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Marakis G, Kotopoulou S, Proestos C, Skoulika S, Boukouvalas G, Papaioannou A, Mousia Z, Papadimitriou D, Katri EM, Naska A, Chourdakis M, Zampelas A, Magriplis E. Changes of trans and saturated fatty acid content in savory baked goods from 2015 to 2021 and their effect on consumers' intake using substitution models: A study conducted in Greece. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:1010-1019. [PMID: 37640108 PMCID: PMC10636230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Greece, nearly a third of savory baked goods (SBGs) exceeded the limit of 2 g of nonruminant or industrial trans fatty acids (i-TFA) per 100 g fat in 2015. The impact of the Commission Regulation (European Union) 2019/649 on exposure to trans fatty acids (TFA), i-TFA, and saturated fatty acid (SFA) from SBGs has not been previously evaluated. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to explore fatty acid reformulation of SBG products and assess differences in TFA, i-TFA, and SFA intakes using a sample of Greek SBG consumers from a nationally representative survey. METHODS In 2021, 140 samples of SBGs were collected in the greater metropolitan area of Athens, and their fat profile and content were compared to those from 2015. Based on these measurements, food consumption substitution models were employed to examine TFA and SFA intake differences, and the percent contribution from SBG among consumers was calculated (N = 1008). Nutrient densities were calculated by adjusting all fat intakes by individual mean energy intake (percentage of daily total energy intake). RESULTS The 2% i-TFA legislative limit/100 g of fat in measured SBGs was exceeded by 11.4% in 2021 compared to 31.1% in 2015 (19.7% increase in compliance). Median i-TFA and TFA intakes from SBGs were reduced from 0.05 (0.01, 0.12)% and 0.13 (0.03, 0.27)% in 2015 to 0.03 (0.01, 0.09) and 0.06 (0.03, 0.13)% in 2021, respectively. In terms of SFA, a mean increase/100 g was calculated, resulting in an increased intake in 2021 compared to 2015 [5.18% (2.78, 8.37) and 3.55 (1.99, 5.73), respectively]. CONCLUSIONS Despite the reductions seen in i-TFA content of SBGs, food product reformulation efforts in Greece should focus not only on TFA content but also on SFA reduction to improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sotiria Kotopoulou
- Hellenic Food Authority, Leoforos Kifissias, Athens, Greece; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Proestos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Zoe Mousia
- Hellenic Food Authority, Leoforos Kifissias, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Eleni-Maria Katri
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Androniki Naska
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michail Chourdakis
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social and Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonis Zampelas
- Hellenic Food Authority, Leoforos Kifissias, Athens, Greece; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanuella Magriplis
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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