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Mass spectrometry for breath analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Comparative analysis of volatile organic compounds of breath and urine for distinguishing patients with liver cirrhosis from healthy controls by using electronic nose and voltammetric electronic tongue. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1184:339028. [PMID: 34625262 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Advanced stage detection of liver cirrhosis (LCi) would lead to high mortality rates in patients. Therefore, accurate and non-invasive tools for its early detection are highly needed using human emanations that may reflect this disease. Human breath, along with urine and blood, has long been one of the three main biological media for assessing human health and environmental exposure. The primary objective of this study was to explore the potential of using volatile organic compounds (VOCs) assay of exhaled breath and urine samples for the diagnosis of patients with LCi and healthy controls (HC). For this purpose, we used a hybrid electronic nose (E-nose) combining two sensor families, consisting of an array of five commercial chemical gas sensors and six interdigitated chemical gas sensors based on pristine or metal-doped WO3 nanowires for sensing volatile gases in exhaled breath. A voltammetric electronic tongue (VE-tongue), composed of five working electrodes, was dedicated to the analysis of urinary VOCs using cyclic voltammetry as a measurement technique. 54 patients were recruited for this study, comprising 22 patients with LCi, and 32 HC. The two-sensing systems coupled with pattern recognition methods, namely Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA), were trained to classify data clusters associated with the health status of the two groups. The diagnostic performances of the E-nose and VE-tongue systems were studied by using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) method. The use of the E-nose or the VE-tongue separately, trained with these appropriate classifiers, showed a slight overlap indicating no clear discrimination between LCi patients and HC. To improve the performance of both electronic sensing devices, an emerging strategy, namely a multi-sensor data fusion technique, was proposed as a second aim to overcome this shortcoming. The data fusion approach of the two systems, at a medium level of abstraction, has demonstrated the ability to assess human health and disease status using non-invasive screening tools based on exhaled breath and urinary VOC analysis. This suggests that exhaled breath as well as urinary VOCs are specific to a disease state and could potentially be used as diagnostic methods.
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Ye J, Li J, Zhao P. Roles of ncRNAs as ceRNAs in Gastric Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071036. [PMID: 34356052 PMCID: PMC8305186 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although ignored in the past, with the recent deepening of research, significant progress has been made in the field of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Accumulating evidence has revealed that microRNA (miRNA) response elements regulate RNA. Long ncRNAs, circular RNAs, pseudogenes, miRNAs, and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) form a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network that plays an essential role in cancer and cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and autoimmune diseases. Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers, with a high degree of malignancy. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanism and treatment of GC, but GC’s mortality rate is still high. Studies have shown a complex ceRNA crosstalk mechanism in GC. lncRNAs, circRNAs, and pseudogenes can interact with miRNAs to affect mRNA transcription. The study of the involvement of ceRNA in GC could improve our understanding of GC and lead to the identification of potential effective therapeutic targets. The research strategy for ceRNA is mainly to screen the different miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, pseudogenes, and mRNAs in each sample through microarray or sequencing technology, predict the ceRNA regulatory network, and, finally, conduct functional research on ceRNA. In this review, we briefly discuss the proposal and development of the ceRNA hypothesis and the biological function and principle of ceRNAs in GC, and briefly introduce the role of ncRNAs in the GC’s ceRNA network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China;
| | - Jifu Li
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China;
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-23-6825-0885
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Tribolet L, Kerr E, Cowled C, Bean AGD, Stewart CR, Dearnley M, Farr RJ. MicroRNA Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases: From Basic Research to Biosensing. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1197. [PMID: 32582115 PMCID: PMC7286131 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pursuit of improved diagnostic tests for infectious diseases, several classes of molecules have been scrutinized as prospective biomarkers. Small (18–22 nucleotide), non-coding RNA transcripts called microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as promising candidates with extensive diagnostic potential, due to their role in numerous diseases, previously established methods for quantitation and their stability within biofluids. Despite efforts to identify, characterize and apply miRNA signatures as diagnostic markers in a range of non-infectious diseases, their application in infectious disease has advanced relatively slowly. Here, we outline the benefits that miRNA biomarkers offer to the diagnosis, management, and treatment of infectious diseases. Investigation of these novel biomarkers could advance the use of personalized medicine in infectious disease treatment, which raises important considerations for validating their use as diagnostic or prognostic markers. Finally, we discuss new and emerging miRNA detection platforms, with a focus on rapid, point-of-care testing, to evaluate the benefits and obstacles of miRNA biomarkers for infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Tribolet
- Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily Kerr
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher Cowled
- Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew G D Bean
- Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Cameron R Stewart
- Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Megan Dearnley
- Diagnostics, Surveillance and Response (DSR), Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Ryan J Farr
- Diagnostics, Surveillance and Response (DSR), Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Markar SR, Wiggins T, Antonowicz S, Chin ST, Romano A, Nikolic K, Evans B, Cunningham D, Mughal M, Lagergren J, Hanna GB. Assessment of a Noninvasive Exhaled Breath Test for the Diagnosis of Oesophagogastric Cancer. JAMA Oncol 2019; 4:970-976. [PMID: 29799976 PMCID: PMC6145735 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.0991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Question What is the diagnostic accuracy of a breath test for esophagogastric cancer? Findings In a multicenter diagnostic study of 335 patients, including 172 patients with esophagogastric cancer, the breath test demonstrated good diagnostic accuracy. Meaning This study suggests the potential of breath analysis as a noninvasive tool in the diagnosis of esophagogastric cancer. Importance Early esophagogastric cancer (OGC) stage presents with nonspecific symptoms. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of a breath test for the diagnosis of OGC in a multicenter validation study. Design, Setting, and Participants Patient recruitment for this diagnostic validation study was conducted at 3 London hospital sites, with breath samples returned to a central laboratory for selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) analysis. Based on a 1:1 cancer:control ratio, and maintaining a sensitivity and specificity of 80%, the sample size required was 325 patients. All patients with cancer were on a curative treatment pathway, and patients were recruited consecutively. Among the 335 patients included; 172 were in the control group and 163 had OGC. Interventions Breath samples were collected using secure 500-mL steel breath bags and analyzed by SIFT-MS. Quality assurance measures included sampling room air, training all researchers in breath sampling, regular instrument calibration, and unambiguous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) identification by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Main Outcomes and Measures The risk of cancer was identified based on a previously generated 5-VOCs model and compared with histopathology-proven diagnosis. Results Patients in the OGC group were older (median [IQR] age 68 [60-75] vs 55 [41-69] years) and had a greater proportion of men (134 [82.2%]) vs women (81 [47.4%]) compared with the control group. Of the 163 patients with OGC, 123 (69%) had tumor stage T3/4, and 106 (65%) had nodal metastasis on clinical staging. The predictive probabilities generated by this 5-VOCs diagnostic model were used to generate a receiver operator characteristic curve, with good diagnostic accuracy, area under the curve of 0.85. This translated to a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 81% for the diagnosis of OGC. Conclusions and Relevance This study shows the potential of breath analysis in noninvasive diagnosis of OGC in the clinical setting. The next step is to establish the diagnostic accuracy of the test among the intended population in primary care where the test will be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheraz R Markar
- Department Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Wiggins
- Department Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Antonowicz
- Department Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Sung-Tong Chin
- Department Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Romano
- Department Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantin Nikolic
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Evans
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - David Cunningham
- Department of Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muntzer Mughal
- Department of Surgery, University College London Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - Jesper Lagergren
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - George B Hanna
- Department Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify patient factors that are associated with emergency presentation of esophageal and gastric cancer, and further to evaluate long-term prognosis in this cohort. BACKGROUND The incidence of emergency presentation is variable, with the prognosis of patients stabilized and discharged to return for elective surgery unknown. METHODS The primary admission of patients with esophageal or gastric cancer within the Hospital Episode Statistics database (1997-2012) was used to classify as emergency or elective diagnosis. Multivariate regression analyses were used to identify patient factors associated with emergency diagnosis and prognosis. RESULTS A total of 35,807 (29.4%) and 45,866 (39.6%) patients with esophageal and gastric cancer presented as an emergency over the study period. Age ≥70, female sex, non-white ethnicity, Charlson comorbidity index score ≥3 and more deprived Townsend index were independent predictors of emergency cancer diagnosis. Emergency diagnosis was an independent predictor of increased 5-year mortality for all patients with esophageal cancer [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.61-1.65] and gastric cancer (HR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.16-1.23). Specifically patients receiving surgery on an elective follow-up admission with an initial emergency diagnosis had a poorer prognosis (esophageal cancer: HR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.27-1.44, gastric cancer: HR = 1.13. 95% CI 1.04-1.22), with a significant increase in liver recurrence (esophageal cancer: 7.1% vs 4.9%; P < 0.001, gastric cancer: 7.0% vs 4.8%; P < 0.001) compared to patients referred electively. CONCLUSIONS Emergency presentation of esophageal and gastric cancer is associated with a poor prognosis, due to the increased incidence of metastatic disease at diagnosis and a higher recurrence rate after surgery.
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Romano A, Doran S, Belluomo I, Hanna GB. High-Throughput Breath Volatile Organic Compound Analysis Using Thermal Desorption Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10204-10210. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Romano
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, 10th Floor QEQM Building, St. Mary’s Hospital, South Wharf Road, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Doran
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, 10th Floor QEQM Building, St. Mary’s Hospital, South Wharf Road, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Belluomo
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, 10th Floor QEQM Building, St. Mary’s Hospital, South Wharf Road, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - George Bushra Hanna
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, 10th Floor QEQM Building, St. Mary’s Hospital, South Wharf Road, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
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Markar SR, Brodie B, Chin ST, Romano A, Spalding D, Hanna GB. Profile of exhaled-breath volatile organic compounds to diagnose pancreatic cancer. Br J Surg 2018; 105:1493-1500. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Pancreatic cancer has a very poor prognosis as most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage when curative treatments are not possible. Breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have shown potential as novel biomarkers to detect cancer. The aim of the study was to quantify differences in exhaled breath VOCs of patients with pancreatic cancers compared with cohorts without cancer.
Methods
Patients were recruited to an initial development cohort and a second validation cohort. The cancer group included patients with localized and metastatic cancers, whereas the control group included patients with benign pancreatic disease or normal pancreas. The reference test for comparison was radiological imaging using abdominal CT, ultrasound imaging or endoscopic ultrasonography, confirmed by histopathological examination as appropriate. Breath was collected from the development cohort with steel bags, and from the validation cohort using the ReCIVA™ system. Analysis was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.
Results
A total of 68 patients were recruited to the development cohort (25 with cancer, 43 no cancer) and 64 to the validation cohort (32 with cancer, 32 no cancer). Of 66 VOCs identified, 12 were significantly different between groups in the development cohort on univariable analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis using significant volatile compounds and the validation cohort produced an area under the curve of 0·736 (sensitivity 81 per cent, specificity 58 per cent) for differentiating cancer from no cancer, and 0·744 (sensitivity 70 per cent, specificity 74 per cent) for differentiating adenocarcinoma from no cancer.
Conclusion
Breath VOCs may distinguish patients with pancreatic cancer from those without cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Markar
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - B Brodie
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S-T Chin
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Romano
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D Spalding
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - G B Hanna
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Chin ST, Romano A, Doran SLF, Hanna GB. Cross-platform mass spectrometry annotation in breathomics of oesophageal-gastric cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5139. [PMID: 29572531 PMCID: PMC5865157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22890-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease breathomics is gaining importance nowadays due to its usefulness as non-invasive early cancer detection. Mass spectrometry (MS) technique is often used for analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with cancer in the exhaled breath but a long-standing challenge is the uncertainty in mass peak annotation for potential volatile biomarkers. This work describes a cross-platform MS strategy employing selected-ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS), high resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) retrofitted with electron ionisation (EI) and GC-MS retrofitted with positive chemical ionisation (PCI) as orthogonal analytical approaches in order to provide facile identification of the oxygenated VOCs from breath of cancer patients. In addition, water infusion was applied as novel efficient PCI reagent in breathomics analysis, depicting unique diagnostic ions M+ or [M-17]+ for VOC identification. Identity confirmation of breath VOCs was deduced using the proposed multi-platform workflow, which reveals variation in breath oxygenated VOC composition of oesophageal-gastric (OG) cancer patients with dominantly ketones, followed by aldehydes, alcohols, acids and phenols in decreasing order of relative abundance. Accurate VOC identification provided by cross-platform approach would be valuable for the refinement of diagnostic VOC models and the understanding of molecular drivers of VOC production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Tong Chin
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Surgery, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Romano
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Surgery, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie L F Doran
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Surgery, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - George B Hanna
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Surgery, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom.
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