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Makris K, Mousa C, Cavalier E. Alkaline Phosphatases: Biochemistry, Functions, and Measurement. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:233-242. [PMID: 36571614 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-01048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatases (ALPs) are a group of isoenzymes, situated on the external layer of the cell membrane; they catalyze the hydrolysis of organic phosphate esters present in the extracellular space. Zinc and magnesium are significant co-factors for the biological activity of these enzymes. Although ALPs are available in various body tissues and have distinct physiochemical properties, they are true isoenzymes since they catalyze a similar reaction. In the liver, ALP is cytosolic and present in the canalicular membrane of the hepatocytes. ALPs are available in placenta, ileal mucosa, kidney, bone, and liver. However, most of the ALPs in serum (over 80%) are delivered from liver and bone and in more modest quantities from the intestines. Despite the fact that alkaline phosphatases are found in numerous tissues all through the body, their exact physiological function remains largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Makris
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, KAT General Hospital, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
- Laboratory for the Research of Musculoskeletal System "Th. Garofalidis", School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Chagigia Mousa
- 6th Orthopedic Department, KAT General Hospital, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Etienne Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liege, CHU de Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
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Prognostic value of preoperative serum alkaline phosphatase for predicting 3-year mortality in patients undergoing kidney transplantation: A retrospective study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273662. [PMID: 36037177 PMCID: PMC9423622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels are related to high-turnover bone disease and reflect vascular calcification and inflammation. ALP has been reported to have a prognostic impact in various cohorts including chronic kidney disease. This study investigated whether preoperative serum ALP level could be used for predicting mortality in patients undergoing kidney transplantation. We retrospectively reviewed 1,718 patients who underwent kidney transplantation between November 2005 and June 2017. Finally, 1,533 patients who met the inclusion criteria were classified into tertiles based on preoperative serum ALP level (< 51, 51–72, > 72 IU/L). The incidence of mortality was compared among the three tertiles, and a stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the predictors for mortality. The incidence of 3-year mortality was the highest in the third tertile (1.0% vs. 2.5% vs. 4.4% in the first, second, and third tertile, respectively, p = 0.003). The third tertile of ALP level (odds ratio [OR] 1.855, 95% CI 1.192–2.886, p = 0.006), age (OR 1.052, 95% CI 1.022–1.082, p = 0.011), and history of hypertension (OR 0.401, 95% CI 0.210–0.765, p = 0.006) remained as independent predictors of mortality. Preoperative serum ALP level was significantly higher in the non-survivor group than in the survivor group (58.00 [44.00–76.00] vs. 75.00 [56.25–113.00], p = 0.003). The optimal cut-off value of serum ALP to predict 3-year mortality was 71 IU/L (area under the curve 0.636, 95% CI 0.554–0.719, p = 0.003). Therefore, preoperative serum ALP level was an independent predictor of 3-year mortality in patients undergoing kidney transplantation.
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Park S, Choi ES, Jung HW, Lee JY, Park JW, Bang JS, Jeon YT. Preoperative Serum Alkaline Phosphatase and Neurological Outcome of Cerebrovascular Surgery. J Clin Med 2022; 11:2981. [PMID: 35683370 PMCID: PMC9181655 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11112981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the relationship between the preoperative alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level and major postoperative neurological complications in patients undergoing cerebral bypass surgery. This was a retrospective analysis of a prospective database of all patients undergoing cerebral bypass surgery after a diagnosis of cerebrovascular stenosis or occlusion between May 2003 and August 2017. The patients were divided into tertiles based on serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels (low: <63, intermediate: 63~79, and high: ALP > 79 IU/mL). The incidence of neurological events according to ALP level was analyzed. The study analyzed 211 cases. The incidence of acute infarction was highest in the third serum ALP tertile (5.7% vs. 2.9% vs. 16.9% in the first, second, and third tertile, respectively, p = 0.007). Logistic regression analysis showed that the third tertile of serum ALP was an independent predictor of acute cerebral infarction (odds ratio 3.346, 95% confidence interval 1.026−10.984, p = 0.045). On Kaplan−Meier time-to-event curves, the incidence of acute infarction increased significantly with ALP (log rank = 0.048). Preoperative serum ALP level can be used as a biomarker to predict acute cerebral infarction in patients undergoing cerebral bypass surgery for vascular stenosis or occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjoo Park
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Korea;
| | - Eun-Su Choi
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan 15355, Korea; (E.-S.C.); (H.-W.J.)
| | - Hee-Won Jung
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan 15355, Korea; (E.-S.C.); (H.-W.J.)
| | - Ji-Youn Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (J.-Y.L.); (J.-W.P.)
| | - Jin-Woo Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (J.-Y.L.); (J.-W.P.)
| | - Jae-Seung Bang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea;
| | - Yeong-Tae Jeon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (J.-Y.L.); (J.-W.P.)
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Bover J, Ureña P, Aguilar A, Mazzaferro S, Benito S, López-Báez V, Ramos A, daSilva I, Cozzolino M. Alkaline Phosphatases in the Complex Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorders. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 103:111-124. [PMID: 29445837 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-018-0399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatases (APs) remove the phosphate (dephosphorylation) needed in multiple metabolic processes (from many molecules such as proteins, nucleotides, or pyrophosphate). Therefore, APs are important for bone mineralization but paradoxically they can also be deleterious for other processes, such as vascular calcification and the increasingly known cross-talk between bone and vessels. A proper balance between beneficial and harmful activities is further complicated in the context of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this narrative review, we will briefly update the complexity of the enzyme, including its different isoforms such as the bone-specific alkaline phosphatase or the most recently discovered B1x. We will also analyze the correlations and potential discrepancies with parathyroid hormone and bone turnover and, most importantly, the valuable recent associations of AP's with cardiovascular disease and/or vascular calcification, and survival. Finally, a basic knowledge of the synthetic and degradation pathways of APs promises to open new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of the CKD-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) in the near future, as well as for other processes such as sepsis, acute kidney injury, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, metabolic syndrome or, in diabetes, cardiovascular complications. However, no studies have been done using APs as a primary therapeutic target for clinical outcomes, and therefore, AP's levels cannot yet be used alone as an isolated primary target in the treatment of CKD-MBD. Nonetheless, its diagnostic and prognostic potential should be underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Bover
- Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, IIB Sant Pau, RedinRen, C. Cartagena, Catalonia, 340-350, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pablo Ureña
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Clinique du Landy and Department of Renal Physiology, Necker Hospital, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Armando Aguilar
- Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, IIB Sant Pau, RedinRen, C. Cartagena, Catalonia, 340-350, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandro Mazzaferro
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrologic and Geriatric Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Benito
- Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, IIB Sant Pau, RedinRen, C. Cartagena, Catalonia, 340-350, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor López-Báez
- Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, IIB Sant Pau, RedinRen, C. Cartagena, Catalonia, 340-350, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandra Ramos
- Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, IIB Sant Pau, RedinRen, C. Cartagena, Catalonia, 340-350, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iara daSilva
- Department of Nephrology, Fundació Puigvert, IIB Sant Pau, RedinRen, C. Cartagena, Catalonia, 340-350, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Cozzolino
- Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology, Renal Division,San Paolo Hospital, DiSS University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Owaki A, Inaguma D, Tanaka A, Shinjo H, Inaba S, Kurata K. Evaluation of the Relationship between the Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Level at Dialysis Initiation and All-Cause Mortality: A Multicenter, Prospective Study. NEPHRON EXTRA 2017; 7:78-88. [PMID: 29593775 PMCID: PMC5869490 DOI: 10.1159/000481409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aim High serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels predict mortality independent of bone metabolism parameters and liver function test results in patients on hemodialysis. The relationship between serum ALP at dialysis initiation and mortality during maintenance dialysis is unknown; therefore, we aimed to identify an association. Methods This multicenter, prospective cohort study analyzed 1,213 patients registered in the Aichi Cohort Study of Prognosis in Patients Newly Initiated into Dialysis from October 2011 to September 2013. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on serum ALP levels. All-cause mortality and incidences of cardiovascular events after dialysis initiation were compared using the log-rank test and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. We performed stratified analysis based on parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Results During the follow-up, 109 (18.0%) and 86 (14.1%) patients died in the high ALP group (232 ≥IU/L; High ALP group) and low ALP group (232 <IU/L; Low ALP group), respectively. All-cause mortality was significantly higher in the High ALP group than in the Low ALP group (p = 0.014). The serum ALP level was significantly correlated with the all-cause mortality rate (hazard ratio = 1.17 per 100 IU/L increase of ALP, 95% confidence interval: 1.11–1.24, p < 0.001). The all-cause mortality rate was significantly higher in the High ALP group among patients with low (<150 pg/mL) or normal (150–300 pg/mL) PTH levels (p = 0.012 and p = 0.005, respectively) than in the Low ALP group; there was no significant difference among patients with a high (≥300 pg/mL) PTH level (p = 1.000). Conclusion The serum ALP level at dialysis initiation is associated with all-cause mortality during maintenance dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Owaki
- Department of Nephrology and Connective Tissue Disorders, Tosei Hospital, Seto, Japan
| | - Daijo Inaguma
- Department of Nephrology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Akihito Tanaka
- Department of Nephrology and Blood Purification Center, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daini Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hibiki Shinjo
- Department of Nephrology and Blood Purification Center, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daini Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Inaba
- Department of Nephrology and Connective Tissue Disorders, Tosei Hospital, Seto, Japan
| | - Kei Kurata
- Department of Nephrology and Connective Tissue Disorders, Tosei Hospital, Seto, Japan
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of early death in the settings of chronic kidney disease (CKD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and ageing. Cardiovascular events can be caused by an imbalance between promoters and inhibitors of mineralization, which leads to vascular calcification. This process is akin to skeletal mineralization, which is carefully regulated and in which isozymes of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) have a crucial role. Four genes encode ALP isozymes in humans. Intestinal, placental and germ cell ALPs are tissue-specific, whereas the tissue-nonspecific isozyme of ALP (TNALP) is present in several tissues, including bone, liver and kidney. TNALP has a pivotal role in bone calcification. Experimental overexpression of TNALP in the vasculature is sufficient to induce vascular calcification, cardiac hypertrophy and premature death, mimicking the cardiovascular phenotype often found in CKD and T2DM. Intestinal ALP contributes to the gut mucosal defence and intestinal and liver ALPs might contribute to the acute inflammatory response to endogenous or pathogenic stimuli. Here we review novel mechanisms that link ALP to vascular calcification, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in kidney and cardiovascular diseases. We also discuss new drugs that target ALP, which have the potential to improve cardiovascular outcomes without inhibiting skeletal mineralization.
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High Serum Alkaline Phosphatase, Hypercalcaemia, Race, and Mortality in South African Maintenance Haemodialysis Patients. Int J Nephrol 2017; 2017:2795432. [PMID: 28168054 PMCID: PMC5266852 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2795432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To determine the association between serum total alkaline phosphatase (TAP) and mortality in African maintenance haemodialysis patients (MHD). Patients and Methods. The study enrolled a total of 213 patients on MHD from two dialysis centers in Johannesburg between January 2009 and March 2016. Patients were categorized into a low TAP group (≤112 U/L) versus a high TAP group (>112 U/L) based on a median TAP of 112 U/L. Results. During the follow-up period of 7 years, there were 55 (25.8%) deaths. After adjusting for cofounders such as age, other markers of bone disorder, and comorbidity (diabetes mellitus), patients in the high TAP group had significantly higher risk of death compared to patients in the low TAP group (hazard ratio, 2.50; 95% CI 1.24-5.01, P = 0.01). Similarly, serum calcium >2.75 mmol/L was associated with increased risk of death compared to patients within levels of 2.10-2.37 mmol/L (HR 6.34, 95% CI 1.40-28.76; P = 0.02). The HR for death in white patients compared to black patients was 6.88; 95% CI 1.82-25.88; P = 0.004. Conclusion. High levels of serum alkaline phosphatase, hypercalcaemia, and white race are associated with increased risk of death in MHD patients.
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Badve SV, Zhang L, Coombes JS, Pascoe EM, Cass A, Clarke P, Ferrari P, McDonald SP, Morrish AT, Pedagogos E, Perkovic V, Reidlinger D, Scaria A, Walker R, Vergara LA, Hawley CM, Johnson DW. Association between serum alkaline phosphatase and primary resistance to erythropoiesis stimulating agents in chronic kidney disease: a secondary analysis of the HERO trial. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2015; 2:33. [PMID: 26284153 PMCID: PMC4538753 DOI: 10.1186/s40697-015-0066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA)-resistant anemia is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD). OBJECTIVES To evaluate the determinants of severity of ESA resistance in patients with CKD and primary ESA-resistance. DESIGN Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial (the Handling Erythropoietin Resistance with Oxpentifylline, HERO). SETTING AND PATIENTS 53 adult patients with CKD stage 4 or 5 and primary ESA-resistant anemia (hemoglobin ≤120 g/L, ESA resistance index [ERI] ≥1.0 IU/kg/week/gHb for erythropoietin or ≥0.005 μg/kg/week/gHb for darbepoeitin, no cause for ESA-resistance identified). MEASUREMENTS Iron studies, parathyroid hormone, albumin, liver enzymes, phosphate or markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. METHODS Participants were divided into tertiles of ERI. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyse the determinants of ERI tertiles. RESULTS All patients, except one, were receiving dialysis for end-stage kidney disease. The mean ± SD ERI values in the low (n = 18), medium (n = 18) and high (n = 17) ERI tertiles were 1.4 ± 0.3, 2.3 ± 0.2 and 3.5 ± 0.8 IU/kg/week/gHb, respectively (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences observed in age, gender, ethnicity, cause of kidney disease, diabetes, iron studies, parathyroid hormone, albumin, liver enzymes, phosphate or markers of oxidative stress and inflammation between the ERI tertiles. The median [inter-quartile range] serum alkaline phosphatase concentrations in the low, medium and high ERI tertiles were 89 [64,121], 99 [76,134 and 148 [87,175] U/L, respectively (P = 0.054). There was a weak but statistically significant association between ERI and serum alkaline phosphatase (R(2) = 0.06, P = 0.03). Using multinomial logistic regression, the risk of being in the high ERI tertile relative to the low ERI tertile increased with increasing serum alkaline phosphatase levels (P = 0.02). No other variables were significantly associated with ERI. LIMITATIONS Small sample size; bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, other markers of bone turnover and bone biopsies not evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Serum alkaline phosphatase was associated with severity of ESA resistance in ESA-resistant patients with CKD. Large prospective studies are required to confirm this association. ( TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry 12608000199314).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil V Badve
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia ; Department of Nephrology, Level 2, ARTS Building, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102 Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; Department of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elaine M Pascoe
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alan Cass
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
| | - Philip Clarke
- Centre for Health Policy, Programs & Economics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paolo Ferrari
- Department of Nephrology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen P McDonald
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Services, University of Adelaide at Central Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation Services, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alicia T Morrish
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eugenie Pedagogos
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vlado Perkovic
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Donna Reidlinger
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anish Scaria
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rowan Walker
- Department of Renal Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Liza A Vergara
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carmel M Hawley
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David W Johnson
- Australasian Kidney Trials Network, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia ; Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Lau WL, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kovesdy CP, Mehrotra R. Alkaline phosphatase: Better than PTH as a marker of cardiovascular and bone disease? Hemodial Int 2014; 18:720-4. [DOI: 10.1111/hdi.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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S P, S PK, Jb A. Increased serum alkaline phosphatase and serum phosphate as predictors of mortality after stroke. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:CC01-3. [PMID: 25300293 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/8350.4649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Serum Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) & phosphate are considered to be indicators of vascular calcification. Link between bone metabolism, vascular calcification, cardiovascular events have been well studied in chronic kidney disease and ischemic heart disease. AIMS To determine that increased serum phosphate and alkaline phosphatase are predictors of mortality rates and recurrent vascular events in stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty patients admitted with acute stroke (ischemic & haemorrhagic) were included in the study. Their baseline clinical characteristics and biochemical parameters including serum ALP and phosphate were noted. All patients were followed up for a period of one year. The all- cause mortality, the mortality due to cardiovascular events and recurrent vascular events without death were noted during the follow up. Statistical analyses were done to look for any correlation between mortality and baseline levels of serum ALP and phosphate. RESULTS Of the 60 patients, 8 (13.3%) patients were lost for follow up. Fourteen (26.9%) patients died; of which 12 deaths were due to vascular causes and 2 deaths were due to non vascular causes. Increasing levels of serum ALP and phosphate correlated with all cause mortality and recurrent vascular events without death Conclusion: Serum ALP and phosphate prove to be cost effective prognostic indicator of mortality and recurrent vascular events in stroke. This finding has to be confirmed with studies including larger population. Further research on ALP inhibitors, Vitamin D analogues and phosphate binders to improve mortality in stroke population can be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha S
- Resident, Department of Neurology, Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute , Bangalore, India
| | - Praveen-Kumar S
- Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute , Bangalore, India
| | - Agadi Jb
- Professor, Department of Neurology, Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute , Bangalore, India
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