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Kiliç Kanak E, Öztürk Yilmaz S. Production of set-type probiotic and prebiotic yogurt-like products using Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis strains in combination with pumpkin waste. Microb Pathog 2024; 194:106844. [PMID: 39128644 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of pumpkin powder (2 %, 4 %, and 6 %) and Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis probiotics on the physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of yogurt samples during 28 days of storage at 4 °C. The prebiotic effect of pumpkin powder (Cucurbita pepo) and the probiotic effect of Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis were determined. Adding pumpkin powder to yogurt did not significantly alter the pH, acidity, fat, protein, and ash content (p > 0.05). Water holding was not changed during the storage time in the samples of probiotic yogurts, but as the pumpkin powder content increased, the water holding capacity also increased (p < 0.05). This situation did lead to a reduction in syneresis (p < 0.05). The lowest gumminess value at the end of storage was found in the D2 sample (p < 0.05), and the highest adhesiveness value was found in the D4 sample (p < 0.05). Furthermore, throughout the 28-day storage period, E. faecium and E. faecalis maintained a live cell count of ≥6 log CFU g-1 in the probiotic product. As a result of the statistical evaluation, there was a decrease in E. faecium in the D4, S2, and S4 samples, and then it increased again (p > 0.05) during the storage time. As a result of the statistical evaluation, it was determined that the smell, consistency in the spoon, consistency in the mouth, flavor, and acidity changes during the storage were not substantial (p > 0.05). In conclusion, it was found that pumpkin, a byproduct of the pumpkin seed industry, has the potential to act as a prebiotic and improve the properties of dairy products. Additionally, the study suggests that E. faecium and E. faecalis strains could be suitable for probiotic yogurts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Kiliç Kanak
- Sakarya University, Department of Food Engineering, Sakarya, 54187, Turkey.
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2
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Guarner F, Sanders ME, Szajewska H, Cohen H, Eliakim R, Herrera-deGuise C, Karakan T, Merenstein D, Piscoya A, Ramakrishna B, Salminen S, Melberg J. World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines: Probiotics and Prebiotics. J Clin Gastroenterol 2024; 58:533-553. [PMID: 38885083 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000002002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Ellen Sanders
- International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics, Centennial, CO
| | - Hania Szajewska
- Department of Paediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jim Melberg
- World Gastroenterology Organisation, Milwaukee, WI
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3
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Murtaza N, Nawaz M, Yaqub T, Mehmood AK. Impact of Limosilactobacillus fermentum probiotic treatment on gut microbiota composition in sahiwal calves with rotavirus diarrhea: A 16S metagenomic analysis study". BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:114. [PMID: 38575861 PMCID: PMC10993544 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03254-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea poses a major threat to bovine calves leading to mortality and economic losses. Among the causes of calf diarrhea, bovine rotavirus is a major etiological agent and may result in dysbiosis of gut microbiota. The current study was designed to investigate the effect of probiotic Limosilactobacillus fermentum (Accession No.OR504458) on the microbial composition of rotavirus-infected calves using 16S metagenomic analysis technique. Screening of rotavirus infection in calves below one month of age was done through clinical signs and Reverse Transcriptase PCR. The healthy calves (n = 10) were taken as control while the infected calves (n = 10) before treatment was designated as diarrheal group were treated with Probiotic for 5 days. All the calves were screened for the presence of rotavirus infection on each day and fecal scoring was done to assess the fecal consistency. Infected calves after treatment were designated as recovered group. Fecal samples from healthy, recovered and diarrheal (infected calves before sampling) were processed for DNA extraction while four samples from each group were processed for 16S metagenomic analysis using Illumina sequencing technique and analyzed via QIIME 2. RESULTS The results show that Firmicutes were more abundant in the healthy and recovered group than in the diarrheal group. At the same time Proteobacteria was higher in abundance in the diarrheal group. Order Oscillospirales dominated healthy and recovered calves and Enterobacterials dominated the diarrheal group. Alpha diversity indices show that diversity indices based on richness were higher in the healthy group and lower in the diarrheal group while a mixed pattern of clustering between diarrheal and recovered groups samples in PCA plots based on beta diversity indices was observed. CONCLUSION It is concluded that probiotic Limosilactobacillus Fermentum N-30 ameliorate the dysbiosis caused by rotavirus diarrhea and may be used to prevent diarrhea in pre-weaned calves after further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Murtaza
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Tahir Yaqub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Asim Khalid Mehmood
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Pet Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
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Fan W, Zhu Y, Hou H, Yao J, Zhu L, Liu H, Yan H. Treatment and prevention of pigeon diarrhea through the application of Lactobacillus SNK-6. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103476. [PMID: 38401224 PMCID: PMC10906524 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In the pigeon industry, treating and preventing diarrhea is vital because it is a serious health problem for pigeons. This study investigated the incidence of diarrhea in 3 pigeon farms in Shanghai, and analyzed the microflora through 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. Four strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from pigeon diarrhea feces were administered via gavage to healthy pigeons, with each pigeon receiving 2 × 108 CFU. Pigeons that developed diarrhea after E. coli challenge were treated with 3 g of Lactobacillus salivarius SNK-6 (L. salivarius SNK-6) health sand (1.6 × 107 CFU/g). Then, a mass feeding experiment expanded to 688 pairs of pigeons with 3 replicates, each receiving 3 g of health sand containing L. salivarius SNK-6 (1.6 × 107 CFU/g) every 2 wk, and fecal status monitored and recorded. The study found that the relative abundance of the Lactobacillus genus and L. salivarius in feces from pigeons with diarrhea was significantly lower than in normal pigeon feces (P < 0.05). In contrast, E. coli showed a higher abundance and diversity in feces from pigeons with diarrhea than in normal feces (P < 0.05). Three out of the 4 isolated E. coli strains caused pigeon diarrhea, resulting in a significant reduction in microbial diversity in fecal samples (P < 0.05). Both the small group attack experiment and the mass-fed additive experiment in pigeon farms demonstrated that feeding L. salivarius SNK-6 effectively cured and prevented diarrhea. Pigeons fed with L. salivarius SNK-6 exhibited no diarrhea, while the control group had a 10% diarrhea rate. In summary, a deficiency of Lactobacillus or a high abundance of E. coli in the intestine could easily cause pigeon diarrhea. Feeding L. salivarius SNK-6 could treat pigeon diarrhea, and continuous supplementation could maintain stable preventive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Fan
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghao Zhu
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haobin Hou
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Yao
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihui Zhu
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huili Liu
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaxiang Yan
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Higuchi T, Furuichi M, Maeda N, Tsugawa T, Ito K. Effects of probiotics in children with acute gastroenteritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on probiotics utilized in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2024; 30:337-342. [PMID: 37956795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews have evaluated the use of probiotics to treat acute infectious gastroenteritis. However, most probiotic species evaluated in previous large randomized controlled trials are unavailable in Japan. Our objective was to investigate the efficacy of probiotics utilized in Japan for acute gastroenteritis. METHODS The inclusion criterion was a randomized controlled study that compared probiotics with a placebo to treat children younger than 18 years with acute infectious gastroenteritis. We excluded studies that did not contain the following species available in Japan: Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecium, Clostridium butyricum, and Bacillus subtilis and studies in low- or lower-middle-income countries. We searched PubMed, CENTRAL, and Igaku Chuo Zasshi from their inception to November 27, 2022. After the risk of bias assessment, data on diarrhea duration, number of hospitalizations, length of hospital stay, and adverse effects were extracted. RESULTS Fourteen studies were included in this meta-analysis. Diarrhea lasting longer than 48 h (7 articles, n = 878) was significantly lower in the probiotic group (risk ratio (RR) 0.70, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.59-0.83). The duration of diarrhea (14 articles; n = 1761) was 23.45 h (95 % CI 18.22-26.69) shorter in the probiotic group. Duration of hospitalization (6 articles; n = 971) was 17.73 h (95 % CI 6.9-28.56) shorter in the probiotic group. CONCLUSIONS Although the certainty of evidence is very low, the use of probiotics for acute gastroenteritis in children may improve diarrhea approximately one day earlier. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD 42023405559).
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Higuchi
- Department of General Pediatrics, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Aichi, Japan
| | - Munehiro Furuichi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Naonori Maeda
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization, Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsugawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenta Ito
- Department of General Pediatrics, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Aichi, Japan
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Yu P, Pan Y, Pei Z, Guo M, Yang B, Lee YK, Liu X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. Influence of Lactose Supplementation on Regulation of Streptococcus thermophilus on Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2023; 15:4767. [PMID: 38004159 PMCID: PMC10675825 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been found that Streptococcus thermophilus (S. thermophilus) influenced the gut microbiota and host metabolism with strain specificity in C57BL/6J mice in the previous study, though it remains unclear whether lactose as a dietary factor associated with dairy consumption is involved as the mediator in the interaction. In the present study, integrated analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of fecal samples in C57BL/6J mice was applied to evaluate the effect of lactose on the regulation of gut microbiota by two S. thermophilus strains (4M6 and DYNDL13-4). The results showed that the influence of lactose supplementation on gut microbiota induced by S. thermophilus ingestion was strain-specific. Although two S. thermophilus strains ingestion introduced similar perturbations in the fecal microbiota and gut microbial metabolism, the regulation of DYNDL13-4 on the gut microbiota and metabolism was more affected by lactose than 4M6. More specifically, lactose and 4M6 supplementation mainly enriched pathways of d-glutamine and d-glutamate metabolism, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, and tryptophan and phenylalanine metabolism in the gut, whereas 4M6 only enriched tryptophan and phenylalanine metabolism. DYNDL13-4-L (DYNDL13-4 with lactose) had significant effects on sulfur, taurine, and hypotaurine metabolism in the gut and on phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan biosynthesis, and linoleic acid metabolism in serum relative to the DYNDL13-4. Our study demonstrated the strain-specific effect of lactose and S. thermophilus supplementation on gut microbiota and host metabolism. However, considering the complexity of the gut microbiota, further research is necessary to provide insights to facilitate the design of personalized fermented milk products as a dietary therapeutic strategy for improving host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China (Z.P.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Yuqi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China (Z.P.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Zhiwen Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China (Z.P.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Min Guo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China (Z.P.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Pharmabiotics & Antibiotic Resistance, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Yuan-Kun Lee
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Pharmabiotics & Antibiotic Resistance, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Pharmabiotics & Antibiotic Resistance, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China (Z.P.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China (Z.P.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute, Wuxi Branch, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China (Z.P.); (B.Y.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- National Engineering Research Centre for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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7
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Bendriss G, MacDonald R, McVeigh C. Microbial Reprogramming in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: A Review of Gut-Brain Communication and Emerging Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11978. [PMID: 37569349 PMCID: PMC10419219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a debilitating mental health disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions). Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbial composition, has been associated with various health conditions, including mental health disorders, autism, and inflammatory diseases. While the exact mechanisms underlying OCD remain unclear, this review presents a growing body of evidence suggesting a potential link between dysbiosis and the multifaceted etiology of OCD, interacting with genetic, neurobiological, immunological, and environmental factors. This review highlights the emerging evidence implicating the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of OCD and its potential as a target for novel therapeutic approaches. We propose a model that positions dysbiosis as the central unifying element in the neurochemical, immunological, genetic, and environmental factors leading to OCD. The potential and challenges of microbial reprogramming strategies, such as probiotics and fecal transplants in OCD therapeutics, are discussed. This review raises awareness of the importance of adopting a holistic approach that considers the interplay between the gut and the brain to develop interventions that account for the multifaceted nature of OCD and contribute to the advancement of more personalized approaches.
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8
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The protective effect of lactose on the bile salt stress response of Streptococcus thermophilus is strain dependent. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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9
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Khokhlova E, Colom J, Simon A, Mazhar S, García-Lainez G, Llopis S, Gonzalez N, Enrique-López M, Álvarez B, Martorell P, Tortajada M, Deaton J, Rea K. Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Properties of a Novel Potential Probiotic Bacillus clausii CSI08. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020240. [PMID: 36838205 PMCID: PMC9962608 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Spore-forming bacteria of the Bacillus genus have demonstrated potential as probiotics for human use. Bacillus clausii have been recognized as efficacious and safe agents for preventing and treating diarrhea in children and adults, with pronounced immunomodulatory properties during several in vitro and clinical studies. Herein, we characterize the novel strain of B. clausii CSI08 (Munispore®) for probiotic attributes including resistance to gastric acid and bile salts, the ability to suppress the growth of human pathogens, the capacity to assimilate wide range of carbohydrates and to produce potentially beneficial enzymes. Both spores and vegetative cells of this strain were able to adhere to a mucous-producing intestinal cell line and to attenuate the LPS- and Poly I:C-triggered pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in HT-29 intestinal cell line. Vegetative cells of B. clausii CSI08 were also able to elicit a robust immune response in U937-derived macrophages. Furthermore, B. clausii CSI08 demonstrated cytoprotective effects in in vitro cell culture and in vivo C. elegans models of oxidative stress. Taken together, these beneficial properties provide strong evidence for B. clausii CSI08 as a promising potential probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Khokhlova
- Deerland Ireland R&D, Ltd., ADM, Bio-Innovation Unit, Rm. 331 Food Science Building, College Rd., University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Joan Colom
- Deerland Ireland R&D, Ltd., ADM, Bio-Innovation Unit, Rm. 331 Food Science Building, College Rd., University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Annie Simon
- Deerland Ireland R&D, Ltd., ADM, Bio-Innovation Unit, Rm. 331 Food Science Building, College Rd., University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Shahneela Mazhar
- Deerland Ireland R&D, Ltd., ADM, Bio-Innovation Unit, Rm. 331 Food Science Building, College Rd., University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Guillermo García-Lainez
- Archer Daniels Midland, Nutrition, Health&Wellness, Biopolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Silvia Llopis
- Archer Daniels Midland, Nutrition, Health&Wellness, Biopolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Nuria Gonzalez
- Archer Daniels Midland, Nutrition, Health&Wellness, Biopolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - María Enrique-López
- Archer Daniels Midland, Nutrition, Health&Wellness, Biopolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Beatriz Álvarez
- Archer Daniels Midland, Nutrition, Health&Wellness, Biopolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Patricia Martorell
- Archer Daniels Midland, Nutrition, Health&Wellness, Biopolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Marta Tortajada
- Archer Daniels Midland, Nutrition, Health&Wellness, Biopolis S.L. Parc Científic Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - John Deaton
- Deerland Probiotics & Enzymes, ADM, Science and Technology Department, 3800 Cobb International Blvd., Kennesaw, GA 30152, USA
| | - Kieran Rea
- Deerland Ireland R&D, Ltd., ADM, Bio-Innovation Unit, Rm. 331 Food Science Building, College Rd., University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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10
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Postbiotics in Human Health: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020291. [PMID: 36678162 PMCID: PMC9863882 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 21st century, compressive health and functional foods are advocated by increasingly more people in order to eliminate sub-health conditions. Probiotics and postbiotics have gradually become the focus of scientific and nutrition communities. With the maturity and wide application of probiotics, the safety concerns and other disadvantages are non-negligible as we review here. As new-era products, postbiotics continue to have considerable potential as well as plentiful drawbacks to optimize. "Postbiotic" has been defined as a "preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host". Here, the evolution of the concept "postbiotics" is reviewed. The underlying mechanisms of postbiotic action are discussed. Current insight suggests that postbiotics exert efficacy through protective modulation, fortifying the epithelial barrier and modulation of immune responses. Finally, we provide an overview of the comparative advantages and the current application in the food industry at pharmaceutical and biomedical levels.
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11
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Cuozzo S, de Moreno de LeBlanc A, LeBlanc J, Hoffmann N, Tortella G. Streptomyces genus as a source of probiotics and its potential for its use in health. Microbiol Res 2023; 266:127248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Wastyk HC, Perelman D, Topf M, Fragiadakis GK, Robinson JL, Sonnenburg JL, Gardner CD, Sonnenburg ED. Randomized controlled trial demonstrates response to a probiotic intervention for metabolic syndrome that may correspond to diet. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2178794. [PMID: 36803658 PMCID: PMC9980610 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2178794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An individual's immune and metabolic status is coupled to their microbiome. Probiotics offer a promising, safe route to influence host health, possibly via the microbiome. Here, we report an 18-week, randomized prospective study that explores the effects of a probiotic vs. placebo supplement on 39 adults with elevated parameters of metabolic syndrome. We performed longitudinal sampling of stool and blood to profile the human microbiome and immune system. While we did not see changes in metabolic syndrome markers in response to the probiotic across the entire cohort, there were significant improvements in triglycerides and diastolic blood pressure in a subset of probiotic arm participants. Conversely, the non-responders had increased blood glucose and insulin levels over time. The responders had a distinct microbiome profile at the end of the intervention relative to the non-responders and placebo arm. Importantly, diet was a key differentiating factor between responders and non-responders. Our results show participant-specific effects of a probiotic supplement on improving parameters of metabolic syndrome and suggest that dietary factors may enhance stability and efficacy of the supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C. Wastyk
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dalia Perelman
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of 4Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Madeline Topf
- Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer L. Robinson
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of 4Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Justin L. Sonnenburg
- Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Center for Human Microbiome Studies, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA,CONTACT Justin L. Sonnenburg Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305, USA
| | - Christopher D. Gardner
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of 4Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Christopher D. Gardner Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305, USA
| | - Erica D. Sonnenburg
- Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Center for Human Microbiome Studies, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA,Erica D. Sonnenburg Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Vázquez-Frias R, Consuelo-Sánchez A, Acosta-Rodríguez-Bueno CP, Blanco-Montero A, Robles DC, Cohen V, Márquez D, Perez M. Efficacy and Safety of the Adjuvant Use of Probiotic Bacillus clausii Strains in Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Paediatr Drugs 2023; 25:115-126. [PMID: 36380186 PMCID: PMC9666949 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-022-00536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Current irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) treatments have limited efficacy and probiotics like Bacillus clausii (B. clausii) were found to be effective in the management of several gastrointestinal disorders. This phase III trial assessed the efficacy and safety of adding B. clausii (four strains: O/C, N/R, SIN, T), versus placebo, to conventional treatment of pediatric IBS in Mexico. METHODS Patients aged 6-17 years 11 months with IBS (Rome IV) for at least 2 months were randomized to receive either B. clausii (oral suspension, total dose 4 billion spores/day) or placebo once daily for 8 weeks. All patients also received conventional treatment. The primary endpoint was the difference in the proportion of patients with clinical improvements at Week 8 (Global Assessment Questions [GAQ]). Secondary endpoints included responders by Subject's Global Assessment of Relief for Children with IBS (SGARC); number/consistency of stools; abdominal distention/bloating; abdominal pain/intensity; and IBS behavior. RESULTS 73.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 67.3-80.0; B. clausii n = 129) and 78.5% (95% CI 72.5-84.4; placebo n = 130) of patients had symptom improvement (p = 0.8182). For Week 8 SGARC, 19.2% (B. clausii) and 20.9% (placebo) reported complete symptom relief. Stool evaluations, bloating, abdominal pain/intensity, and IBS behavior were similar between groups. Both treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSION No significant differences in efficacy between B. clausii and placebo were demonstrated in addition to conventional treatment. The sample size calculation was based on an expected placebo/conventional treatment response of 30-40%. However, the actual treatment response observed was 80% and, thus, a study with larger population would be warranted. In addition, this study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, when such controlled social conditions may have resulted in better diet, greater family stability, less psychological stress, and lower risk of infections exacerbating IBS, thereby improving symptoms in both groups. EUDRACT NUMBER 2018-004519-31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Vázquez-Frias
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Nutrición, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, National Health Institute, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Alejandra Consuelo-Sánchez
- Departamento de Gastroenterología y Nutrición, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, National Health Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
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Gandhar JS, De UK, Kala A, Malik YS, Yadav S, Paul BR, Dixit SK, Sircar S, Chaudhary P, Patra MK, Gaur GK. Efficacy of Microencapsulated Probiotic as Adjunct Therapy on Resolution of Diarrhea, Copper-Zinc Homeostasis, Immunoglobulins, and Inflammatory Markers in Serum of Spontaneous Rotavirus-Infected Diarrhoetic Calves. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 14:1054-1066. [PMID: 34676503 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09862-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of a microencapsulated probiotic as an adjunct therapy in rotavirus-positive diarrhea of neonatal calves that received supportive treatment or supportive along with microencapsulated probiotic treatment, for 5 days. We examined whether microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC15 probiotic treatment in rotavirus-infected diarrhoetic calves led to faster resolution of diarrhea, amelioration of zinc-copper imbalance, improved the immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G, and decreased the inflammatory markers in serum. Calves with rotavirus-positive diarrhea < 4-week age and fecal scores ≥ 2 were randomly assigned into two groups. The supportive along with microencapsulated probiotic treatment significantly (p < 0.05) increased zinc and immunoglobulin A concentrations and decreased copper, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nitric oxide level in serum on days 3 and 5 from pretreatment values; the immunoglobulin G concentration was elevated (p < 0.05) on day 5. The mean resolution time of abnormal fecal score was 5.3 and 3.3 days in supportive treatment and supportive along with microencapsulated probiotic groups, respectively, in log-rank Mantel-Cox test. The calves in the supportive along with microencapsulated probiotic treatment group had faster resolution of diarrhea than supportive treatment group in Dunn's multiple comparisons test. This study demonstrates that supportive treatment along with microencapsulated probiotic administered to naturally rotavirus-infected diarrhoetic calves at onset of diarrhea led to faster resolution of diarrhea, improved zinc and immunoglobulin levels, and decreased the inflammatory parameters in serum of rotavirus-infected diarrhoetic calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Singh Gandhar
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Ujjwal Kumar De
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India.
| | - Anju Kala
- Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Supriya Yadav
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Babul Rudra Paul
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Shivendra Kumar Dixit
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Shubhankar Sircar
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Pallab Chaudhary
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Manas Kumar Patra
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Gyanendra Kumar Gaur
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
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15
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Acosta-Rodríguez-Bueno CP, Abreu Y Abreu AT, Guarner F, Guno MJV, Pehlivanoğlu E, Perez M. Bacillus clausii for Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Narrative Literature Review. Adv Ther 2022; 39:4854-4874. [PMID: 36018495 PMCID: PMC9525334 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-022-02285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is intrinsically linked to human health; disturbances in microbial homeostasis are implicated in both intestinal and extraintestinal disorders. Probiotics are "live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host," and many commercial preparations comprising a diverse range of species are available. While probiotics have been much researched, better understanding of the probiotic effects and applications of species such as Bacillus clausii is warranted. In this narrative literature review, we review the characteristics and mechanisms of action supporting B. clausii as a probiotic and discuss the evidence from clinical studies evaluating B. clausii probiotics for the management of a variety of gastrointestinal disorders and symptoms in children and adults. Finally, we highlight the challenges of future research and the need for more robust and diverse clinical evidence to guide physicians in the clinical application of probiotics for gastrointestinal disorders and other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mary Jean V Guno
- Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health, Pasig City, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Marcos Perez
- Sanofi, Industriepark Höchst, Bldg. K607, Room 5327, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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16
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Kim J, Cheong YE, Yu S, Jin YS, Kim KH. Strain engineering and metabolic flux analysis of a probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii for metabolizing L-fucose, a mammalian mucin component. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:204. [PMID: 36207743 PMCID: PMC9541068 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01926-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Saccharomyces boulardii is a probiotic yeast that exhibits antimicrobial and anti-toxin activities. Although S. boulardii has been clinically used for decades to treat gastrointestinal disorders, several studies have reported weak or no beneficial effects of S. boulardii administration in some cases. These conflicting results of S. boulardii efficacity may be due to nutrient deficiencies in the intestine that make it difficult for S. boulardii to maintain its metabolic activity. Results To enable S. boulardii to overcome any nutritional deficiencies in the intestine, we constructed a S. boulardii strain that could metabolize l-fucose, a major component of mucin in the gut epithelium. The fucU, fucI, fucK, and fucA from Escherichia coli and HXT4 from S. cerevisiae were overexpressed in S. boulardii. The engineered S. boulardii metabolized l-fucose and produced 1,2-propanediol under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. It also produced large amounts of 1,2-propanediol under strict anaerobic conditions. An in silico genome-scale metabolic model analysis was performed to simulate the growth of S. boulardii on l-fucose, and elementary flux modes were calculated to identify critical metabolic reactions for assimilating l-fucose. As a result, we found that the engineered S. boulardii consumes l-fucose via (S)-lactaldehyde-(S)-lactate-pyruvate pathway, which is highly oxygen dependent. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in which S. cerevisiae and S. boulardii strains capable of metabolizing l-fucose have been constructed. This strategy could be used to enhance the metabolic activity of S. boulardii and other probiotic microorganisms in the gut. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01926-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungyeon Kim
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Eun Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sora Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Kyoung Heon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Effect of fermented rapeseed meal in the mixture for growing pigs on the gastrointestinal tract, antioxidant status, and immune response. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15764. [PMID: 36130989 PMCID: PMC9492901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ban on the use of zinc oxide has increased interest in probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and organic acids, as well as fermented components in the diet of weaned piglets. This study assessed the effect of 8% fermented rapeseed meal in weaner diets on characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract, the small intestinal microbiota, and immune and antioxidant status. The effects were determined by measuring biochemical and haematological blood parameters, levels of class G, A and M immunoglobulins and IL-6, and the antioxidant potential of the plasma. After slaughter, the gastrointestinal tract was measured, the viscosity of the digesta was determined, and microbiological tests were performed. The results showed that the fermented component reduced the viscosity of the digesta and the length of segments of the gastrointestinal tract. It caused a statistically significant increase in lactic acid bacteria and a decrease in total bacteria. The haematological and biochemical analyses of the blood confirmed the biological activity of the fermented component. Pigs from group FR had significantly higher haemoglobin levels (p = 0.001), RBC count (p = 0.015), and haematocrit (Ht) value (p < 0.001) than the control animals. A diet including 8% rapeseed meal fermented using Bacillus subtilis strain 87Y benefits gastrointestinal function by stabilizing and improving the function of the bacterial microbiota, inhibiting growth of certain pathogens, and strengthening immunity.
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18
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Vecchio AL, Nunziata F, Bruzzese D, Conelli ML, Guarino A. Rotavirus immunisation status affects the efficacy of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG for the treatment of children with acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis. Benef Microbes 2022; 13:283-294. [PMID: 36004717 DOI: 10.3920/bm2022.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of Lacticaseibacillus rhamonosus GG (LGG) for the treatment of children with acute gastroenteritis has been debated based on most recent evidence. Previous evidence demonstrated that LGG mainly benefits children with Rotavirus infection compared to other aetiologies. However, Rotavirus immunisation (RVI) has been implemented worldwide since 2006. We aimed to investigate whether the efficacy of LGG in children with gastroenteritis vary according to RVI status. The MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane library databases were searched for relevant randomised controlled trials (RCT) up to April 2022. The duration of diarrhoea and episodes lasting >48 h were considered as primary outcomes. The date of vaccine introduction and RVI coverage were reviewed for all countries where trials were conducted. Among the 15 RCTs included in the analysis (n=3,465), only 5 showed a low risk of bias. In RCT conducted before the introduction of RVI (n=2,932), LGG was effective in reducing the duration of diarrhoea compared with placebo or standard care (Median -23.80 h, 95% confidence interval (CI) -36.59 to -11.02]). Only 2 RCTs (n=1,072) reported data of populations partially immunised against Rotavirus with an overall coverage of 44 and 67%, respectively. In this population, LGG showed no efficacy in reducing the duration of diarrhoea (Median -5.34, 95%CI -12.9 to 2.22). Similarly, LGG reduced the risk of diarrhoea lasting >48 h in children not immunised against Rotavirus (RR 0.73, 95%CI 0.54-0.99), but not in population partially immunised (RR 0.98, 95%CI 0.87 to 1.11). The implementation of RVI might affect the efficacy of LGG modifying local epidemiology and susceptibility of the target population to selected probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lo Vecchio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences - Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - F Nunziata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences - Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - D Bruzzese
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - M L Conelli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences - Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - A Guarino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences - Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Ghazisaeedi F, Meens J, Hansche B, Maurischat S, Schwerk P, Goethe R, Wieler LH, Fulde M, Tedin K. A virulence factor as a therapeutic: the probiotic Enterococcus faecium SF68 arginine deiminase inhibits innate immune signaling pathways. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2106105. [PMID: 35921516 PMCID: PMC9351580 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2106105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The probiotic bacterial strain Enterococcus faecium SF68 has been shown to alleviate symptoms of intestinal inflammation in human clinical trials and animal feed supplementation studies. To identify factors involved in immunomodulatory effects on host cells, E. faecium SF68 and other commensal and clinical Enterococcus isolates were screened using intestinal epithelial cell lines harboring reporter fusions for NF-κB and JNK(AP-1) activation to determine the responses of host cell innate immune signaling pathways when challenged with bacterial protein and cell components. Cell-free, whole-cell lysates of E. faecium SF68 showed a reversible, inhibitory effect on both NF-κB and JNK(AP-1) signaling pathway activation in intestinal epithelial cells and abrogated the response to bacterial and other Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. The inhibitory effect was species-specific, and was not observed for E. avium, E. gallinarum, or E. casseliflavus. Screening of protein fractions of E. faecium SF68 lysates yielded an active fraction containing a prominent protein identified as arginine deiminase (ADI). The E. faecium SF68 arcA gene encoding arginine deiminase was cloned and introduced into E. avium where it conferred the same NF-κB inhibitory effects on intestinal epithelial cells as seen for E. faecium SF68. Our results indicate that the arginine deiminase of E. faecium SF68 is responsible for inhibition of host cell NF-κB and JNK(AP-1) pathway activation, and is likely to be responsible for the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects observed in prior clinical human and animal trials. The implications for the use of this probiotic strain for preventive and therapeutic purposes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Ghazisaeedi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Meens
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bianca Hansche
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Sanofi-AventisGmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Maurischat
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany,German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Schwerk
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Goethe
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar H. Wieler
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Tedin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany,CONTACT Karsten Tedin Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse7, Berlin14163Germany
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Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus: A Suitable Candidate for the Construction of Novel Bioengineered Probiotic Strains for Targeted Pathogen Control. Foods 2022; 11:foods11060785. [PMID: 35327208 PMCID: PMC8947445 DOI: 10.3390/foods11060785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics, with their associated beneficial effects, have gained popularity for the control of foodborne pathogens. Various sources are explored with the intent to isolate novel robust probiotic strains with a broad range of health benefits due to, among other mechanisms, the production of an array of antimicrobial compounds. One of the shortcomings of these wild-type probiotics is their non-specificity. A pursuit to circumvent this limitation led to the advent of the field of pathobiotechnology. In this discipline, specific pathogen gene(s) are cloned and expressed into a given probiotic to yield a novel pathogen-specific strain. The resultant recombinant probiotic strain will exhibit enhanced species-specific inhibition of the pathogen and its associated infection. Such probiotics are also used as vehicles to deliver therapeutic agents. As fascinating as this approach is, coupled with the availability of numerous probiotics, it brings a challenge with regard to deciding which of the probiotics to use. Nonetheless, it is indisputable that an ideal candidate must fulfil the probiotic selection criteria. This review aims to show how Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, a clinically best-studied probiotic, presents as such a candidate. The objective is to spark researchers’ interest to conduct further probiotic-engineering studies using L. rhamnosus, with prospects for the successful development of novel probiotic strains with enhanced beneficial attributes.
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21
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Gastrointestinal Microbiota Dysbiosis Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Colorectal Cancer: The Implication of Probiotics. GASTROENTEROLOGY INSIGHTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/gastroent13010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)’s pathophysiology is such that microbial dysbiosis in the lung and gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota may be involved in its pathogenic process. GI microbiota dysbiosis has been associated with respiratory disorders, including COVID-19, as well as sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) through imbalanced microbiota and compromised immune response. It is pertinent to understand the possible role of probiotics in stabilizing the microbial environment and maintaining the integrity of the respiratory and GI tracts in SARS-CoV-2 induced dysbiosis and colorectal carcinogenesis. The long-term implication of SARS-CoV-2 in GI dysbiosis via microbiota-gut-lung cross-talk could increase the risk of new CRC diagnosis or worsen the condition of previously diagnosed individuals. Recent knowledge shows that the immune-modulatory response to probiotics is shifting the beneficial use of probiotics towards the treatment of various diseases. In this review, we highlight the potential impact of probiotics on SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with CRC through microbiota imbalance in COVID-19 patients.
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22
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Li Z, Zhu G, Li C, Lai H, Liu X, Zhang L. Which Probiotic Is the Most Effective for Treating Acute Diarrhea in Children? A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124319. [PMID: 34959871 PMCID: PMC8706888 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five. Probiotics are beneficial for treating acute diarrhea in children, but unclear which specific probiotic is the most effective. We performed a Bayesian network meta-analysis to examine the comparative effectiveness of probiotics. By searching EMBASE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library up to 31 March 2021, randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on probiotics for treating acute diarrhea in children were included. Primary outcomes included the duration of diarrhea and diarrhea lasting ≥2 days, and secondary outcomes included the mean stool frequency on day 2 and duration of hospitalization, fever, and vomiting. We assessed the certainty of the evidence of outcomes according to Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) guideline. Eighty-four studies with twenty-one different interventions in 13,443 children were included. For the primary outcomes, moderate evidence indicated that, Lactobacillus reuteri [mean difference (MD) = -0.84 day; 95% confidence interval (CI), -1.39, -0.29], Bifidobacterium lactis (MD = -0.98 day; 95%CI, -1.82, -0.14), Saccharomyces boulardii (MD = -1.25 day; 95%CI, -1.59, -0.91), Lactobacillus species (spp.) plus Bifidobacterium spp. plus Saccharomyces spp. (MD = -1.19 day; 95%CI, -1.81, -0.58), and Bacillus spp. plus Enterococcus spp. plus Clostridium spp. (MD = -1.1 day; 95%CI, -1.84, -0.35) significantly reduced the duration of diarrhea when compared with placebo. Saccharomyces boulardii [Odds ratio (OR) = 0.22; 95%CI, 0.11, 0.41] and Lactobacillus reuteri (OR = 0.23; 95%CI, 0.090, 0.60) significantly reduced the risk of diarrhea lasting ≥2 days when compared with placebo or no treatment, with moderate evidence. Among all probiotics, Saccharomyces boulardii may be the most effective in reducing both duration of diarrhea (compared with placebo) and risk of diarrhea lasting ≥2 days (compared with placebo or no treatment), with moderate evidence. To be conclusive, Saccharomyces boulardii may be the most effective probiotic for treating acute diarrhea in children, followed by several other single-strain and multi-strain probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengbin Li
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (Z.L.); (G.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Guixian Zhu
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (Z.L.); (G.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Global Health Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (C.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Hao Lai
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (Z.L.); (G.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Global Health Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (C.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (Z.L.); (G.Z.); (H.L.)
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-29-82655135
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Batiha GES, Alqarni M, Awad DAB, Algammal AM, Nyamota R, Wahed MII, Shah MA, Amin MN, Adetuyi BO, Hetta HF, Cruz-Martins N, Koirala N, Ghosh A, Echeverría J, Pagnossa JP, Sabatier JM. Dairy-Derived and Egg White Proteins in Enhancing Immune System Against COVID-19. Front Nutr 2021; 8:629440. [PMID: 34322507 PMCID: PMC8310913 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.629440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a global health challenge, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) triggers a plethora of respiratory disturbances and even multiple organs failure that can be fatal. Nutritional intervention is one of the key components toward to a proper management of COVID-19 patients, especially in those requiring medication, and should thus be considered the first-line treatment. Immuno-modulation and -stimulation are currently being explored in COVID-19 management and are gaining interest by food and pharmaceutical industries. Various dietary combinations, bioactive components, nutrients and fortified foods have been reported to modulate inflammation during disease progression. Dietary combinations of dairy-derived products and eggs are gaining an increasing attention given the huge immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties attributed to some of their chemical constituents. Eggs are complex dietary components containing many essential nutrients and bioactive compounds as well as a high-quality proteins. Similarly, yogurts can replenish beneficial bacteria and contains macronutrients capable of stimulating immunity by enhancing cell immunity, reducing oxidative stress, neutralizing inflammation and regulating the intestinal barriers and gut microbiome. Thus, this review highlights the impact of nutritional intervention on COVID-19 management, focusing on the immunomodulatory and inflammatory effects of immune-enhancing nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Alqarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina A B Awad
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Abdelazeem M Algammal
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Richard Nyamota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya
| | - Mir I I Wahed
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad N Amin
- Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Pratyasha Health Biomedical Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Babatunde O Adetuyi
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Precious Cornerstone University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Helal F Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Niranjan Koirala
- Department of Natural Products Research, Dr. Koirala Research Institute for Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Kathmandu, Nepal.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Microbiology Division, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- Université Aix-Marseille, Institut de Neuro-Physiopathologie (INP), UMR 7051, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
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Iqbal Z, Ahmed S, Tabassum N, Bhattacharya R, Bose D. Role of probiotics in prevention and treatment of enteric infections: a comprehensive review. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:242. [PMID: 33968585 PMCID: PMC8079594 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02796-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms that inhabits human digestive tract affect global health and enteric disorders. Previous studies have documented the effectiveness and mode of action of probiotics and classified as human-friendly biota and a competitor to enteric pathogens. Statistical studies reported more than 1.5 billion cases of gastrointestinal infections caused by enteric pathogens and their long-term exposure can lead to mental retardation, temporary or permanent physical weakness, and leaving the patient susceptible for opportunistic pathogens, which can cause fatality. We reviewed previous literature providing evidence about therapeutic approaches regarding probiotics to cure enteric infections efficiently by producing inhibitory substances, immune system modulation, improved barrier function. The therapeutic effects of probiotics have shown success against many foodborne pathogens and their therapeutic effectiveness has been exponentially increased using genetically engineered probiotics. The bioengineered probiotic strains are expected to provide a better and alternative approach than traditional antibiotic therapy against enteric pathogens, but the novelty of these strains also raise doubts about the possible untapped side effects, for which there is a need for further studies to eliminate the concerns relating to the use and safety of probiotics. Many such developments and optimization of the classical techniques will revolutionize the treatments for enteric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunaira Iqbal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Central Punjab, Johar Town, 1-Khayaban-e-Jinnah Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahzaib Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Johar Town, 1-Khayaban-e-Jinnah Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Natasha Tabassum
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Johar Town, 1-Khayaban-e-Jinnah Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Riya Bhattacharya
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Debajyoti Bose
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh India
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25
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Li N, Xie Q, Zhao L, Shi J, Evivie SE, Lv X, Huo G, Li B. Human milk and infant formula modulate the intestinal microbiota and immune systems of human microbiota-associated mice. Food Funct 2021; 12:2784-2798. [PMID: 33751009 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03004j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many infants on an exclusive breastfeeding regimen are often fed inadequate amounts, and this creates an imbalance between the overall effects of breast milk and commercial infant formulas. We comparatively analyzed the impact of human milk and two infant formulas in modulating the intestinal microbiota and the immune systems of mice colonized by healthy infant feces. The results showed that compared to infant formula, human milk decreased the levels of alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and total protein. Also, it improved the immune system through the level of cytokines (CD4+ lymphocytes, Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells) and immunity indicators (IL-2, IL-4, IL-9, and sIgA). Human milk decreased intestinal mucosal permeability compared to infant formula. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that human milk increased the abundance of Akkermansia and Bacteroides, while infant formula increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and Escherichia_Shigella. Collectively, our results showed that human milk is more suitable for infants than the two commercial infant formulas based on intestinal microbiota and immune system analyses. These findings thus support a theoretical basis for the development of infant formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Fu J, Wang T, Xiao X, Cheng Y, Wang F, Jin M, Wang Y, Zong X. Clostridium Butyricum ZJU-F1 Benefits the Intestinal Barrier Function and Immune Response Associated with Its Modulation of Gut Microbiota in Weaned Piglets. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030527. [PMID: 33801396 PMCID: PMC8001369 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary C. butyricum ZJU-F1 on the apparent digestibility of nutrients, intestinal barrier function, immune response, and microflora of weaned piglets, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for the application of Clostridium butyricum as an alternative to antibiotics in weaned piglets. A total of 120 weanling piglets were randomly divided into four treatment groups, in which piglets were fed a basal diet supplemented with antibiotics (CON), Bacillus licheniformis (BL), Clostridium butyricum ZJU-F1 (CB), or Clostridium butyricum and Bacillus licheniformis (CB-BL), respectively. The results showed that CB and CB-BL treatment increased the intestinal digestibility of nutrients, decreased intestinal permeability, and increased intestinal tight junction protein and mucin expression, thus maintaining the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier. CB and CB-BL, as exogenous probiotics, were also found to stimulate the immune response of weaned piglets and improve the expression of antimicrobial peptides in the ileum. In addition, dietary CB and CB-BL increased the proportion of Lactobacillus. The levels of butyric acid, propionic acid, acetic acid, and total acid were significantly increased in the ceca of piglets fed CB and CB-BL. Furthermore, we validated the effects of C. butyricum ZJU-F1 on the intestinal barrier function and immune response in vitro and found C. butyricum ZJU-F1 improved intestinal function and enhanced the TLR-2-MyD88-NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.F.); (T.W.); (X.X.); (Y.C.); (F.W.); (M.J.)
| | - Tenghao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.F.); (T.W.); (X.X.); (Y.C.); (F.W.); (M.J.)
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.F.); (T.W.); (X.X.); (Y.C.); (F.W.); (M.J.)
| | - Yuanzhi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.F.); (T.W.); (X.X.); (Y.C.); (F.W.); (M.J.)
| | - Fengqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.F.); (T.W.); (X.X.); (Y.C.); (F.W.); (M.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.F.); (T.W.); (X.X.); (Y.C.); (F.W.); (M.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in Eastern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.F.); (T.W.); (X.X.); (Y.C.); (F.W.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xin Zong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.F.); (T.W.); (X.X.); (Y.C.); (F.W.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (X.Z.)
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27
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Amadi OF, Nduagubam OC, Okeke IB, Ndu IK, Ekwochi U, Ogbuka FN. Use of Probiotics in the Management of Acute Watery Diarrhoea in Nigerian Children: How Effective are S. Boulardii only Preparations? Niger Med J 2021; 62:54-59. [PMID: 38505569 PMCID: PMC10937065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrhoeal diseases are a major cause of death worldwide particularly among under-fives and probiotics is used in the management of diarrheal diseases. While some probiotics are of unproven usefulness, others are. Despite the burden of diarrhoea diseases in Africa, there is paucity of studies to support the efficacy or otherwise of S. boulardii among children with diarrheal disease. This study examined the impact of S. boulardii on the clinical course of acute watery diarrhea in children in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Methodology Two hundred and fifty under-five children with acute watery diarrhoea were recruited and treated in the hospital. One hundred and twenty-five were given probiotics (S. boulardii) in addition to Oral Rehydration solution (ORS), zincand antibiotics while the other one hundred and twenty-five were noton probiotics (Controls). Their stool frequency on the 3rd and 5th day and the duration of the diarrhea, were used to assess outcome. Information was obtained using a questionnaire and then analysed. Result Majority of the children (58.8%) were at their second half of infancy (7-12 months). The average number of diarrheal episodes was significantly lower among the subjects by the 3rd day of intervention (t = 2.496, p = 0.013) but not by the 5th day (t = 0.212; p = 0.832). Duration of diarrhea, however, was not significantly different between the subjects and controls (p = 0.246). Conclusion S. Boulardiionly probiotic preparations reduce the number of diarrhoeal episodes but not the duration of diarrhea among under- 5s.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ikenna Kingsley Ndu
- Department. of Pediatrics, Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Parklane, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Uchenna Ekwochi
- Department. of Pediatrics, Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Parklane, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Francis Nnamdi Ogbuka
- Department. of Pediatrics, Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Parklane, Enugu, Nigeria
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Collinson S, Deans A, Padua-Zamora A, Gregorio GV, Li C, Dans LF, Allen SJ. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 12:CD003048. [PMID: 33295643 PMCID: PMC8166250 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003048.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics may be effective in reducing the duration of acute infectious diarrhoea. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of probiotics in proven or presumed acute infectious diarrhoea. SEARCH METHODS We searched the trials register of the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group, MEDLINE, and Embase from inception to 17 December 2019, as well as the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (Issue 12, 2019), in the Cochrane Library, and reference lists from studies and reviews. We included additional studies identified during external review. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials comparing a specified probiotic agent with a placebo or no probiotic in people with acute diarrhoea that is proven or presumed to be caused by an infectious agent. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently applied inclusion criteria, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data. Primary outcomes were measures of diarrhoea duration (diarrhoea lasting ≥ 48 hours; duration of diarrhoea). Secondary outcomes were number of people hospitalized in community studies, duration of hospitalization in inpatient studies, diarrhoea lasting ≥ 14 days, and adverse events. MAIN RESULTS We included 82 studies with a total of 12,127 participants. These studies included 11,526 children (age < 18 years) and 412 adults (three studies recruited 189 adults and children but did not specify numbers in each age group). No cluster-randomized trials were included. Studies varied in the definitions used for "acute diarrhoea" and "end of the diarrhoeal illness" and in the probiotic(s) tested. A total of 53 trials were undertaken in countries where both child and adult mortality was low or very low, and 26 where either child or adult mortality was high. Risk of bias was high or unclear in many studies, and there was marked statistical heterogeneity when findings for the primary outcomes were pooled in meta-analysis. Effect size was similar in the sensitivity analysis and marked heterogeneity persisted. Publication bias was demonstrated from funnel plots for the main outcomes. In our main analysis of the primary outcomes in studies at low risk for all indices of risk of bias, no difference was detected between probiotic and control groups for the risk of diarrhoea lasting ≥ 48 hours (risk ratio (RR) 1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91 to 1.09; 2 trials, 1770 participants; moderate-certainty evidence); or for duration of diarrhoea (mean difference (MD) 8.64 hours shorter, 95% CI 29.4 hours shorter to 12.1 hours longer; 6 trials, 3058 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Effect size was similar and marked heterogeneity persisted in pre-specified subgroup analyses of the primary outcomes that included all studies. These included analyses limited to the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Saccharomyces boulardii. In six trials (433 participants) of Lactobacillus reuteri, there was consistency amongst findings (I² = 0%), but risk of bias was present in all included studies. Heterogeneity also was not explained by types of participants (age, nutritional/socioeconomic status captured by mortality stratum, region of the world where studies were undertaken), diarrhoea in children caused by rotavirus, exposure to antibiotics, and the few studies of children who were also treated with zinc. In addition, there were no clear differences in effect size for the primary outcomes in post hoc analyses according to decade of publication of studies and whether or not trials had been registered. For other outcomes, the duration of hospitalization in inpatient studies on average was shorter in probiotic groups than in control groups but there was marked heterogeneity between studies (I² = 96%; MD -18.03 hours, 95% CI -27.28 to -8.78, random-effects model: 24 trials, 4056 participants). No differences were detected between probiotic and control groups in the number of people with diarrhoea lasting ≥ 14 days (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.53; 9 studies, 2928 participants) or in risk of hospitalization in community studies (RR 1.26, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.89; 6 studies, 2283 participants). No serious adverse events were attributed to probiotics. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Probiotics probably make little or no difference to the number of people who have diarrhoea lasting 48 hours or longer, and we are uncertain whether probiotics reduce the duration of diarrhoea. This analysis is based on large trials with low risk of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelui Collinson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Deans
- Urgent Care, Team Medical, Paraparaumu, New Zealand
| | - April Padua-Zamora
- Department of Pediatrics, University of the Philippines Manila College of Medicine-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Germana V Gregorio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of the Philippines Manila College of Medicine-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Chao Li
- Tropical Clinical Trials Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Leonila F Dans
- Department of Pediatrics, University of the Philippines Manila College of Medicine-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Stephen J Allen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in Infants and Children With Acute Diarrhea. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020; 39:e347-e351. [PMID: 32796401 PMCID: PMC7556239 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of Saccharomyces cerevisiae variant boulardii CNCM I-3799 (S. boulardii CNCM I-3799) in the management of acute diarrhea in children. METHODS A total of 100 infants and children 3-36 months of age with acute diarrhea received medical care according to the World Health Organization guidelines on the management of acute diarrhea in children and were randomly allocated to the probiotic group (S. boulardii CNCM I-3799 at a daily dose of 5 billion CFU twice daily) or to the placebo group. Infants and children were treated for 5 days and an extended follow-up was planned 1 and 2 months after the end of the treatment period. Primary endpoint was the time of recovery from diarrhea defined as the duration of diarrhea. Other parameters, such as frequency and consistency of stools, associated with the severity of diarrhea episodes were defined as secondary endpoints. RESULTS The administration of S. boulardii CNCM I-3799 was associated with beneficial effects on duration and severity of diarrhea. The time of recovery from diarrhea was significantly shorter in the probiotic group compared with the placebo group (65.8 ± 12 hours vs. 95.3 ± 17.6 hours, P = 0.0001). Faster remission in the probiotic group was also demonstrated by a shorter time before the first episode of semisolid stool [-23.5 hours, diff (95% CI): -7.99 (-31.49 to -15.51), P = 0.0001] and the faster normalization of stool consistency. S. boulardii CNCM I-3799 was well tolerated. CONCLUSION S. boulardii CNCM I-3799 supplementation in children with acute diarrhea was shown effective in reducing the duration and severity of diarrhea in infants and children.
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Li N, Li B, Guan J, Shi J, Evivie SE, Zhao L, Huo G, Wang S. Distinct Effects of Milks From Various Animal Types on Infant Fecal Microbiota Through in vitro Fermentations. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:580931. [PMID: 33072051 PMCID: PMC7533598 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.580931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is compatible with infant intestinal microbiota and is vital for infant health. However, most infants do not receive sufficient exclusive breastfeeding, and the effects of including other types of animal milk on the gut microbiota of infants are unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to elucidate the impact of milk from various animal sources on infant fecal microbiota through in vitro fermentation. The types of milk assessed include cow milk, goat milk, camel milk, mare milk, human milk, and infant formula milk. Here we determined the gas pressure, pH, and microbiota after 24 h fermentation. Results showed that mare milk had the lowest gas pressure rating, with levels similar to human milk. More so, pH analysis demonstrated that other milk types were identical to human milk. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that all milk types increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, which was proportional to the lactose content of milk. Moreover, mare milk also significantly increased the relative abundance of Akkermansia. Collectively, results from mare milk (gas pressure, pH, and microbiota) were comparable to that of human milk, and thus support the theoretical basis for exploring the development of a mare milk-based infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Bailiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaqi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jialu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Smith Etareri Evivie
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guicheng Huo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Dioso CM, Vital P, Arellano K, Park H, Todorov SD, Ji Y, Holzapfel W. Do Your Kids Get What You Paid for? Evaluation of Commercially Available Probiotic Products Intended for Children in the Republic of the Philippines and the Republic of Korea. Foods 2020; 9:E1229. [PMID: 32899215 PMCID: PMC7555838 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of probiotic products is available on the market and can be easily purchased over the counter and unlike pharmaceutical drugs, their commercial distribution is not strictly regulated. In this study, ten probiotic preparations commercially available for children's consumption in the Republic of the Philippines (PH) and the Republic of Korea (SK) have been investigated. The analyses included determination of viable counts and taxonomic identification of the bacterial species present in each formulation. The status of each product was assessed by comparing the results with information and claims provided on the label. In addition to their molecular identification, safety assessment of the isolated strains was conducted by testing for hemolysis, biogenic amine production and antibiotic resistance. One out of the ten products contained lower viable numbers of recovered microorganisms than claimed on the label. Enterococcus strains, although not mentioned on the label, were isolated from four products. Some of these isolates produced biogenic amines and were resistant to one or several antibiotics. Metagenomic analyses of two products revealed that one product did not contain most of the microorganisms declared in its specification. The study demonstrated that some commercial probiotic products for children did not match their label claims. Infants and young children belong to the most vulnerable members of society, and food supplements including probiotics destined for this consumer group require careful checking and strict regulation before commercial distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarizza May Dioso
- Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines;
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment Department, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk 37554, Korea; (K.A.); (H.P.); (S.D.T.)
| | - Pierangeli Vital
- Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines;
| | - Karina Arellano
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment Department, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk 37554, Korea; (K.A.); (H.P.); (S.D.T.)
| | - Haryung Park
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment Department, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk 37554, Korea; (K.A.); (H.P.); (S.D.T.)
- HEM Inc., Business Incubator, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk 37554, Korea;
| | - Svetoslav Dimitrov Todorov
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment Department, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk 37554, Korea; (K.A.); (H.P.); (S.D.T.)
| | - Yosep Ji
- HEM Inc., Business Incubator, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk 37554, Korea;
| | - Wilhelm Holzapfel
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment Department, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk 37554, Korea; (K.A.); (H.P.); (S.D.T.)
- HEM Inc., Business Incubator, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk 37554, Korea;
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32
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Kluijfhout S, Trieu TV, Vandenplas Y. Efficacy of the Probiotic Probiotical Confirmed in Acute Gastroenteritis. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2020; 23:464-471. [PMID: 32953642 PMCID: PMC7481057 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2020.23.5.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Some probiotic strains reduce the duration of acute diarrhea. Because of strain and product specificity, each product needs to be supported by clinical data. This study aimed to test the efficacy of the synbiotic food supplement Probiotical (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium infantis, fructo-oligosaccharides) in children with acute gastroenteritis of likely infectious origin. The primary endpoint was the number of children with normal stool consistency during the treatment duration. METHODS A total of 46 children (aged 3.6 months to 12 years) with acute gastroenteritis that started less than 48 hours prior to their visit at a hospital-based emergency department were included in this prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. All children were treated with oral rehydration solution and placebo (n=20) or the test product (n=26). RESULTS Significantly more children had a normal stool consistency on days 1 and 2 in the probiotic group: 5 children (20%) on day 1 in the probiotic group compared with none in the placebo group (p=0.046). On day 2, 11 children in the probiotic group (46%) and 3 (16%) in the placebo group (p=0.024) had a normal stool consistency. The mean duration of diarrhea was shorter in the probiotic group compared with that in the placebo group (3.04±1.36 vs. 4.20±1.34 days) (p=0.018). CONCLUSION The test product was shown to normalize stool consistency significantly more rapidly than the placebo. These data confirm the findings from a previous study in a larger group of children performed in a primary healthcare setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kluijfhout
- KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thanh-Van Trieu
- CHL KannerKlinik, Urgences Pédiatriques, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Yvan Vandenplas
- KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
Since the publication of the 2014 European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Working Group (WG) on Probiotics and Prebiotics guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis (AGE), new evidence concerning the efficacy of probiotics has become available. This document provides updated recommendations on the use of probiotics for the treatment of AGE in previously presumed healthy infants and children. A systematic literature search was performed. All pooled analyses were explicitly performed for the current report. The WG graded the recommendations and assessed the certainty of the supporting evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment Development, and Evaluations tool. The recommendations were formulated if at least 2 randomized controlled trials that used a given probiotic were available. Despite the large number of identified trials, the WG could not identify 2 randomized controlled trial of high quality for any strain that provided benefit when used for treating AGE. The WG made weak recommendations for (in descending order in terms of the number of trials evaluating any given strain): Saccharomyces boulardii (low to very low certainty of evidence); Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (very low certainty of evidence); L reuteri DSM 17938 (low to very low certainty of evidence); and L rhamnosus 19070-2 and L reuteri DSM 12246 (very low certainty of evidence). The WG made a strong recommendation against L helveticus R0052 and L rhamnosus R0011 (moderate certainty of evidence) and a weak recommendation against Bacillus clausii strains O/C, SIN, N/R, and T (very low certainty of evidence).
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Preidis GA, Weizman AV, Kashyap PC, Morgan RL. AGA Technical Review on the Role of Probiotics in the Management of Gastrointestinal Disorders. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:708-738.e4. [PMID: 32531292 PMCID: PMC8018518 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A. Preidis
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Adam V. Weizman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Purna C. Kashyap
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rebecca L. Morgan
- Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Chen K, Xin J, Zhang G, Xie H, Luo L, Yuan S, Bu Y, Yang X, Ge Y, Liu C. A combination of three probiotic strains for treatment of acute diarrhoea in hospitalised children: an open label, randomised controlled trial. Benef Microbes 2020; 11:339-346. [PMID: 32720832 DOI: 10.3920/bm2020.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acute diarrhoea continues to be a leading cause of morbidity, hospitalisation, and mortality worldwide, and probiotics have been proposed as a complementary therapy in the treatment of acute diarrhoea. The goal of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of three combined probiotic strains, Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07, Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001, and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, as an adjunct to rehydration therapy in treatment of acute watery diarrhoea in hospitalised children. Eligible diarrheal children were randomised into intervention group (IG, n=96, conventional treatment for diarrhoea in combination with probiotics) and control group (CG, n=98, conventional treatment for diarrhoea without probiotics). The primary assessments of this study were duration of diarrhoea and hospital stay and improvement in diarrhoea symptoms. Significantly more children in the IG showed improvements in diarrhoea (defined as a decrease of stool frequency to no more than four times per day and an improved stool consistency within 24-48 h after the treatment) than those in the CG (96.9 vs 79.6%, P<0.05). Children supplemented with the mixed strains had a 22.5 h shorter (121.4±13.7 h vs 143.9±19.8 h) mean duration of diarrhoea and 1.2 d shorter hospital stays (5.1±1.2 d vs 6.3±1.4 d) than children only receiving the rehydration therapy (P<0.05). The prevalence of constipation of children in the IG (3.1%) was markedly lower (P<0.05) than that of children in the CG (13.3%) after treatment. In conclusion, the mixture of three probiotic strains given to children aged 1-3 years resulted in shorter durations of diarrhoea and hospitalisation and a higher percentage of improved children.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Chengdu Women's & Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 1617, Riyue Avenue, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan 6100131, China P.R
| | - J Xin
- Infinitus (China) Company Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China P.R
| | - G Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Chengdu Women's & Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China P.R
| | - H Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, Dayi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China P.R
| | - L Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Dayi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China P.R
| | - S Yuan
- Department of Nutrition, Chengdu Women's & Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 1617, Riyue Avenue, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan 6100131, China P.R
| | - Y Bu
- Department of Pediatrics, Dayi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China P.R
| | - X Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Dayi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China P.R
| | - Y Ge
- Infinitus (China) Company Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China P.R
| | - C Liu
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182-7251, USA
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Protective action of Bacillus clausii probiotic strains in an in vitro model of Rotavirus infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12636. [PMID: 32724066 PMCID: PMC7387476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in young children. Bacillus clausii (B. clausii) is a spore-forming probiotic that is able to colonize the gut. A mixture of four B. clausii strains (O/C, T, SIN and N/R) is commonly used for the treatment of AGE, and it has been demonstrated that it can reduce the duration and severity of diarrhea in children with AGE. Few studies have sought to characterize the mechanisms responsible for such beneficial effects. Intestinal effects of probiotics are likely to be strain-specific. We conducted a series of in vitro experiments investigating the activities of this mixture of B. clausii strains on biomarkers of mucosal barrier integrity and immune function in a cellular model of Rotavirus infection. B. clausii protected enterocytes against Rotavirus-induced decrease in trans-epithelial electrical resistance, and up-regulated expression of mucin 5AC and tight junction proteins (occludin and zonula occludens-1), all of which are important for effective mucosal barrier function. B. clausii also inhibited reactive oxygen species production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-8 and interferon-β) in Rotavirus-infected cells, and down-regulated pro-inflammatory Toll-like receptor 3 pathway gene expression. Such mechanisms likely contributed to the observed protective effects of B. clausii against reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in Rotavirus-infected enterocytes.
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Martinelli M, Banderali G, Bobbio M, Civardi E, Chiara A, D'Elios S, Lo Vecchio A, Olivero M, Peroni D, Romano C, Stronati M, Turra R, Viola I, Staiano A, Villani A. Probiotics' efficacy in paediatric diseases: which is the evidence? A critical review on behalf of the Italian Society of Pediatrics. Ital J Pediatr 2020; 46:104. [PMID: 32711569 PMCID: PMC7382135 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-020-00862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade several paediatric studies have been published with different possible indications for probiotics, leading to a global increase of probiotics' market. Nevertheless, different study designs, multiple single/combined strains and small sample size still leave many uncertainties regarding their efficacy. In addition, different regulatory and quality control issues make still very difficult the interpretation of the clinical data. The objective of this review is to critically summarise the current evidence on probiotics' efficacy and safety on a different number of pathologies, including necrotizing enterocolitis, acute infectious diarrhoea, allergic diseases and functional gastrointestinal disorders in order to guide paediatric healthcare professionals on using evidence-based probiotics' strains. To identify relevant data, literature searches were performed including Medline-PubMed, the Cochrane Library and EMBASE databases. Considering probiotics strain-specific effects, the main focus was on individual probiotic strains and not on probiotics in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Martinelli
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banderali
- Clinical Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, San Paolo Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Civardi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Chiara
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sofia D'Elios
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Lo Vecchio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Diego Peroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Romano
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mauro Stronati
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Irene Viola
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Annamaria Staiano
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Alberto Villani
- Pediatric and Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Shan B, Ai Z, Zeng S, Song Y, Song J, Zeng Q, Liao Z, Wang T, Huang C, Su D. Gut microbiome-derived lactate promotes to anxiety-like behaviors through GPR81 receptor-mediated lipid metabolism pathway. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 117:104699. [PMID: 32402927 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that chronic stress could perturb the composition of the gut microbiota and induce host anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. In particular, microorganism-derived products that can directly or indirectly signal to the nervous system. This study sought to investigate whether high levels of Lactobacillus and lactate in the gut of rats under chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) were the factors leading to anxiety behavior. We collected faeces and blood samples in a sterile laboratory bench to study the microbiome and plasma metabolome from adult male rats age and environment matched healthy individuals. We sequenced the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene from faeces samples. UPLC-MS metabolomics were used to examine plasma samples. Search for potential biomarkers by combining the different data types. Finally, we found a regulated signaling pathway through the relative expression of protein and mRNA. Both lactate feeding and fecal microbiota transplantation caused behavioral abnormalities such as psychomotor malaise, impaired learning and memory in the recipient animals. These rats also showed inhibition of the adenylate cyclase (AC)-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway of lipolysis after activation of G protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81) by lactate in the liver, as well as increased tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, we showed that sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) protein expression in hippocampus was reduced in chronic unpredictable stress compared to control group and its expression negatively correlates with symptom severity. Our study suggest that the gut microbiome-derived lactate promotes to anxiety-like behaviors through GPR81 receptor-mediated lipid metabolism pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baixi Shan
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Zhifu Ai
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Sufen Zeng
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Yonggui Song
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, China.
| | - Jiagui Song
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Zhou Liao
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Dan Su
- Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Center, College of Pharmacy, College of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330004, China.
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Li N, Yan F, Wang N, Song Y, Yue Y, Guan J, Li B, Huo G. Distinct Gut Microbiota and Metabolite Profiles Induced by Different Feeding Methods in Healthy Chinese Infants. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:714. [PMID: 32435235 PMCID: PMC7219020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is closely correlated with infant gut microbiota and is important for infant development. However, most infants receive exclusively insufficient breast milk, and the discordance between effects of commercial formula and human milk exists. To elucidate the differences induced by various feeding methods, we determined microbiota and metabolites composition in fecal samples from 77 healthy infants in Northeast China and identified the differences in various feeding methods. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that the fecal samples of exclusively breastfed (BF) infants were abundant in Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus; the mixed-fed (MF) infants had the highest abundance of Veillonella and Klebsiella; the exclusively formula-fed (FF) infants were enriched in Bacteroides and Blautia; and the complementary food-fed (CF) infants were associated with higher relative abundance of Lachnoclostridium and Akkermansia. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics data revealed that the fecal samples of BF infants had the highest abundance of dl-citrulline, threonine, l-proline, l-glutamine, guanine, and l-arginine; the MF infants were abundant in d-maltose, stearidonic acid, capric acid, and myristic acid; the FF infants were enriched in itaconic acid, 4-pyridoxic acid, prostaglandin B2, thymine, dl-α-hydroxybutyric acid, and orotic acid; and the CF infants were associated with higher relative abundance of taurine, l-tyrosine, adenine, and uric acid. Furthermore, compared with the BF infants, the MF and FF infants were more abundant in fatty acid biosynthesis. Collectively, these findings will provide probable explanations for some of the risks and benefits related to infant feeding methods and will support a theoretical basis for the development of infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Fenfen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Nana Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Song
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingxue Yue
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaqi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Bailiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guicheng Huo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Food, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Szajewska H, Kołodziej M, Zalewski BM. Systematic review with meta-analysis: Saccharomyces boulardii for treating acute gastroenteritis in children-a 2020 update. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 51:678-688. [PMID: 32056266 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is still controversy with regard to the efficacy of individual probiotic strains for the management of acute gastroenteritis. AIM To update evidence on use of Saccharomyces boulardii for treating acute gastroenteritis in children. METHODS The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched from inception to December 2019 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared use of S boulardii with no S boulardii (defined as placebo or no treatment). The grey literature was searched through Google search. Authors of the original papers and S boulardii manufacturers were contacted for additional data. RESULTS Twenty-nine RCTs (among them, 20 newly identified trials) were included. Only 38% of trials adequately generated their randomisation sequence, only 17% adequately concealed allocation and only one trial adequately blinded participants, study personnel and outcome assessors. However, 83% provided complete outcome data. None of the trials evaluated the effect of S boulardii on stool volume. Compared with placebo or no treatment, S boulardii use reduced the duration of diarrhoea (23 RCTs, n = 3450, mean difference -1.06 day, 95% CI -1.32 to -0.79; high heterogeneity [I2 = 90%]) (very low quality of evidence). S boulardii use was also associated with a reduced duration of hospitalisation (8 RCTs, n = 999, mean difference -0.85 day, 95% CI -1.35 to -0.34; I2 = 91%) (very low quality of evidence). S boulardii reduced the risk of diarrhoea on day 2 to day 7 (low quality of evidence). CONCLUSIONS In children with acute gastroenteritis, low- to very low-quality evidence suggests that S boulardii confers a benefit for several diarrhoeal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hania Szajewska
- Department of Paediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Kołodziej
- Department of Paediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Markovinović L, Knezović I, Kniewald T, Stemberger Marić L, Trkulja V, Tešović G. Enteroadsorbent Polymethylsiloxane Polyhydrate vs. Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 in the Treatment of Rotaviral Gastroenteritis in Infants and Toddlers, a Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:553960. [PMID: 33409259 PMCID: PMC7781153 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.553960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare two adjunct therapies in the treatment of childhood rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE). We compared the recommended treatment, probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 (BioGaia®), vs. a novel treatment, enterosorbent polymethylsiloxane polyhydrate (Enterosgel®). Methods: This was an open-label, randomized, clinical controlled trial at the University Hospital for Infectious Diseases (UHID) in Zagreb, Croatia. A total of 149 children aged 6-36 months with acute rotaviral gastroenteritis over a period of <48 h, with no significant chronic comorbidity, were randomized to receive the standard therapy with L. reuteri DSM 17938 (hereafter L. reuteri) or polymethylsiloxane polyhydrate (hereafter PMSPH) therapy, during 5 days. The primary end point was time to recovery in days in both groups. The recovery was defined as absence of fever and vomiting and either the first firm stool, absence of stool for more than 24 h, or return of usual bowel habit. Results: A total of 75 children were randomized into the L. reuteri group and 74 were randomized into the PMSPH group; after excluding missing data, the data from 65 children in each group were analyzed. There was no significant difference in the treatment efficacy between the two regimens with an estimated median time of recovery of 6 days in both groups (p = 0.754). No significant side effects were observed in either group. Conclusion: Novel enterosorbent PMSPH had a similar efficacy to probiotic L. reuteri in the treatment of rotaviral gastroenteritis in preschool children. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04116307 [October 3, 2019] (retrospectively registered). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04116307.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Markovinović
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Knezović
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tihana Kniewald
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lorna Stemberger Marić
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", Zagreb, Croatia.,School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Goran Tešović
- University Hospital for Infectious Diseases "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", Zagreb, Croatia.,School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Khatri I, Sharma G, Subramanian S. Composite genome sequence of Bacillus clausii, a probiotic commercially available as Enterogermina ®, and insights into its probiotic properties. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:307. [PMID: 31888501 PMCID: PMC6937992 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1680-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some of the spore-forming strains of Bacillus probiotics are marketed commercially as they survive harsh gastrointestinal conditions and bestow health benefits to the host. RESULTS We report the composite genome of Bacillus clausii ENTPro from a commercially available probiotic Enterogermina® and compare it with the genomes of other Bacillus probiotics. We find that the members of B. clausii species harbor high heterogeneity at the species as well as genus level. The genes conferring resistance to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, rifampicin, and tetracycline in the B. clausii ENTPro strain could be identified. The genes coding for the bacteriocin gallidermin, which prevents biofilm formation in the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis, were also identified. KEGG Pathway analysis suggested that the folate biosynthesis pathway, which depicts one of the important roles of probiotics in the host, is conserved completely in B. subtilis and minimally in B. clausii and other probiotics. CONCLUSIONS We identified various antibiotic resistance, bacteriocins, stress-related, and adhesion-related domains, and industrially-relevant pathways, in the genomes of these probiotic bacteria that are likely to help them survive in the harsh gastrointestinal tract, facilitating adhesion to host epithelial cells, persistence during antibiotic treatment and combating bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Khatri
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector-39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India.,Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector-39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Evaluation of safety and probiotic properties of a strain of Enterococcus faecium isolated from chicken bile. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2019; 57:578-587. [PMID: 32116367 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-04089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are important bacteria due to their benefit on human health. In this study, four strains of lactic acid bacteria from chicken bile were isolated and the strain with the best antimicrobial activity was selected for further identification and evaluation on its probiotic traits and safety. The strain was identified as Enterococcus faecium by biochemical characterization and 16S rDNA gene sequencing. The strain, named E. faecium MK-SQ-1, was tolerant to acid (pH 3.0), bile salts (up to 0.3%) or trypsin (up to 0.4%) for 3 h and it was able to survive from high temperature (up to 60 °C) for 15 min. This strain inhibited the growth of Salmonella enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus intermediately. The genes responsible for virulence including asa1, cylA, efaA, esp, gelE and hyl were absent and the mice administrated orally with a very high dose (2 × 109 CFU) of the strain daily for 35 days were not found abnormal. The strain enhanced the serum IgG level and phagocytic index of mice significantly by daily oral administration at a high dose (2 × 108 CFU) for 21 days (p < 0.05). The strain did not have multi-antibiotic resistance and vancomycin resistance. Comprehensive evaluation showed E. faecium MK-SQ-1 could be a candidate as a probiotic strain used in human or animals.
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Li YT, Xu H, Ye JZ, Wu WR, Shi D, Fang DQ, Liu Y, Li LJ. Efficacy of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in treatment of acute pediatric diarrhea: A systematic review with meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4999-5016. [PMID: 31543689 PMCID: PMC6737314 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i33.4999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea is a major infectious cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. In clinical trials, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53013 (LGG) has been used to treat diarrhea. However, recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) found no evidence of a beneficial effect of LGG treatment.
AIM To evaluate the efficacy of LGG in treating acute diarrhea in children.
METHODS The EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science databases, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched up to April 2019 for meta-analyses and RCTs. The Cochrane Review Manager was used to analyze the relevant data.
RESULTS Nineteen RCTs met the inclusion criteria and showed that compared with the control group, LGG administration notably reduced the diarrhea duration [mean difference (MD) -24.02 h, 95% confidence interval (CI) (-36.58, -11.45)]. More effective results were detected at a high dose ≥ 1010 CFU per day [MD -22.56 h, 95%CI (-36.41, -8.72)] vs a lower dose. A similar reduction was found in Asian and European patients [MD -24.42 h, 95%CI (-47.01, -1.82); MD -32.02 h, 95%CI (-49.26, -14.79), respectively]. A reduced duration of diarrhea was confirmed in LGG participants with diarrhea for less than 3 d at enrollment [MD -15.83 h, 95%CI (-20.68, -10.98)]. High-dose LGG effectively reduced the duration of rotavirus-induced diarrhea [MD -31.05 h, 95%CI (-50.31, -11.80)] and the stool number per day [MD -1.08, 95%CI (-1.87, -0.28)].
CONCLUSION High-dose LGG therapy reduces the duration of diarrhea and the stool number per day. Intervention at the early stage is recommended. Future trials are expected to verify the effectiveness of LGG treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiaoshan Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Ye
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wen-Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ding Shi
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dai-Qiong Fang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund 22185, Sweden
| | - Lan-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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Kumar J, Sharma N, Kaushal G, Samurailatpam S, Sahoo D, Rai AK, Singh SP. Metagenomic Insights Into the Taxonomic and Functional Features of Kinema, a Traditional Fermented Soybean Product of Sikkim Himalaya. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1744. [PMID: 31428064 PMCID: PMC6688588 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinema is an ethnic, naturally fermented soybean product consumed in the Sikkim Himalayan region of India. In the present study, the whole metagenome sequencing approach was adopted to examine the microbial diversity and related functional potential of Kinema, consumed in different seasons. Firmicutes was the abundant phylum in Kinema, ranging from 82.31 to 93.99% in different seasons, followed by Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. At the species level, the prevalent microorganisms were Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus licheniformis, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Bacillus pumilus, and Lactococcus lactis. The abundance of microbial species varied significantly in different seasons. Further, the genomic presence of some undesirable microbes like Bacillus cereus, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus penneri, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, were also detected in the specific season. The metagenomic analysis also revealed the existence of bacteriophages belonging to the family Siphoviridae, Myoviridae, and Podoviridae. Examination of the metabolic potential of the Kinema metagenome depicted information about the biocatalysts, presumably involved in the transformation of protein and carbohydrate polymers into bioactive molecules of health-beneficial effects. The genomic resource of several desirable enzymes was identified, such as β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, and glutamate decarboxylase, etc. The catalytic function of a novel glutamate decarboxylase gene was validated for the biosynthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The results of the present study highlight the microbial and genomic resources associated with Kinema, and its importance in functional food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitesh Kumar
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, India
| | - Nitish Sharma
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, India
| | - Girija Kaushal
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, India
| | | | - Dinabandhu Sahoo
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Sikkim Centre, Tadong, India.,Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Imphal, India
| | - Amit K Rai
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Sikkim Centre, Tadong, India
| | - Sudhir P Singh
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, India
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de Castro JAA, Guno MJVR, Perez MO. Bacillus clausii as adjunctive treatment for acute community-acquired diarrhea among Filipino children: a large-scale, multicenter, open-label study (CODDLE). TROPICAL DISEASES TRAVEL MEDICINE AND VACCINES 2019; 5:14. [PMID: 31367461 PMCID: PMC6651909 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-019-0089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Diarrhea is among the main causes of pediatric mortality in the Philippines. Probiotics have been shown to be beneficial in the management of acute diarrhea. Accordingly, the aim of this population-based study was to assess the safety and effectiveness of Bacillus clausii as an adjunct to standard therapy in Filipino children with acute community-acquired diarrhea of viral origin or associated with antibiotic administration. Methods A total of 3178 patients (median age of 2 years) were enrolled in this open-label, multicenter, observational study, and were treated with one to two vials of Bacillus clausii in the following bacterial stains: O/C, SIN, N/R, and T (oral suspension of 2 billion spores per 5-mL vial) for 5 to 7 days. Diarrhea duration, number of stools per day, improvement in gastrointestinal symptoms, children’s overall acceptability of Bacillus clausii therapy, and safety and tolerability were assessed. Concomitant treatment with oral rehydration solutions (26.6%), zinc (23.9%), and antibiotics prescribed for conditions other than diarrhea (13.6%) was recorded during the study. All other probiotics and antidiarrheals were prohibited. Results Therapy with Bacillus clausii was well-tolerated, and the adverse event rate was very low (0.09%). All reported adverse events, which included vomiting, erythematous rashes and stool color change, were mild to moderate. In more than half of the per-protocol population (1535/2916; 52.6%), diarrhea was resolved within the first 3 days of treatment with Bacillus clausii. There was no significant difference (p = 0.297) in mean diarrhea duration between patients with either antibiotic-associated (3.3 ± 1.3 days) or viral diarrhea (3.4 ± 1.3 days). However, children who only received Bacillus clausii supplementation without zinc had a significantly shorter diarrhea duration (3.3 ± 1.3 days) compared to zinc-treated children (3.6 ± 1.6 days; p < 0.001). Bacillus clausii significantly reduced the mean number of stools per day, from 5.2 ± 2.0 stools at baseline to 1.2 ± 0.6 stools at study end (p < 0.001). Similarly, the proportion of patients with loose stools decreased from 81.6% at baseline to 9.2% at end of treatment period. Acceptability of Bacillus clausii therapy was high. Conclusion This study adds knowledge on the good safety profile and on the effectiveness of Bacillus clausii as an adjunct treatment for acute childhood diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Anne A de Castro
- Department of Pediatrics, De La Salle Health Sciences Institute (DLSHSI) College of Medicine, Cavite, Philippines.,2Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Pamantasang Lungsod ng Maynila College of Medicine (PLM-CM), Manila, Philippines
| | - Mary Jean Villa-Real Guno
- Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health (ASMPH), Don Eugenio Lopez Sr. Medical Complex, Pasig, Philippines.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Medical City (TMC), Pasig, Philippines
| | - Marcos O Perez
- 5Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Building K607, Frankfurt am Main, 65926 Germany
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Abstract
Probiotics have been explored in an exponentially increasing number of clinical trials for their health effects. Drawing conclusions from the published literature for the medical practitioner is difficult since rarely more than two clinical trials were conducted with the same probiotic strain against the same medical condition. Consequently, the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) made a few recommendations restricting it to probiotic use against acute gastroenteritis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Recent studies also made a strong case for probiotic use against sepsis in preterm and term infants from developing countries. Conclusions on the value of probiotics are best based on detailed meta-analyses (MA) of randomized controlled trials (RCT). Outcomes of MA are discussed in the present review for a number of gastroenterology conditions. Since these MA pool data from trials using different probiotic species, large RCT published sometimes come to different conclusions than MA including these studies. This is not necessarily a contradiction but may only mean that the specific probiotic species did not work under the specified conditions. Positive or negative generalization about probiotics and prebiotics should be avoided. Credible effects are those confirmed in independent trials with a specified probiotic strain or chemically defined prebiotic in a specified patient population under the specified treatment conditions. Even distinct technological preparations of the same probiotic strain might affect clinical outcomes if they alter bacterial surface structures. Underpowered clinical trials are another problem in the probiotic field. Data obtained with sophisticated omics technologies, but derived from less than ten human subjects should be interpreted with caution even when published in high impact journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Brüssow
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven University, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
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Szajewska H, Kołodziej M, Gieruszczak-Białek D, Skórka A, Ruszczyński M, Shamir R. Systematic review with meta-analysis: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG for treating acute gastroenteritis in children - a 2019 update. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 49:1376-1384. [PMID: 31025399 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, evidence from a large randomised controlled trial (RCT) negated efficacy of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG for treating acute gastroenteritis in children. AIM To review RCTs in which L rhamnosus GG was used to treat acute gastroenteritis in children. METHODS The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases were searched from May 2013 (end of last search) to January 2019. The primary outcomes were stool volume and duration of diarrhoea. RESULTS Eighteen RCTs (n = 4208) were included. Compared with placebo or no treatment, L rhamnosus GG use had no effect on stool volume but was associated with a reduced duration of diarrhoea (15 RCTs, n = 3820, mean difference, MD -0.85 day, 95% CI -1.15 to -0.56). L rhamnosus GG was effective when used at a daily dose of ≥1010 CFU or <1010 CFU; however, the latter produced results of borderline significance. L rhamnosus GG was more effective when used in European countries compared with non-European countries, particularly when considered by region. L rhamnosus GG use was associated with a reduced duration of hospitalisation. One RCT found that L rhamnosus GG had no effect on the total clinical severity score at 14 days after enrolment. CONCLUSIONS Despite a recent large RCT demonstrating no effect of L rhamnosus GG, current evidence shows that, overall, L rhamnosus GG reduced both the duration of diarrhoea (with a higher impact in European countries) and hospitalisation in inpatients. These findings should be viewed in the context of the high heterogeneity and methodological limitations of the included trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hania Szajewska
- Department of Paediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Kołodziej
- Department of Paediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Agata Skórka
- Department of Paediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Ruszczyński
- Department of Paediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Raanan Shamir
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Lai HH, Chiu CH, Kong MS, Chang CJ, Chen CC. Probiotic Lactobacillus casei: Effective for Managing Childhood Diarrhea by Altering Gut Microbiota and Attenuating Fecal Inflammatory Markers. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051150. [PMID: 31126062 PMCID: PMC6566348 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute diarrhea is a major cause of childhood morbidity and an economic burden for families. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of probiotics on clinical symptoms, intestinal microbiota, and inflammatory markers during childhood diarrhea. Methods: Children (n = 81) aged six months to six years (mean age 2.31 years) hospitalized for acute diarrhea were randomized to receive probiotics (Lactobacillus casei variety rhamnosus; n = 42) or no probiotics (n = 39) orally twice daily for seven days. Feces samples were also collected to evaluate microbial content using a traditional agar plate and next-generation sequencing. Immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactoferrin, and calprotectin were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and compared in different groups. Other clinical symptoms or signs, including fever, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloated abdomen, daily intake, appetite, and body weight were also assessed. Results: Data were collected from 81 individuals across three different time points. Total fecal IgA levels in fecal extracts of the probiotics group were higher than those in the control group, reaching statistical significance (p < 0.05). Concentrations of fecal lactoferrin and calprotectin were significantly downregulated in patients with probiotic Lactobacillus casei variety rhamnosus (Lc) consumption compared to those of the control (p < 0.05). Probiotic Lc administration may be beneficial for gut-microbiota modulation, as shown by the data collected at one week after enrollment. Counts of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus species were elevated in stool culture of the probiotic group. Appetite and oral intake, body-weight gain, abdominal pain, bloating, as well as bowel habits (diarrhea) were much better in children receiving probiotics compared with those in the control group. Conclusion: Fecal IgA increased during acute diarrhea under Lc treatment; in contrast, fecal lactoferrin and calprotectin were downregulated during acute diarrhea under Lc treatment. Probiotic Lc may be a useful supplement for application in children during acute diarrhea to reduce clinical severity and intestinal inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Hsiang Lai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan.
| | - Man-Shan Kong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan.
| | - Chee-Jen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Clinical Informatics and Medical Statistics Research Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Chang Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan.
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Suez J, Zmora N, Segal E, Elinav E. The pros, cons, and many unknowns of probiotics. Nat Med 2019; 25:716-729. [DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 630] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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