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Bae JS, Lee JD, Song SW, Shin HC, Choi YK, Shin CY, Lee BM, Kim KB. Thirteen-week subcutaneous repeated dose toxicity study of butylparaben and its toxicokinetics in rats. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2037-2050. [PMID: 33844042 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parabens are widely used preservatives in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products and are approved as food additives. These chemicals have been considered safe for many years. However, the literature classifies parabens as endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and an assessment of their influence on the endocrine system and systemic toxicity is important. This study explored long-term systemic toxicity, effects on the endocrine system, and toxicokinetic behavior after repeated subcutaneous administration of butylparaben to Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were treated with vehicle (4% Tween 80) or butylparaben at dose levels of 2, 10, and 50 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks. Assessment of systemic toxicity and endocrine-disrupting effects was based on mortality; clinical signs; body weight; food and water consumption; ophthalmological findings; urinalysis; hematology and clinical biochemistry; organ weights; necropsy and histopathological findings; regularity and length of the estrous cycle; semen quality; and toxicokinetic behavior. Female uterine weight and estrous cycle, and male semen quality indicated no estrogenic effects. Butylparaben induced local irritation at the injection site in both sexes at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day, but systemic toxicity was not observed. Therefore, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of butylparaben is set at 50 mg/kg/day in rats of both sexes. Butylparaben was without endocrine system effects at this dose. Butylparaben displays dose-dependent systemic exposure up to the maximum dose of 50 mg/kg/day and repeated administration of butylparaben for 13 weeks shows no bioaccumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sook Bae
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., 240, Nampyeong-ro, Yangji-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17162, Republic of Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Dae Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Whan Song
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., 240, Nampyeong-ro, Yangji-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17162, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kyu Choi
- Cosmetics Research Team, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Changan-Ku, Gyeonggi-Do, Suwon, 16418, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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Park MA, Hwang KA, Choi KC. Diverse animal models to examine potential role(s) and mechanism of endocrine disrupting chemicals on the tumor progression and prevention: Do they have tumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic property? Lab Anim Res 2011; 27:265-73. [PMID: 22232634 PMCID: PMC3251756 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2011.27.4.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acting as hormone mimics or antagonists in the interaction with hormone receptors, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have the potentials of disturbing the endocrine system in sex steroid hormone-controlled organs and tissues. These effects may lead to the disruption of major regulatory mechanisms, the onset of developmental disorders, and carcinogenesis. Especially, among diverse EDCs, xenoestrogens such as bisphenol A, dioxins, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, have been shown to activate estrogen receptors (ERs) and to modulate cellular functions induced by ERs. Furthermore, they appear to be closely related with carcinogenicity in estrogen-dependant cancers, including breast, ovary, and prostate cancers. In in vivo animal models, prenatal exposure to xenoestrogens changed the development of the mouse reproductive organs and increased the susceptibility to further carcinogenic exposure and tumor occurence in adults. Unlike EDCs, which are chemically synthesized, several phytoestrogens such as genistein and resveratrol showed chemopreventive effects on specific cancers by contending with ER binding and regulating normal ER action in target tissues of mice. These results support the notion that a diet containing high levels of phytoestrogens can have protective effects on estrogen-related diseases. In spite of the diverse evidences of EDCs and phytoestrogens on causation and prevention of estrogen-dependant cancers provided in this article, there are still disputable questions about the dose-response effect of EDCs or chemopreventive potentials of phytoestrogens. As a wide range of EDCs including phytoestrogens have been remarkably increasing in the environment with the rapid growth in our industrial society and more closely affecting human and wildlife, the potential risks of EDCs in endocrine disruption and carcinogenesis are important issues and needed to be verified in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ah Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyung-A Hwang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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JENKINS DAVIDJ, KENDALL CYRILW, D’COSTA MARIOA, JACKSON CHUNGJA, VIDGEN EDWARD, SINGER WILLIAM, SILVERMAN JASONA, KOUMBRIDIS GEORGE, HONEY JOHN, RAO AVENKET, FLESHNER NEIL, KLOTZ LAURENCE. Soy Consumption and Phytoestrogens: Effect on Serum Prostate Specific Antigen When Blood Lipids and Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein are Reduced in Hyperlipidemic Men. J Urol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)63944-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- DAVID J.A. JENKINS
- From the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center and Department of Medicine, Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Urology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Division of Urology, University Health Network Sunnybrook & Women’s College Health Sciences Centre, St. Joseph’s Health Centre, Departments of Nutritional Sciences, Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, and Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - CYRIL W.C. KENDALL
- From the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center and Department of Medicine, Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Urology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Division of Urology, University Health Network Sunnybrook & Women’s College Health Sciences Centre, St. Joseph’s Health Centre, Departments of Nutritional Sciences, Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, and Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - MARIO A. D’COSTA
- From the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center and Department of Medicine, Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Urology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Division of Urology, University Health Network Sunnybrook & Women’s College Health Sciences Centre, St. Joseph’s Health Centre, Departments of Nutritional Sciences, Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, and Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - CHUNG-JA JACKSON
- From the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center and Department of Medicine, Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Urology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Division of Urology, University Health Network Sunnybrook & Women’s College Health Sciences Centre, St. Joseph’s Health Centre, Departments of Nutritional Sciences, Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, and Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - EDWARD VIDGEN
- From the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center and Department of Medicine, Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Urology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Division of Urology, University Health Network Sunnybrook & Women’s College Health Sciences Centre, St. Joseph’s Health Centre, Departments of Nutritional Sciences, Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, and Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - WILLIAM SINGER
- From the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center and Department of Medicine, Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Urology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Division of Urology, University Health Network Sunnybrook & Women’s College Health Sciences Centre, St. Joseph’s Health Centre, Departments of Nutritional Sciences, Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, and Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - JASON A. SILVERMAN
- From the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center and Department of Medicine, Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Urology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Division of Urology, University Health Network Sunnybrook & Women’s College Health Sciences Centre, St. Joseph’s Health Centre, Departments of Nutritional Sciences, Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, and Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - GEORGE KOUMBRIDIS
- From the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center and Department of Medicine, Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Urology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Division of Urology, University Health Network Sunnybrook & Women’s College Health Sciences Centre, St. Joseph’s Health Centre, Departments of Nutritional Sciences, Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, and Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - JOHN HONEY
- From the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center and Department of Medicine, Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Urology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Division of Urology, University Health Network Sunnybrook & Women’s College Health Sciences Centre, St. Joseph’s Health Centre, Departments of Nutritional Sciences, Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, and Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - A. VENKET RAO
- From the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center and Department of Medicine, Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Urology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Division of Urology, University Health Network Sunnybrook & Women’s College Health Sciences Centre, St. Joseph’s Health Centre, Departments of Nutritional Sciences, Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, and Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - NEIL FLESHNER
- From the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center and Department of Medicine, Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Urology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Division of Urology, University Health Network Sunnybrook & Women’s College Health Sciences Centre, St. Joseph’s Health Centre, Departments of Nutritional Sciences, Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, and Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - LAURENCE KLOTZ
- From the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center and Department of Medicine, Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Urology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Division of Urology, University Health Network Sunnybrook & Women’s College Health Sciences Centre, St. Joseph’s Health Centre, Departments of Nutritional Sciences, Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, and Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Toledano MB, Hansell AL, Jarup L, Quinn M, Jick S, Elliott P. Temporal trends in orchidopexy, Great Britain, 1992-1998. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2003; 111:129-132. [PMID: 12515691 PMCID: PMC1241317 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.5446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Concern has been expressed in recent years about worsening male reproductive health, possibly mediated by increasing exposures to environmental endocrine-disrupting agents. Trends suggested large increases in cryptorchidism in Britain and the United States between the 1950s and 1980s, although published data on recent trends have been scarce. We examined numbers of orchidopexy procedures, as a marker for cryptorchidism, using routine hospital admission data for England, Wales, and Scotland for fiscal years 1992-1993 through 1998-1999. Annual trends in orchidopexy rates were analyzed by age, in-patient admission versus day case, and geographical region. Orchidopexy rates were also obtained from the General Practice Research Database (GPRD) for England to cross-validate the hospital admissions data. Orchidopexy rates for boys 0-14 years old fell by 33% (from 23.5 to 15.8 per 10,000 population) between 1992 and 1998, with the steepest decline (50%) in 5-9-year-olds. The decreasing trend for 0-14-year-olds was evident in every region in England, in Wales, and in Scotland. Rates remained stable for men 15 or more years old, at 0.7 per 10,000. There was a marked shift from in-patient to day-case procedures. Rates from the GPRD showed a similar downward trend to the hospital data. Our findings could represent either an underlying decrease in the frequency of undescended testis or a fairly dramatic improvement in the diagnosis of cryptorchidism--resulting in fewer orchidopexies performed for retractile testis--in Great Britain during the 1990s, or both. Either way, our findings do not support the postulate of a recent worsening of male reproductive health of the scale suggested by some recent commentators on the endocrine disruptor hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille B Toledano
- The Small Area Health Statistics Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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