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Fritzell K, Hedberg B, Woudstra A, Forsberg A, Sventelius M, Kottorp A, Jervaeus A. Making the BEST decision-the BESTa project development, implementation and evaluation of a digital Decision Aid in Swedish cancer screening programmes- a description of a research project. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294332. [PMID: 38085710 PMCID: PMC10715660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sweden has a long tradition of organized national population-based screening programmes. Participation rates differ between programmes and regions, being relatively high in some groups, but lower in others. To ensure an equity perspective on screening, it is desirable that individuals make an informed decision based on knowledge rather than ignorance, misconceptions, or fear. Decision Aids (DAs) are set to deliver information about different healthcare options and help individuals to visualize the values associated with each available option. DAs are not intended to guide individuals to choose one option over another. The advantage of an individual Decision Aid (iDA) is that individuals gain knowledge about cancer and screening by accessing one webpage with the possibility to communicate with health professionals and thereafter make their decision regarding participation. The objective is therefore to develop, implement and evaluate a digital iDA for individuals invited to cancer screening in Sweden. METHODS This study encompasses a process-, implementation-, and outcome evaluation. Multiple methods will be applied including focus group discussions, individual interviews and the usage of the think aloud technique and self-reported questionnaire data. The project is based on The International Patient Decision Aid Standards (IPDAS) framework and the proposed model development process for DAs. Individuals aged 23-74, including women (the cervical-, breast- and CRC screening module) and men (the CRC screening module), will be included in the developmental process. Efforts will be made to recruit participants with self-reported physical and mental limitations, individuals without a permanent residence and ethnic minorities. DISCUSSION To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first attempt aimed at developing an iDA for use in the Swedish context. The iDA is intended to facilitate shared decision making about participation in screening. Furthermore, the iDA is expected to increase knowledge and raise awareness about cancer and cancer screening. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION Lay people are involved throughout the whole development and implementation process of the digital DA. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT05512260.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Fritzell
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Nursing, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Hereditary Cancer Clinic, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Berith Hedberg
- School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Anke Woudstra
- Team Advies en Onderzoek, Municipal Health Service (GGD) Kennemerland, Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Forsberg
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Kottorp
- Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna Jervaeus
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Nursing, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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Hultcrantz R. Aspects of colorectal cancer screening, methods, age and gender. J Intern Med 2021; 289:493-507. [PMID: 32929813 PMCID: PMC8048936 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is, besides breast, prostate, lung and skin cancers, the most common cancer worldwide and is suitable for screening. The incidence of CRC varies considerably in different parts of the world: in well-developed countries, the incidence is between 30 and 70 per 100 000 inhabitants, whereas in less-developed countries such as sub-Saharan Africa, it is 10-20/100 000 inhabitants. Women have a lower incidence of CRC, which is usually one-third of total incidence. Several studies have shown that it is possible to decrease mortality from CRC with about 20%, which is evidenced through the data from countries with screening programmes. Though the method of choice to identify blood samples in faecal matter is under debate, the most feasible way is to perform colonoscopy. Other methods include more advanced faecal analyses, testing for mutations from CRC, sigmoidoscopy, CT colonoscopy or optical colonoscopy. Colonoscopy is in most countries not available in sufficient amount and has to be carried out with great accuracy; otherwise, lesions will be missed to identify, thus leading to complications. Gender is an issue in CRC screening, as women have about 20% fewer colorectal adenomas and CRCs, but they also have more right-sided lesions, which are more difficult to detect with tests for faecal blood since they create less blood in faeces. Thus, other strategies may have to be developed for women in order for screening to have the same effect. It is essential to introduce colorectal cancer screening in all countries together with other clinical pieces of advice such as information on smoking, obesity and exercise in order to reduce one of the most dangerous cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hultcrantz
- From the, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Champion C, Kuziemsky C, Affleck E, Alvarez GG. A systems approach for modeling health information complexity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Jideh B, Bourke MJ. Colorectal cancer screening reduces incidence, mortality and morbidity. Med J Aust 2019; 208:483-484. [PMID: 29902408 DOI: 10.5694/mja18.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kearns B, Chilcott J, Relton C, Whyte S, Woods HB, Nickerson C, Loban A. The association between long-term conditions and uptake of population-based screening for colorectal cancer: results from two English cohort studies. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:637-645. [PMID: 29628776 PMCID: PMC5878662 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s153361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Uptake of screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) can reduce mortality, and population-based screening is offered in England. To date, there is little evidence on the association between having a long-term condition (LTC) and CRC screening uptake. The objective of this study was to examine the association between having an LTC and uptake of CRC screening in England with the guaiac fecal occult blood test, with a particular focus on common mental disorders. Methods The study was a preregistered secondary analysis of two cohorts: first, a linked data set between the regional Yorkshire Health Study (YHS) and the National Health Service National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (BCSP, years 2006–2014); second, the national English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA, years 2014–2015). Individuals eligible for BCSP screening who participated in either the YHS (7,142) or ELSA Wave 7 (4,099) were included. Study registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02503969. Results In both the cohorts, diabetes was associated with lower uptake (YHS odds ratio [OR] for non-uptake 1.35, 95% CI 1.03–1.78; ELSA 1.33, 1.03–1.72) and osteoarthritis was associated with increased uptake (YHS 0.75, 0.57–0.99; ELSA 0.76, 0.62–0.93). After controlling for broader determinants of health, there was no evidence of significantly different uptake for individuals with common mental disorders. Conclusion Two large independent cohorts provided evidence that uptake of CRC screening is lower among individuals with diabetes and higher among individuals with osteoarthritis. Further work should compare barriers and facilitators to screening among individuals with either of these conditions. This study also demonstrates the benefits of data linkage for improving clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kearns
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jim Chilcott
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Clare Relton
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sophie Whyte
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Helen Buckley Woods
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Claire Nickerson
- Cancer Screening Programmes, Public Health England, Sheffield, UK
| | - Amanda Loban
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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"Finding the Right FIT": Rural Patient Preferences for Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) Characteristics. J Am Board Fam Med 2017; 30:632-644. [PMID: 28923816 PMCID: PMC7363001 DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2017.05.170151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer death in the United States, yet 1 in 3 Americans have never been screened for CRC. Annual screening using fecal immunochemical tests (FITs) is often a preferred modality in populations experiencing CRC screening disparities. Although multiple studies evaluate the clinical effectiveness of FITs, few studies assess patient preferences toward kit characteristics. We conducted this community-led study to assess patient preferences for FIT characteristics and to use study findings in concert with clinical effectiveness data to inform regional FIT selection. METHODS We collaborated with local health system leaders to identify FITs and recruit age eligible (50 to 75 years), English or Spanish speaking community members. Participants completed up to 6 FITs and associated questionnaires and were invited to participate in a follow-up focus group. We used a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design to assess participant preferences and rank FIT kits. First, we used quantitative data from user testing to measure acceptability, ease of completion, and specimen adequacy through a descriptive analysis of 1) fixed response questionnaire items on participant attitudes toward and experiences with FIT kits, and 2) a clinical assessment of adherence to directions regarding collection, packaging, and return of specimens. Second, we analyzed qualitative data from focus groups to refine FIT rankings and gain deeper insight into the pros and cons associated with each tested kit. FINDINGS Seventy-six FITs were completed by 18 participants (Range, 3 to 6 kits per participant). Over half (56%, n = 10) of the participants were Hispanic and 50% were female (n = 9). Thirteen participants attended 1 of 3 focus groups. Participants preferred FITs that were single sample, used a probe and vial for sample collection, and had simple, large-font instructions with colorful pictures. Participants reported challenges using paper to catch samples, had difficulty labeling tests, and emphasized the importance of having care team members provide verbal instructions on test completion and follow-up support for patients with abnormal results. FIT rankings from most to least preferred were OC-Light, Hemosure iFOB Test, InSure FIT, QuickVue, OneStep+, and Hemoccult ICT. CONCLUSIONS FIT characteristics influenced patient's perceptions of test acceptability and feasibility. Health system leaders, payers, and clinicians should select FITs that are both clinically effective and incorporate patient preferred test characteristics. Consideration of patient preferences may facilitate FIT return, especially in populations at higher risk for experiencing CRC screening disparities.
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Zali MR, Safdari R, Maserat E, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H. Designing clinical and genetic guidelines of colorectal cancer screening as an effective roadmap for risk management. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2016; 9:S53-S61. [PMID: 28224029 PMCID: PMC5310801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to present clinical and genetic guidelines of colorectal cancer screening for risk assessment of populations at risk. BACKGROUND National guidelines can be used as a guide for choosing the method of screening for each individual. These guidelines facilitate decision making and support the delivery of cancer screening service. METHODS In the first step, a comparative study was performed by using secondary data extracted from the literature review. Three countries (Canada, Australia and United States) were selected from 25 countries that are member in the International Cancer Screening Network (ICSN). The second step of study was qualitative survey. The study was based on the grounded theory approach. Study tool was semi-structured interview. Interviewing involves asking questions and getting answers from participants. 22 expert's perspectives about guidelines of colorectal cancer screening were surveyed. RESULTS Screening program of selected countries was compared. Countries were surveyed by number of risk groups and subgroups, criteria for risk assessment, beginning age, recommendations, screening approaches and intervals. Australia and United States have three risk groups and Canada has two risk groups. Four risk groups were defined in the national guideline, including high risk, increased risk, average and low risk group. The high risk group comprises of 8 subgroups, increased risk group comprises of 3 subgroups and average risk group contain 4 subgroups. Approved clinical criteria for hereditary syndromes and the roadmap of genetic and pathologic survey were designed. CONCLUSIONS Guidelines and pathways have a vital role in the quality improvement of CRC screening program. National guidelines were refined according to the environmental and genetic criteria of colorectal cancer in Iran. These guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations by risk groups. National pathways as a risk assessment tool can evaluate and improve the processes and outcomes of cancer screening in practice. One of the suggestions for future research is the designing expert system for real-time decision making during a clinical interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Safdari
- Allied Medical Sciences School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Maserat
- Management and Medical Informatics School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Adumeau P, Carnazza KE, Brand C, Carlin SD, Reiner T, Agnew BJ, Lewis JS, Zeglis BM. A Pretargeted Approach for the Multimodal PET/NIRF Imaging of Colorectal Cancer. Theranostics 2016; 6:2267-2277. [PMID: 27924162 PMCID: PMC5135447 DOI: 10.7150/thno.16744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The complementary nature of positron emission tomography (PET) and near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging makes the development of strategies for the multimodal PET/NIRF imaging of cancer a very enticing prospect. Indeed, in the context of colorectal cancer, a single multimodal PET/NIRF imaging agent could be used to stage the disease, identify candidates for surgical intervention, and facilitate the image-guided resection of the disease. While antibodies have proven to be highly effective vectors for the delivery of radioisotopes and fluorophores to malignant tissues, the use of radioimmunoconjugates labeled with long-lived nuclides such as 89Zr poses two important clinical complications: high radiation doses to the patient and the need for significant lag time between imaging and surgery. In vivo pretargeting strategies that decouple the targeting vector from the radioactivity at the time of injection have the potential to circumvent these issues by facilitating the use of positron-emitting radioisotopes with far shorter half-lives. Here, we report the synthesis, characterization, and in vivo validation of a pretargeted strategy for the multimodal PET and NIRF imaging of colorectal carcinoma. This approach is based on the rapid and bioorthogonal ligation between a trans-cyclooctene- and fluorophore-bearing immunoconjugate of the huA33 antibody (huA33-Dye800-TCO) and a 64Cu-labeled tetrazine radioligand (64Cu-Tz-SarAr). In vivo imaging experiments in mice bearing A33 antigen-expressing SW1222 colorectal cancer xenografts clearly demonstrate that this approach enables the non-invasive visualization of tumors and the image-guided resection of malignant tissue, all at only a fraction of the radiation dose created by a directly labeled radioimmunoconjugate. Additional in vivo experiments in peritoneal and patient-derived xenograft models of colorectal carcinoma reinforce the efficacy of this methodology and underscore its potential as an innovative and useful clinical tool.
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Honein-AbouHaidar GN, Kastner M, Vuong V, Perrier L, Daly C, Rabeneck L, Straus S, Baxter NN. Systematic Review and Meta-study Synthesis of Qualitative Studies Evaluating Facilitators and Barriers to Participation in Colorectal Cancer Screening. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25:907-17. [PMID: 27197277 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening reduces the incidence, morbidity, and mortality of colorectal cancer, yet participation tends to be low. We undertook a systematic review and meta-study synthesis of qualitative studies to identify facilitators and barriers to colorectal cancer screening participation. We searched major bibliographic databases for records published in all languages from inception to February 2015. Included primary studies that elicited views and perceptions towards colorectal cancer screening were appraised for relevance and quality. We used a two-stage synthesis to create an interpretation of colorectal cancer screening decisions grounded in primary studies; a thematic analysis to group themes and systematically compare studies and a meta-synthesis to generate an expanded theory of colorectal cancer screening participation. Ninety-four studies were included. The decision to participate in colorectal cancer screening depended on an individual's awareness of colorectal cancer screening. Awareness affected views of cancer, attitudes towards colorectal cancer screening modalities, and motivation for screening. Factors mediating awareness included public education to address misconceptions, primary care physician efforts to recommend screening, and the influence of friends and family. Specific barriers to participation in populations with lower participation rates included language barriers, logistical challenges to attending screening tests, and cultural beliefs. This study identifies key barriers, facilitators, and mediators to colorectal cancer screening participation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(6); 907-17. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Kastner
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vincent Vuong
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Laure Perrier
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Corinne Daly
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Sharon Straus
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada. Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nancy N Baxter
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada. Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Kearns B, Whyte S, Seaman HE, Snowball J, Halloran SP, Butler P, Patnick J, Nickerson C, Chilcott J. Factors associated with completion of bowel cancer screening and the potential effects of simplifying the screening test algorithm. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:327-33. [PMID: 26766733 PMCID: PMC4742589 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The primary colorectal cancer screening test in England is a guaiac faecal occult blood test (gFOBt). The NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP) interprets tests on six samples on up to three test kits to determine a definitive positive or negative result. However, the test algorithm fails to achieve a definitive result for a significant number of participants because they do not comply with the programme requirements. This study identifies factors associated with failed compliance and modifications to the screening algorithm that will improve the clinical effectiveness of the screening programme. Methods: The BCSP Southern Hub data for screening episodes started in 2006–2012 were analysed for participants aged 60–69 years. The variables included age, sex, level of deprivation, gFOBt results and clinical outcome. Results: The data set included 1 409 335 screening episodes; 95.08% of participants had a definitively normal result on kit 1 (no positive spots). Among participants asked to complete a second or third gFOBt, 5.10% and 4.65%, respectively, failed to return a valid kit. Among participants referred for follow up, 13.80% did not comply. Older age was associated with compliance at repeat testing, but non-compliance at follow up. Increasing levels of deprivation were associated with non-compliance at repeat testing and follow up. Modelling a reduction in the threshold for immediate referral led to a small increase in completion of the screening pathway. Conclusions: Reducing the number of positive spots required on the first gFOBt kit for referral for follow-up and targeted measures to improve compliance with follow-up may improve completion of the screening pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kearns
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK
| | - Sophie Whyte
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK
| | - Helen E Seaman
- NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Southern Programme Hub, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7YS, UK
| | - Julia Snowball
- NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Southern Programme Hub, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7YS, UK
| | - Stephen P Halloran
- NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Southern Programme Hub, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7YS, UK.,Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Piers Butler
- NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Southern Programme Hub, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7YS, UK
| | | | | | - Jim Chilcott
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK
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Developments in Screening Tests and Strategies for Colorectal Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:326728. [PMID: 26504799 PMCID: PMC4609363 DOI: 10.1155/2015/326728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in men and second most common in women. It is the fourth most common cause of cancer mortality. In the United States, CRC is the third most common cause of cancer and second most common cause of cancer mortality. Incidence and mortality rates have steadily fallen, primarily due to widespread screening. METHODS We conducted keyword searches on PubMed in four categories of CRC screening: stool, endoscopic, radiologic, and serum, as well as news searches in Medscape and Google News. RESULTS Colonoscopy is the gold standard for CRC screening and the most common method in the United States. Technological improvements continue to be made, including the promising "third-eye retroscope." Fecal occult blood remains widely used, particularly outside the United States. The first at-home screen, a fecal DNA screen, has also recently been approved. Radiological methods are effective but seldom used due to cost and other factors. Serum tests are largely experimental, although at least one is moving closer to market. CONCLUSIONS Colonoscopy is likely to remain the most popular screening modality for the immediate future, although its shortcomings will continue to spur innovation in a variety of modalities.
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Chai J, Shen X, Feng R, Cheng J, Chen Y, Zha Z, Jia S, Liang H, Zhao T, Sha R, Shi Y, Li K, Wang D. eCROPS-CA: a systematic approach toward effective and sustainable cancer prevention in rural China. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:233. [PMID: 25886568 PMCID: PMC4416351 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Effective prevention against cancers depends heavily on sustained individual efforts practicing protective behaviors and avoiding risk factors in a complex sociocultural context, which requires continuous and personalized supports. Contemporary prevention relies primarily on strategies targeting general population with limited attention being paid to individualized approaches. This study tests a novel package called, in acronym of core intervention components, eCROPS-CA that leverages protective behaviors against over 80% leading cancers among high risk individuals via continuous and tailored counseling by village doctors. Methods/Design The study utilizes a quesi-RCT design involving 4320 high risk individuals selected, via rapid and detailed risk assessments, from about 72,000 farmers aged 35+ in 36 administrative villages randomized into equal intervention and delayed intervention arms. The intervention arm receives baseline and semiannual follow up evaluations plus eCROPS-CA for 5 years; while the control arm, only the baseline and follow-up evaluations for the first 5 years and eCROPS-CA starting from the 6th year if the intervention is proved effective. eCROPS-CA comprises electronic supports and supervision (e), counseling cancer prevention (C), recipe for objective behaviors (R), operational toolkit (O), performance-based incentives (P), and screening and assessment (S). Evaluation measures include: incidence and stage of the leading cancers, cancer-related knowledge, attitudes and practices; easy biophysical indicators (e.g., body mass index, blood pressure); intervention compliance, acceptance of the package. Discussion The prevention package incorporates key success factors in a synergetic way toward cost-effectiveness and long-term sustainability. It targets a set rather than any single cancer; choses village doctors as key solution to the widespread lack of professional manpower in implementing personalized and thus relatively sophisticated prevention; adopts real-time monitoring in reaching continuous improvement; utilizes smart web aids to enable prioritizing complex determinants of objective behaviors, linking counseling sessions happened at different time points and hence delivering highly coordinated prevention; uses 2-stage risk assessment models in identifying high risk individuals so as to focus on the most needed; applies standardized operation procedures in simplifying and smoothing behavior intervention yet ensuring delivery of essential steps and key elements. Trials registry ISRCTN33269053 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1253-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chai
- School of Health Service Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Xingrong Shen
- School of Health Service Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Rui Feng
- Department of Literature Review and Analysis, Library of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Jing Cheng
- School of Health Service Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Yeji Chen
- Anhui Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Zhengqiu Zha
- Anhui Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Shangchun Jia
- Anhui Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Han Liang
- School of Health Service Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Ting Zhao
- School of Health Service Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Rui Sha
- School of Health Service Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Yong Shi
- Luan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Luan, Anhui, China.
| | - Kaichun Li
- Luan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Luan, Anhui, China.
| | - Debin Wang
- School of Health Service Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China. .,Collaboration Center for Cancer Control, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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