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Simó R, Franch-Nadal J, Vlacho B, Real J, Amado E, Flores J, Mata-Cases M, Ortega E, Rigla M, Vallés JA, Hernández C, Mauricio D. Rapid Reduction of HbA1c and Early Worsening of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Real-world Population-Based Study in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2023; 46:1633-1639. [PMID: 37428631 DOI: 10.2337/dc22-2521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early worsening of diabetic retinopathy (EWDR) due to the rapid decrease of blood glucose levels is a concern in diabetes treatment. The aim of the current study is to evaluate whether this is an important issue in subjects with type 2 diabetes with mild or moderate nonproliferative DR (NPDR), who represent the vast majority of subjects with DR attended in primary care. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This is a retrospective nested case-control study of subjects with type 2 diabetes and previous mild or moderate NPDR. Using the SIDIAP ("Sistema d'informació pel Desenvolupament de la Recerca a Atenció Primària") database, we selected 1,150 individuals with EWDR and 1,150 matched control subjects (DR without EWDR). The main variable analyzed was the magnitude of the reduction of HbA1c in the previous 12 months. The reduction of HbA1c was categorized as rapid (>1.5% reduction in <12 months) or very rapid (>2% in <6 months). RESULTS We did not find any significant difference in HbA1c reduction between case and control subjects (0.13 ± 1.21 vs. 0.21 ± 1.18; P = 0.12). HbA1c reduction did not show significant association with worsening of DR, neither in the unadjusted analyses nor in adjusted statistical models that included the main confounding variables: duration of diabetes, baseline HbA1c, presence of hypertension, and antidiabetic drugs. In addition, when stratification by baseline HbA1c was performed, we did not find that those patients with higher levels of HbA1c presented a higher risk to EWDR. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the rapid reduction of HbA1c is not associated with progression of mild or moderate NPDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Simó
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Josep Franch-Nadal
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Grup de Diabetis d'Atenció Primària (DAP-Cat), Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, Barcelona, Spain
- Primary Health Care Center Raval Sud, Gerència d'Àmbit d'Atenció Primària Barcelona Ciutat, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bogdan Vlacho
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Grup de Diabetis d'Atenció Primària (DAP-Cat), Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Real
- Grup de Diabetis d'Atenció Primària (DAP-Cat), Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Amado
- Gerència del Medicament, Institut Català de la Salut, Gerència d'Atenció Primaria, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juana Flores
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitari del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Mata-Cases
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Grup de Diabetis d'Atenció Primària (DAP-Cat), Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, Barcelona, Spain
- Gerència d'Àmbit d'Atenció Primària Barcelona Ciutat, Institut Català de la Salut, Primary Health Care Center La Mina, Sant Adrià de Besòs, Spain
| | - Emilio Ortega
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Suñer, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Rigla
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí, Institut d'Investigació I Innovació Parc Tauli, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Joan-Anton Vallés
- Gerència del Medicament, Institut Català de la Salut, Gerència d'Atenció Primaria, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Hernández
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Didac Mauricio
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Grup de Diabetis d'Atenció Primària (DAP-Cat), Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Barcelona, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
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Guldiken YC, Malik A, Petropoulos IN, Gad H, Elgassim E, Salivon I, Ponirakis G, Alam U, Malik RA. Where Art Thou O treatment for diabetic neuropathy: the sequel. Expert Rev Neurother 2023; 23:845-851. [PMID: 37602687 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2023.2247163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Having lived through a pandemic and witnessed how regulatory approval processes can evolve rapidly; it is lamentable how we continue to rely on symptoms/signs and nerve conduction as primary endpoints for clinical trials in DPN. AREAS COVERED Small (Aδ and C) fibers are key to the genesis of pain, regulate skin blood flow, and play an integral role in the development of diabetic foot ulceration but continue to be ignored. This article challenges the rationale for the FDA insisting on symptoms/signs and nerve conduction as primary endpoints for clinical trials in DPN. EXPERT OPINION Quantitative sensory testing, intraepidermal nerve fiber density, and especially corneal confocal microscopy remain an after-thought, demoted at best to exploratory secondary endpoints in clinical trials of diabetic neuropathy. If pharma are to be given a fighting chance to secure approval for a new therapy for diabetic neuropathy, the FDA needs to reassess the evidence rather than rely on 'opinion' for the most suitable endpoint(s) in clinical trials of diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigit Can Guldiken
- Department of Neurology, Kocaeli University Research and Application Hospital, İzmit/Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ayesha Malik
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry - Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Hoda Gad
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Einas Elgassim
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Iuliia Salivon
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Uazman Alam
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rayaz A Malik
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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Changes in the Epidemiology of Diabetic Retinopathy in Spain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10071318. [PMID: 35885844 PMCID: PMC9320037 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10071318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its changes in the last 20 years in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Spain. Methods. A systematic review with a meta-analysis was carried out on the studies published between 2001–2020 on the prevalence and incidence of DR and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) in Spain. The articles included were selected from four databases and publications of the Spanish Ministry of Health and Regional Health Care System (RHCS). The meta-analysis to determine heterogeneity and bias between studies was carried out with the MetaXL 4.0. Results. Since 2001, we have observed an increase in the detection of patients with DM, and at the same time, screening programs for RD have been launched; thus, we can deduce that the increase in the detection of patients with DM, many of them in the initial phases, far exceeds the increased detection of patients with DR. The prevalence of DR was higher between 2001 and 2008 with values of 28.85%. These values decreased over the following period between 2009 and 2020 with a mean of 15.28%. Similarly the STDR prevalence decrease from 3.67% to 1.92% after 2008. The analysis of the longitudinal studies determined that the annual DR incidence was 3.83%, and the STDR annual incidence was 0.41%. Conclusion. In Spain, for T2DM, the current prevalence of DR is 15.28% and 1.92% forSTDR. The annual incidence of DR is 3.83% and is 0.41% for STDR.
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Jimenez-Carmona S, Alemany-Marquez P, Alvarez-Ramos P, Mayoral E, Aguilar-Diosdado M. Validation of an Automated Screening System for Diabetic Retinopathy Operating under Real Clinical Conditions. J Clin Med 2021; 11:jcm11010014. [PMID: 35011754 PMCID: PMC8745311 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Retinopathy is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. It is the leading cause of blindness among working-aged people in developed countries. The use of telemedicine in the screening system has enabled the application of large-scale population-based programs for early retinopathy detection in diabetic patients. However, the need to support ophthalmologists with other trained personnel remains a barrier to broadening its implementation. Methods. Automatic diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy was carried out through the analysis of retinal photographs using the 2iRetinex software. We compared the categorical diagnoses of absence/presence of retinopathy issued by family physicians (PCP) with the same categories provided by the algorithm (ALG). The agreed diagnosis of three specialist ophthalmologists is used as the reference standard (OPH). Results. There were 653 of 3520 patients diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Diabetic retinopathy threatening to vision (STDR) was found in 82 patients (2.3%). Diagnostic sensitivity for STDR was 94% (ALG) and 95% (PCP). No patient with proliferating or severe DR was misdiagnosed in both strategies. The k-value of the agreement between the ALG and OPH was 0.5462, while between PCP and OPH was 0.5251 (p = 0.4291). Conclusions. The diagnostic capacity of 2iRetinex operating under normal clinical conditions is comparable to screening physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Jimenez-Carmona
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Correspondence: (S.J.-C.); (P.A.-M.)
| | - Pedro Alemany-Marquez
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Correspondence: (S.J.-C.); (P.A.-M.)
| | - Pablo Alvarez-Ramos
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
| | - Eduardo Mayoral
- Comprehensive Healthcare Plan for Diabetes, Regional Ministry of Health and Families of Andalusia, Government of Andalusia, 41020 Seville, Spain;
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Scanlon PH. The contribution of the English NHS Diabetic Eye Screening Programme to reductions in diabetes-related blindness, comparisons within Europe, and future challenges. Acta Diabetol 2021; 58:521-530. [PMID: 33830332 PMCID: PMC8053650 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-021-01687-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the English NHS Diabetic Eye Screening Programme (DESP) is to reduce the risk of sight loss amongst people with diabetes by the prompt identification and effective treatment if necessary of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy, at the appropriate stage during the disease process, with a long-term aim of preventing blindness in people with diabetes.For the year 2009-2010, diabetic retinopathy (DR) was no longer the leading cause of blindness in the working age group. There have been further reductions in DR certifications for WHO severe vision impairment and blindness from 1,334 (5.5% of all certifications) in 2009/2010 to 840 (3.5% of all certifications) in 2018/2019. NHS DESP is a major contributor to this further reduction, but one must also take into account improvements in glycaemic and blood pressure control, timely laser treatment and vitrectomy surgery, improved monitoring techniques for glycaemic control, and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor injections for control of diabetic macular oedema. The latter have had a particular impact since first introduced in the UK in 2013.Current plans for NHS DESP include extension of screening intervals in low-risk groups and the introduction of optical coherence tomography as a second line of screening for those with screen positive maculopathy with two dimensional markers. Future challenges include the introduction of automated analysis for grading and new camera technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Scanlon
- Gloucestershire Retinal Research Group, Office Above Oakley Ward, Cheltenham General Hospital, Sandford Road, Cheltenham, GL53 7AN, UK.
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, UK.
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TXNIP positively regulates the autophagy and apoptosis in the rat müller cell of diabetic retinopathy. Life Sci 2021; 267:118988. [PMID: 33412212 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetic retinopathy (DR) can cause vision loss in patients with diabetes. The present study evaluated the expression of thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) and investigated the role of TXNIP in autophagy and apoptosis of DR. MAIN METHODS Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting were used to measure the expression level of the targets. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated 9 (CRISPR/cas9) method was applied for knockout of TXNIP. TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assay and flow cytometry were utilized to detect the apoptosis. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to evaluate the cell viability. EdU assay was carried out to measure the cell proliferation ability. Retinal immunohistochemistry, retinal frozen section immunofluorescence as well as the electroretinogram (ERG) recording were implemented to detect the function of the retina. KEY FINDINGS TXNIP was up-regulated under hyperglycemic condition both in vivo and in vitro. Overexpression of TXNIP activated the autophagy and apoptosis in the rat müller cell. Knockout of TXNIP reduced the autophagy and apoptosis in the rat müller cell under high glucose condition. TXNIP positively regulates autophagy via inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Knockdown of TXNIP improved the visual response to light stimulus of DR. SIGNIFICANCE Our study unraveled for the first time that TXNIP positively regulates the autophagy in rat müller cell under high glucose condition by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, providing a novel understanding in the pathogenesis of DR and suggesting a potential new therapeutic target of DR.
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