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Khisa AM, Wao H, Brizuela V, Compaoré R, Baguiya A, López Gómez A, Bonet M, Kouanda S, Thorson A, Gitau E. Embedding research capacity strengthening in multi-country studies in low-and middle-income countries: learnings from sexual and reproductive health research. Glob Health Action 2024; 17:2338634. [PMID: 38607331 PMCID: PMC11018088 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2024.2338634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Research capacity strengthening (RCS) can empower individuals, institutions, networks, or countries to define and prioritize problems systematically; develop and scientifically evaluate appropriate solutions; and reinforce or improve capacities to translate knowledge into policy and practice. However, how to embed RCS into multi-country studies focusing on sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) is largely undocumented. We used findings from a qualitative study, from a review of the literature, and from a validation exercise from a panel of experts from research institutions that work on SRHR RCS. We provide a framework for embedded RCS; suggest a set of seven concrete actions that research project planners, designers, implementers, and funders can utilise to guide embedded RCS activities in low- and middle-income countries; and present a practical checklist for planning and assessing embedded RCS in research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Khisa
- Capacity Strengthening and SRHR Research, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hesborn Wao
- Capacity Strengthening and SRHR Research, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vanessa Brizuela
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rachidatou Compaoré
- Department of Biomedical and Public Health, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Adama Baguiya
- Department of Biomedical and Public Health, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Mercedes Bonet
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Seni Kouanda
- Department of Biomedical and Public Health, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- African Institute of Public Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Anna Thorson
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Evelyn Gitau
- Capacity Strengthening and SRHR Research, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
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Alhenaidi A, Al-Haqan A, Alfarhan H, Alaradi L, Elsherif M, Kelendar H. Building bridges: evaluating policymakers' research capacities, engagement, and utilization in health policymaking within the Kuwaiti context: a cross-sectional study. Health Res Policy Syst 2024; 22:84. [PMID: 39010161 PMCID: PMC11247873 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-024-01177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health policymaking is a critical aspect of governmental decision-making that shapes the well-being of populations. In the Middle East and North Africa, particularly in Kuwait, limited attention has been given to exploring the research capacities, engagement, and utilization among health policymakers. This study aims to bridge this gap by investigating how Kuwaiti health policymakers incorporate evidence-based research into the formulation of health-related policies. METHODS This cross-sectional study targeted health policymakers in leadership positions within the Kuwait Ministry of Health (MOH). Using the Seeking, Engaging with and Evaluating Research (SEER) questionnaire, participants' capacities, engagement, and use of research were assessed. The targeted sample was all health policymakers in leadership positions, starting from the head of departments and above. The questionnaire comprises four domains, 14 sections, and 50 questions and utilizes Likert and binary scales, with aggregate scores predicting engagement actions and research use. The data were collected between March and July 2023. All the statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v27, and the numerical and categorical variables were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests, including t-tests, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation. RESULTS Out of 205 policymakers, 88 participated (42.9% response rate): predominantly male (51.1%) and married (78.4%). The mean age was 49.84 ± 7.28 years, with a mean MOH tenure of 24.39 ± 6.80 years. Participants demonstrated high value for research (mean score 4.29 ± 0.55) and expressed confidence in the research utilization. Organizational emphasis on research use exhibited nuanced perceptions, identifying areas where MOH support may be lacking. Access to research resources and processes for policy development guidance were highlighted as challenges. CONCLUSIONS This study provides crucial insights into the research capacities and engagement of Kuwaiti health policymakers. It emphasizes the need for targeted interventions to align individual perceptions with organizational expectations, address confidence disparities, and enhance collaborative efforts. Organizational investments are crucial for fostering a dynamic research ecosystem to improve evidence-based policy development in Kuwait's healthcare landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alhenaidi
- Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
- General Practice and Primary Care, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
| | - Asmaa Al-Haqan
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Heba Alfarhan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Thunayan Al Ghanim Gastroenterology Center, Al Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Wang X, Wang RS, Qin X, Huang YN, Chiu HC, Wang BL. Exploring human resource management in the top five global hospitals: a comparative study. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1307823. [PMID: 38249385 PMCID: PMC10799338 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1307823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The pivotal role of Human Resource Management (HRM) in hospital administration has been acknowledged in research, yet the examination of HRM practices in the world's premier hospitals has been scant. Objective This study explored how the world's leading hospitals attain operational efficiency by optimizing human resource allocation and melding development strategies into their HRM frameworks. A comparative analysis of the HRM frameworks in the top five global hospitals was undertaken to offer a reference model for other hospitals. Methods This research offers a comparative exploration of the HRM frameworks utilized by the top five hospitals globally, underscoring both shared and distinct elements. Using a multi-case study methodology, the research scrutinized each hospital's HRM framework across six modules, drawing literature from publicly accessible sources, including websites, annual reports, and pertinent English-language scholarly literature from platforms such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science. Results The analyzed hospitals exhibited inconsistent HRM frameworks, yet all manifested potent organizational cultural attributes and maintained robust employee training and welfare policies. The design of the HR systems was strategically aligned with the hospitals' objectives, and the study established that maintaining a sustainable talent system is pivotal to achieving hospital excellence. Conclusion The HRM frameworks of the five analyzed hospitals align with their developmental strategies and exhibit unique organizational cultural attributes. All five hospitals heavily prioritize aligning employee development with overall hospital growth and place a spotlight on fostering a healthy working environment and nurturing employees' sense of achievement. While compensation is a notable performance influencer, it is not rigorously tied to workload in these hospitals, with employees receiving mid-to-upper industry-range compensation. Performance assessment criteria focus on job quality and aligning employee actions with organizational values. Comprehensive welfare and protection are afforded to employees across all five hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyou Wang
- Fangcao Community Healthcare Center of Chengdu High-Tech Zone, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Xiaoping Qin
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Ni Huang
- College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Herng-Chia Chiu
- Institute for Hospital Management, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Bing-Long Wang
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Ren H, Jiang B, Liu G, Lu P. Global, regional, and national burdens of intraocular foreign bodies in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2019: a trend analysis. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2489. [PMID: 38087259 PMCID: PMC10717484 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate trends in global, regional, and national burdens of intraocular foreign bodies among children and adolescents (aged 0 - 19 years) between 1990 and 2019 according to age, sex, and socio-demographic index. METHODS This study obtained data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 and evaluated the number of cases, rates per 100,000 persons, and average annual percentage changes among children and adolescents. The annual percentage changes in the incidence and years lived with disability rates across various age groups were investigated using joinpoint software. RESULTS For intraocular foreign bodies in children and adolescents, the incidence and year lived with disability rates decreased in all age groups between 1990 and 2019. However, the number of incident cases and years lived with disability increased from 1091.94 [95% uncertainty interval (UI), 610.91-1839.52] and 89,245 (95% UI, 6.65-18.67) in 1990 to 1134.85 (95% UI, 665.01-1867.50) and 92,108 (95% UI, 32,052-192,153) in 2019, respectively. Age was positively correlated with the number of cases, incidence, and years lived with disability rates. However, there were significant decreases in both the incidence and years lived with disability rates among children and adolescents, especially in the 15-18 years age group, males, and most high-income regions. Notably, the incidence and years lived with disability rates were significantly decreased in middle and high-middle socio-demographic index regions but were increased in low and low-middle socio-demographic index regions. CONCLUSIONS Despite the remarkable progress between 1990 and 2019 in reducing the global burden of intraocular foreign bodies, there has been an increase in the number of cases, with substantial disparity across age groups, sexes, regions, and countries. Our results could inform more effective strategies for reducing the burden among children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, 215006, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, 215006, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gaoqin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, 215006, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peirong Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, 215006, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Jalaghonia N, Kwamie A. Making progress in early-career publishing: evolutions of the women's publication mentorship programme. Health Policy Plan 2023; 38:ii72-ii76. [PMID: 37995263 PMCID: PMC10666911 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czad047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mentorship is vital for early-career researchers, especially women from low- and middle-income countries seeking to publish their work. This paper explores the evolution of the Women's Publication Mentorship Programme, a collaborative initiative pioneered by the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, further strengthened through the partnership of Health Systems Global, and Health Policy and Planning. Over a span of five years and encompassing three cohorts, the program supported 45 early-career researchers from 24 countries, resulting in insightful papers on equity-oriented health system topics. Beyond the direct outcomes of strengthening the writing skills of first-time women authors and facilitating paper publications, the Programme has also influenced Health System Global's strategic approach and conceptual framework for systemic capacity strengthening in health policy and systems research. It has also played a pivotal role in addressing the longstanding gender imbalance in global health authorship. Amid these achievements, our program consistently evolved, drawing from lessons of the past cohort. Challenges, such as the need for extended paper development timelines, addressing language barriers, and strengthening methodological rigor in initial manuscripts, were met with solutions. Insights and experiences from previous participants translated into tangible results, notably elevating the quality of journal supplement publications. This commentary explores key lessons from the second cohort's journey and its evolving nature. It also highlights persistent challenges and provides practical recommendations for organizations to enhance their mentorship programs, ultimately fostering the career growth of early-career researchers in health policy and systems research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanuka Jalaghonia
- Programme Manager, Health Systems Global, Canadian Association for Global Health, 75 Albert Street, Suite 1003, Ottawa, ON K1P 5E7, Canada
| | - Aku Kwamie
- Technical Officer, Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, Geneva 27 1211, Switzerland
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Duda K, D’Artibale A, Moombe M, Lark R, Pulford J. A mixed-methods evaluation of capacity strengthening within an international conservation agriculture research consortium. F1000Res 2023; 12:1119. [PMID: 37990736 PMCID: PMC10660302 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.139715.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The Strengthening Capacity in Environmental Physics, Hydrogeology and Statistics for conservation agriculture research (CEPHaS) consortium sought to to strengthen research capacity among a network of African and UK researchers, and their respective institutions, to fill knowledge gaps on the impacts of conservation agriculture practices on the water cycle in cultivated soils. We examined experiences of consortium membership and, drawing on this information, determined key recommendations for future programmes with similar objectives. Methods: A mixed methods study encompassing an online survey (N=40) and semi-structured interviews (N=19) completed between June 2021 and February 2022 with CEPHaS consortium members from Malawi, UK, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Survey and interview data were analysed separately, using univariate statistics and framework synthesis respectively Results: Survey and interview findings were generally aligned, with both revealing a wide range of reported capacity strengthening gains resulting from CEPHaS engagement at both an individual and institutional level. Participants consistently expressed their CEPHaS involvement in positive terms with praise for the applied 'learn by doing' approach underpinning many of the activities as well as the engaging and highly inclusive leadership. There was evidence that the various trainings and resources provided through CEPHaS were valued, frequently utilised, and often transferred beyond the immediate CEPHaS membership for wider benefit. Resource provision and staff training were seen as foundational for long-term institutional benefits. Some challenges and suggested areas for improvement were reported by participants as were potential opportunities to facilitate greater impact. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the basic 'template' of the CEPHaS consortium provided a strong basis for research capacity strengthening in Conservation Agriculture, especially at the level of individual researchers, and that this template could be further enhanced in any future iteration of the same or similar programme. Recommendations for replicating and enhancing CEPHaS programme strengths are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Duda
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Miyanda Moombe
- School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - R.Murray Lark
- School of Biosciences and Future Food Research Beacon, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, UK
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Amegee Quach J, Valea I, Bates I, Pulford J. Factors affecting African postdoctoral researcher capacity development within 'learn-by-doing' international research partnerships: findings from the 'Partnership for Increasing the Impact of Vector Control (PIIVeC)'. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e012626. [PMID: 37678937 PMCID: PMC10496693 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Partnership to Increase the Impact of Vector Control sought to develop the research and leadership capacity of 10 African postdoctoral vectorborne disease scientists via a 'learn-by-doing' approach. We identified factors that either supported or hindered their development and, drawing on this information, determined key lessons for future programmes with similar objectives. METHODS A longitudinal qualitative study encompassing focus group discussions and semistructured interviews conducted with the cohort of African postdoctoral fellows, programme leadership, supervisory and research support staff (N=28). Data analysis was informed by a general inductive approach. RESULTS Numerous supportive and hindering factors were identified. Supportive factors were primarily structural or attitudinal in nature, whereas hindering factors were primarily operational or contextual. None of the supporting or hindering factors were specific to vectorborne disease research. Four key lessons for future programme implementation emerged, including: the value in exposing postdoctoral fellows to a diverse work-mix and training-mix to improve understanding of the broad skillset needed for scientific career advancement; recognising and managing the potentially competing interests of different partnership members to ensure everyone benefits from participation; ensuring equity of opportunity and rewarding engagement; and ensuring flexibility in support provision. CONCLUSION Our study highlights numerous factors that may be readily incorporated into early career researcher capacity strengthening initiatives based on a learn-by-doing approach. Many of these factors are supported by a growing weight of evidence and would be appropriate to research capacity strengthening programmes both within and outside of a vectorborne disease context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Amegee Quach
- Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Innocent Valea
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Imelda Bates
- Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Justin Pulford
- Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Kentikelenis A, Ghaffar A, McKee M, Dal Zennaro L, Stuckler D. Global financing for health policy and systems research: a review of funding opportunities. Health Policy Plan 2023; 38:409-416. [PMID: 36546732 PMCID: PMC10019567 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czac109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Health policy and systems research (HPSR) is a neglected area in global health financing. Despite repeated calls for greater investment, it seems that there has been little growth. We analysed trends in reported funding and activity between 2015 and 2021 using a novel real-time source of global health data, the Devex.com database, the world's largest source of funding opportunities related to international development. We performed a systematic search of the Devex.com database for HPSR-related terms with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. We included 'programs', 'tenders & grants' and 'contract awards', covering all call statuses (open, closed or forecast). Such funding opportunities were included if they were related specifically to HPSR funding or had an HPSR component; pure biomedical funding was excluded. Our findings reveal a relative neglect of HPSR, as only ∼2% of all global health funding calls included a discernible HPSR component. Despite increases in funding calls until 2019, this situation reversed in 2020, likely reflecting the redirection of resources to rapid assessments of the impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Most identified projects represented small-scale opportunities-commonly for consultancies or technical assistance. To the extent that new data were generated, these projects were either tied to a specific large intervention or were narrow in scope to meet a specific challenge-with many examples informing policy responses to the Covid-19 pandemic. Nearly half of advertised funding opportunities were multi-country projects, usually addressing global policy priorities like health systems strengthening or development of coordinated public health policies at a regional level. The Covid-19 pandemic has shown why investing in HPSR is more important than ever to enable the delivery of effective health interventions and avoid costly implementation failures. The evidence presented here highlights the need to scale up efforts to convince global health funders to institutionalize the inclusion of HPSR components in all funding calls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kentikelenis
- Department of Social and Political Sciences, Bocconi University, via Roentgen 1, Milan 20136, Italy
| | | | - Martin McKee
- *Corresponding author. Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK. E-mail:
| | - Livia Dal Zennaro
- Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - David Stuckler
- Department of Social and Political Sciences, Bocconi University, via Roentgen 1, Milan 20136, Italy
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Liu L, Jiao J, Yang X, Zhang J, Yu H, Li C, Pan L, Ma B, Sun H, Zhang J, Li Y. Global, Regional, and National Burdens of Blindness and Vision Loss in Children and Adolescents from 1990 to 2019: A Trend Analysis. Ophthalmology 2023; 130:575-587. [PMID: 36758807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide estimates for regional and national burdens of blindness and vision loss among children and adolescents between 1990 and 2019 by disease, age, and sociodemographic index (SDI). DESIGN This was a retrospective demographic analysis based on aggregated data. METHODS This was a population-based study using 1990-2019 data on the burden of vision loss and blindness from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. The burden of vision loss and blindness was evaluated in terms of case numbers, rates per 100 000 population, and average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) in prevalence rates and years lived with disability (YLDs). RESULTS Globally, the rates of blindness and vision loss per 100 000 population decreased in all age groups between 1990 and 2019, with prevalence rates decreasing from 1091.4 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 895.2-1326.1) to 1036.9 (95% UI, 847.8-1265.9, AAPC, -0.2) and YLDs decreasing from 44.5 (95% UI, 28.1-66.5) to 40.2 (95% UI, 25.1-60.7, AAPC, -0.4). Most of these reductions in prevalence rates (AAPC, -0.2, 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.2 to -0.1) and YLDs (AAPC, -0.2, 95% CI, -0.3 to -0.2) were due to decreases in refractive disorder. Notably, near-vision loss prevalence (AAPC, 0.3, 95% CI, 0.2-0.4) and YLDs (AAPC, 0.3, 95% CI, 0.2-0.4) substantially increased in all age groups. Children and adolescents in low- and low-middle SDI countries exhibited substantial decreases in the prevalence rates and YLDs of blindness and vision loss, but their counterparts in high- and middle-high SDI countries experienced a substantial increase in prevalence. CONCLUSIONS Globally, efforts in the past 3 decades have substantially decreased the burdens of blindness and vision loss among children and adolescents. However, there is extensive variation according to the kind of impairment, age group, and country SDI. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinghua Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- National Key Clinical Specialty, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang Institute of Ophthalmology, Zhengda Guangming Ophthalmology Group, Weifang, Shandong
| | - Honghua Yu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Li
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leilei Pan
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Bing Ma
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongze Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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