leow CY, Cheng Q, Chuah C, McCarthy J. Single Domain Antibodies as New Biomarker Detectors. Diagnostics (Basel) 2017; 7:diagnostics7040052. [PMID: 29039819 PMCID: PMC5745390 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics7040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are defined as indicators of biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers have been widely used for early detection, prediction of response after treatment, and for monitoring the progression of diseases. Antibodies represent promising tools for recognition of biomarkers, and are widely deployed as analytical tools in clinical settings. For immunodiagnostics, antibodies are now exploited as binders for antigens of interest across a range of platforms. More recently, the discovery of antibody surface display and combinatorial chemistry techniques has allowed the exploration of new binders from a range of animals, for instance variable domains of new antigen receptors (VNAR) from shark and variable heavy chain domains (VHH) or nanobodies from camelids. These single domain antibodies (sdAbs) have some advantages over conventional murine immunoglobulin owing to the lack of a light chain, making them the smallest natural biomarker binders thus far identified. In this review, we will discuss several biomarkers used as a means to validate diseases progress. The potential functionality of modern singe domain antigen binders derived from phylogenetically early animals as new biomarker detectors for current diagnostic and research platforms development will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiuan Herng Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Katja Fischer
- Bacterial Pathogenesis and Scabies Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia.
| | - Chiuan Yee Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia.
| | - Qin Cheng
- Department of Drug Resistance and Diagnostics, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Brisbane 4051, Australia.
| | - Candy Chuah
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia.
| | - James McCarthy
- Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4029, Australia.
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Schneeweis LA, Obenauer-Kutner L, Kaur P, Yamniuk AP, Tamura J, Jaffe N, O'Mara BW, Lindsay S, Doyle M, Bryson J. Comparison of Ensemble and Single Molecule Methods for Particle Characterization and Binding Analysis of a PEGylated Single-Domain Antibody. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:4015-4024. [PMID: 26343417 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Domain antibodies (dAbs) are single immunoglobulin domains that form the smallest functional unit of an antibody. This study investigates the behavior of these small proteins when covalently attached to the polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety that is necessary for extending the half-life of a dAb. The effect of the 40 kDa PEG on hydrodynamic properties, particle behavior, and receptor binding of the dAb has been compared by both ensemble solution and surface methods [light scattering, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), surface Plasmon resonance (SPR)] and single-molecule atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods (topography, recognition imaging, and force microscopy). The large PEG dominates the properties of the dAb-PEG conjugate such as a hydrodynamic radius that corresponds to a globular protein over four times its size and a much reduced association rate. We have used AFM single-molecule studies to determine the mechanism of PEG-dependent reductions in the effectiveness of the dAb observed by SPR kinetic studies. Recognition imaging showed that all of the PEGylated dAb molecules are active, suggesting that some may transiently become inactive if PEG sterically blocks binding. This helps explain the disconnect between the SPR, determined kinetically, and the force microscopy and ITC results that demonstrated that PEG does not change the binding energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumelle A Schneeweis
- Protein Science and Structure, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543.
| | - Linda Obenauer-Kutner
- Biologic Process and Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey 08534
| | - Parminder Kaur
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287; Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Aaron P Yamniuk
- Protein Science and Structure, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - James Tamura
- Protein Science and Structure, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - Neil Jaffe
- Biologic Process and Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey 08534
| | - Brian W O'Mara
- Biologic Process and Product Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey 08534
| | - Stuart Lindsay
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287; Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Michael Doyle
- Protein Science and Structure, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
| | - James Bryson
- Protein Science and Structure, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543
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