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Daugelat MC, Pruccoli J, Schag K, Giel KE. Barriers and facilitators affecting treatment uptake behaviours for patients with eating disorders: A systematic review synthesising patient, caregiver and clinician perspectives. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2023; 31:752-768. [PMID: 37352132 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A significant treatment gap exists between persons affected by eating disorders (ED), and those engaging with treatment services. This systematic review aims to provide a thorough understanding of the barriers and facilitators affecting eating disorder treatment engagement, including a synthesis of the perspectives of patients, caregivers and healthcare professionals. METHOD This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies were retrieved from three databases (PubMed, PsycInfo, Web of Science) and were screened and assessed independently by two raters. A thematic analysis was completed to determine the key barriers and facilitators reported by the included studies. RESULTS A total of 73 studies were included. From these studies, 12 barriers and 13 facilitators were identified. Patients reported stigma, shame and guilt as the most prominent barrier affecting their engagement with treatment services. Meanwhile, caregivers and healthcare professionals reported a lack of eating disorder knowledge of clinicians as the most important barrier. Positive social support was cited as the most prominent facilitator to promote help-seeking. DISCUSSION Patients, caregivers and healthcare professionals experience a variety of barriers and facilitators to treatment uptake for ED. Interventions addressing barriers and facilitators could increase treatment engagement, including anti-stigma campaigns and positive peer-support interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa-Claire Daugelat
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre of Excellence for Eating Disorders Tübingen (KOMET), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jacopo Pruccoli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Regional Center for Feeding and Eating Disorders in the Developmental Age, Pediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Kathrin Schag
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre of Excellence for Eating Disorders Tübingen (KOMET), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Elisabeth Giel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre of Excellence for Eating Disorders Tübingen (KOMET), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Wallin K, Wallin U, Wentz E, Råstam M, Johnsson P. A comparison between young males and females with anorexia nervosa in a clinical setting. Nord J Psychiatry 2023; 77:91-95. [PMID: 36271856 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2022.2127883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of eating disorders in young and adolescent males is sparse. AIM To investigate clinical presentations in males and females with anorexia nervosa (AN). METHODS Using a retrospective case-control design, data were collected from case records for 41 males diagnosed with AN. Data for a comparison group of 41 females with AN were collected, matched to the males by age and date at admission. The collected data covered demographic, medical, psychiatric, and treatment information. RESULTS No differences were found between the sexes in the percentage of expected weight (%EBW) at admission or discharge, or in psychiatric comorbidity. Treatment duration was equal for both sexes, but males received fewer treatment sessions than did females. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the clinical presentations of young males and females with AN were very similar in terms of clinical characteristics.Impact StatementWhat is already known about this subject? Research on AN in male children and adolescents is sparse. Previous studies comparing male and female patients with EDs have found both differences and similarities between sexes.What does this study add? This study found few differences in terms of clinical presentation of AN between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Wallin
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Eating Disorders Unit, Psychiatry Skåne, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Wallin
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Eating Disorders Unit, Psychiatry Skåne, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Wentz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Råstam
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Johnsson
- Institution of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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3
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Coopey E, Johnson G. "The male elephant in the room": a qualitative evidence synthesis exploring male experiences of eating disorders. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:131. [PMID: 36056450 PMCID: PMC9440558 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00614-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men are believed to be underrepresented in eating disorder services; there are many reasons presented to account for this such as a lack of recognition and detection. Due to the physical and psychological complexity of an eating disorder it is important to understand this underrepresentation. This qualitative evidence synthesis aimed to explore the literature relating to men's experiences of an eating disorder, in order to synthesise the findings and offer a more coherent understanding. METHOD A systematic search of the literature was undertaken. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to the findings resulting in 14 papers deemed suitable for inclusion. A Meta-Ethnographic approach to synthesising the data of the 89 participants was undertaken. RESULTS Four themes were identified: 'Societal Construction of the Perfect Male'; 'Striving to Maintain a Masculine Identity'; 'The Interconnectedness of Control and Self-Worth', and 'The Hidden Man'. There appeared to be an underlying concept relating to the conflict of being a man, with what is perceived to be a 'woman's illness' and how this challenged the men's experiences of masculinity. CONCLUSIONS Being a man with an eating disorder conflicted with societal norms, exacerbating their experience of having an eating disorder.. To resolve this, gendered norms need to shift, at societal level as well as considering how best to improve understanding and recognition of men with an eating disorder at the first point of help seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Coopey
- Centre for Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - George Johnson
- Centre for Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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4
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Coopey E, Johnson G. Exploring the experience of young people receiving treatment for an eating disorder: family therapy for anorexia nervosa and multi-family therapy in an inpatient setting. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:101. [PMID: 35831883 PMCID: PMC9277598 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00609-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research indicates that family therapy for anorexia nervosa (FT-AN) and multi-family therapy (MFT) are effective treatments for adolescents experiencing anorexia nervosa (AN). However, less is known about young people's experiences of these two treatments, as there is limited qualitative research, and to date no qualitative research within an inpatient setting. It is argued that the lack of such insight limits the development of services for young people experiencing AN. METHOD Five young people were recruited to the study from a specialist inpatient unit who were receiving treatment on the AN pathway which included both FT-AN and MFT. Semi structured interviews were undertaken and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. RESULTS Four superordinate themes and ten subthemes were developed from the data. The four superordinate themes were: 'Process of Understanding', 'Reviving Connection', 'Emerging from the Eating Disorder and 'Development of I'. CONCLUSIONS There appeared to be two overarching concepts: the role of the individual and the role of others, that helpfully framed the results. The superordinate themes: 'Emerging from the Eating Disorder' and 'Development of I' focused on the development of the individual. Conversely, the superordinate themes: 'The Process of Understanding' and 'Reviving Connection' were centred on the relationships existing within the family system. The results could help inform future service developments regarding inpatient provision and service design. The most widely used and recognised treatment for anorexia nervosa in young people is family therapy for anorexia nervosa (FT-AN). An alternative treatment is multi-family therapy (MFT). Both treatments are deemed to be effective and usually happen in the community. However, some hospitals provide these treatments while the young people are in-patients. There is no research exploring young people's experiences of these two treatments while in an in-patient unit. Young people who had received both FT-AN and MFT in an inpatient setting were asked to share their experiences of these two treatments. Their stories were analysed by a researcher. The analysis identified four themes: 'Process of Understanding', 'Reviving Connection', 'Emerging from the Eating Disorder and 'Development of I'. The results highlighted that the young people appeared to place more value on the role of others and perhaps others changing enabled them to change. The research highlighted the benefit in others' understanding and therefore how improving societal understanding more broadly would be helpful. The young people reflected that both they and their parents benefited from FT-AN and MFT in an in-patient setting and it is proposed that this could help inform future service developments regarding inpatient provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Coopey
- Centre for Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. .,Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, Bristol, UK.
| | - George Johnson
- Centre for Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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5
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Venturo-Conerly KE, Wasil AR, Dreier MJ, Lipson SM, Shingleton RM, Weisz JR. Why I recovered: A qualitative investigation of factors promoting motivation for eating disorder recovery. Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53:1244-1251. [PMID: 32691930 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is difficult for individuals with eating disorders (EDs) to build and maintain motivation to recover. This challenge contributes to high rates of treatment dropout and relapse. To date, motivational interventions have been largely ineffective, and there is little research on factors that affect recovery motivation. To better understand recovery motivation and identify potential intervention targets, this study examines factors that affect recovery motivation in individuals with EDs. METHOD N = 13 participants completed qualitative interviews. All had been recovered from their diagnosed and treated ED for at least 1 year. We applied thematic analysis to interview transcripts in order to identify factors that had influenced recovery motivation and to classify their effects as helpful, harmful, or mixed. RESULTS Six main themes were identified, with subthemes detailed under each: (a) important people and groups (e.g., social circle, mentor), (b) actions and attitudes of others (e.g., judgmental responses, failure to intervene), (c) treatment-related factors (e.g., therapeutic skills, therapeutic alliance), (d) influential circumstances (e.g., removing triggers, pregnancy/children), (e) personal feelings and beliefs (e.g., obligation to others, hope for the future), and (f) the role of epiphanies (i.e., sudden insights or moments of change). DISCUSSION In this study, we identified potentially malleable factors that may affect ED recovery motivation (e.g., removing triggers, focusing on obligation to others, getting involved in meaningful causes, securing non-judgmental support, building hope for the future). These factors may be investigated as potential targets or strategies in motivational interventions for EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akash R Wasil
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melissa J Dreier
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah M Lipson
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - John R Weisz
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Wetzler S, Hackmann C, Peryer G, Clayman K, Friedman D, Saffran K, Silver J, Swarbrick M, Magill E, van Furth EF, Pike KM. A framework to conceptualize personal recovery from eating disorders: A systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis of perspectives from individuals with lived experience. Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53:1188-1203. [PMID: 32181532 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An extensive literature exists describing treatment interventions and recovery from eating disorders (EDs); however, this body of knowledge is largely symptom-based and from a clinical perspective and thus limited in capturing perspectives and values of individuals with lived experience of an ED. In this study, we performed a systematic review to coproduce a conceptual framework for personal recovery from an ED based on primary qualitative data available in published literature. METHODS A systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis approach was used. Twenty studies focusing on ED recovery from the perspective of individuals with lived experience were included. The studies were searched for themes describing the components of personal recovery. All themes were analyzed and compared to the established connectedness; hope and optimism about the future; identity; meaning in life; and empowerment (CHIME) and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) frameworks of recovery, which are applicable to all mental disorders. Themes were labeled and organized into a framework outlining key components of the ED personal recovery process. RESULTS Supportive relationships, hope, identity, meaning and purpose, empowerment, and self-compassion emerged as the central components of the recovery process. Symptom recovery and its relationship to the personal recovery process are also significant. DISCUSSION Individuals with lived experience of EDs noted six essential elements in the personal ED recovery process. This framework is aligned with several of the key components of the CHIME and SAMHSA frameworks of recovery, incorporating person-centered elements of the recovery process. Future research should validate these constructs and develop instruments (or tools) that integrate the lived experiences into a measurement of recovery from an ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Wetzler
- Department of History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Corinna Hackmann
- Department of Research and Development, Norfolk and Suffolk Foundation Trust, Norfolk, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK
| | - Guy Peryer
- School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norfolk, UK.,St. Nicholas Hospice Care, Suffolk, UK
| | - Kelsey Clayman
- Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Donna Friedman
- Project Heal, East Cooper Behavioral Health, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kristina Saffran
- Project Heal, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jody Silver
- Collaborative Support Programs of New Jersey, Freehold, New Jersey, USA
| | - Margaret Swarbrick
- Collaborative Support Programs of New Jersey, Rutgers Health University Behavioral Health Care, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Elizabeth Magill
- Global Mental Health WHO Collaborating Centre, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Eric F van Furth
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Rivierduinen Eating Disorders Ursula, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kathleen M Pike
- Global Mental Health WHO Collaborating Centre, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
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7
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Sangha S, Oliffe JL, Kelly MT, McCuaig F. Eating Disorders in Males: How Primary Care Providers Can Improve Recognition, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Am J Mens Health 2020; 13:1557988319857424. [PMID: 31184292 PMCID: PMC6560809 DOI: 10.1177/1557988319857424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders are complex and multifactorial illnesses that affect a broad spectrum of individuals across the life span. Contrary to historic societal beliefs, this disorder is not gender-specific. Lifetime prevalence of eating disorders in males is on the rise and demanding the attention of primary care providers, as well as the general population, in order to negate the potentially life-threatening complications. Current literature has continued to reinforce the notion that eating disorders predominately affect females by excluding males from research, thereby adding to the void in men-centered knowledge and targeted clinical care. To determine what is currently known about eating disorders among males, a scoping review was undertaken, which identified 15 empirical studies that focused on this topic. Using the Garrard matrix to extract and synthesize the findings across these studies, this scoping review provides an overview of the contributing and constituting factors of eating disorders in males by exploring the associated stigmas, risk factors, experiences of men diagnosed with an eating disorder, and differing clinical presentations. The synthesized evidence is utilized to discuss clinical recommendations for primary care providers, inclusive of male-specific treatment plans, as a means to improving care for this poorly understood and emerging men’s health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simrin Sangha
- 1 University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John L Oliffe
- 1 University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mary T Kelly
- 1 University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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8
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Eating disorders seriously affect both physical health and psychosocial functioning. Breaking the confines of an eating disorder requires engagement in a multifaceted recovery process. OBJECTIVE: This article provides a synthesis of 12 qualitative research studies with various eating disordered populations (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, eating disorder not otherwise specified, and other specified feeding and eating disorders) to elucidate the recovery process from the perspective of those who have overcome the disease. METHOD: A metasynthesis of qualitative studies was conducted using Noblit and Hare's metaethnographic methodology. RESULTS: Five overarching themes emerged from the data: (1) the eating disorder as a life jacket, (2) drowning: recognizing consequences, (3) treading the surface: contemplating recovery, (4) swimming: the path toward recovery, and (5) reaching recovery: a sense of freedom. CONCLUSIONS: Eating disorder treatment often entails a cycle of transitions before recovery occurs. Synthesizing the experiences from the perspective of individuals who have overcome an eating disorder presents a unique understanding of the treatment and recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Morgan Eaton
- Carrie Morgan Eaton, PhD, MSN, RNC-OB, C-EFM, CHSE, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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9
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Kinnaird E, Norton C, Pimblett C, Stewart C, Tchanturia K. "There's nothing there for guys". Do men with eating disorders want treatment adaptations? A qualitative study. Eat Weight Disord 2019; 24:845-852. [PMID: 31471886 PMCID: PMC6751275 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00770-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Men with eating disorders may experience unique issues compared to their female counterparts, and there is a growing interest in how these differences should be addressed in clinical practice. However, the views of male patients on potential treatment adaptations remain under-explored. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of men who have experienced treatment for eating disorders. METHODS Men who had experienced eating disorder treatment were recruited through UK National Health Service eating disorder services and online advertising. 14 participants took part in semi-structured interviews discussing their experiences of treatment, and their views on the need for adaptations. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Three main themes were identified from the analysis: a preference for person-centred, rather than gender-centred treatment, a feeling of being "the odd one out" as men in current treatment environments, and recommendations for treatment adaptations. CONCLUSIONS Participants described wanting to be treated as individuals and not defined by their gender. Whilst existing treatment approaches were mostly felt to achieve this individual focus, the actual treatment setting may inadvertently reinforce a perception of atypicality due to being men in a female-dominated environment. Adaptations may therefore be required to make the treatment environment more male friendly. Clinical recommendations are outlined. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V. Qualitative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kinnaird
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 103 Denmark Hill, SE5 8AZ, London, UK
| | | | | | - Catherine Stewart
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 103 Denmark Hill, SE5 8AZ, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kate Tchanturia
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, 103 Denmark Hill, SE5 8AZ, London, UK.
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- Illia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
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Lindstedt K, Neander K, Kjellin L, Gustafsson SA. A life put on hold: adolescents' experiences of having an eating disorder in relation to social contexts outside the family. J Multidiscip Healthc 2018; 11:425-437. [PMID: 30233200 PMCID: PMC6130295 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s168133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As suffering from an eating disorder often entails restrictions on a person's everyday life, one can imagine that it is an important aspect of recovery to help young people learn to balance stressful demands and expectations in areas like the school environment and spare-time activities that include different forms of interpersonal relationships. PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate how adolescents with experience from a restrictive eating disorder describe their illness and their time in treatment in relation to social contexts outside the family. PATIENTS AND METHODS This qualitative study is based on narratives of 15 adolescents with experience from outpatient treatment for eating disorders with a predominately restrictive symptomatology, recruited in collaboration with four specialized eating-disorder units. Data were explored through inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS The adolescents' descriptions of their illness in relation to their social contexts outside the family follow a clear timeline that includes narratives about when and how the problem arose, time in treatment, and the process that led to recovery. Three main themes were found: 1) the problems emerging in everyday life (outside the family); 2) a life put on hold and 3) creating a new life context. CONCLUSION Young people with eating disorders need to learn how to balance demands and stressful situations in life, and to grasp the confusion that often preceded their illness. How recovery progresses, and how the young people experience their life contexts after recovery, depends largely on the magnitude and quality of peer support and on how school and sports activities affect and are affected by the eating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Lindstedt
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden,
| | - Kerstin Neander
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden,
| | - Lars Kjellin
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden,
| | - Sanna Aila Gustafsson
- University Health Care Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden,
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11
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Limbers CA, Cohen LA, Gray BA. Eating disorders in adolescent and young adult males: prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. ADOLESCENT HEALTH MEDICINE AND THERAPEUTICS 2018; 9:111-116. [PMID: 30127650 PMCID: PMC6091251 DOI: 10.2147/ahmt.s147480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Males have largely been underrepresented in the eating disorder (ED) peer-reviewed literature. The current review paper examines prevalence rates, ED symptom presentation, and assessment and treatment strategies relevant to adolescent and young adult males. Adolescent and young adult males often report a greater desire to be bigger and more muscular compared to their female counterparts. Due to concerns that contemporary ED assessment tools are over reliant on items that evaluate stereotypically feminine indicators of ED pathology, male-specific ED measures, such as the Eating Disorder Assessment for Men, have been developed. Further validation work is necessary to establish the psychometric properties of these male-specific measures, particularly in adolescent male populations. Attention to a heightened prevalence of comorbid substance abuse disorders and the role that competitive sports play in perpetuating ED pathology are two factors that have been identified as important in the treatment of adolescent and young adult males with EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Limbers
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA,
| | - L Adelyn Cohen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA,
| | - Bethany A Gray
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA,
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12
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite traditional views of eating disorders as a female illness, there is a growing body of evidence that the incidence rate of eating disorders in men is rising. Research suggests that these men may experience unique symptoms and difficulties, however, it is unclear how these unique needs may impact treatment. The aim of this study was to explore clinicians' views on whether men have gender-specific treatment needs, and how far these needs require treatment adaptations. DESIGN Qualitative interview study using framework analysis to explore the experiences of clinicians working with men with eating disorders. SETTING Outpatient National Health Service eating disorder service in London. PARTICIPANTS Ten clinicians from a variety of clinical backgrounds participated in the study. RESULTS The following three themes emerged: male-specific issues identified by clinicians, treatment approaches used for this population and the importance of creating a male-friendly environment. Male-specific issues identified by participants included an increased focus on muscularity and difficulty expressing or discussing emotion. Clinicians also suggested that men may be more likely to adopt a performance-based approach to. This was linked by clinicians to the impact of cultural perceptions of masculinity on their patients. Clinicians in this study felt that these individual needs could be met by adapting existing approaches within a supportive, male-friendly environment. However, there was not consensus over specific adaptations, including identifying risk, the need for male-only groups, or whether male patients needed access to male clinicians. CONCLUSIONS Although men do present with specific treatment needs, these can typically be met within the framework of typical treatment approaches by experienced clinicians in an environment sensitive to the presence of men in an otherwise female-dominated space. However, there are a lack of explicit guidelines for this process, and areas such as male-only treatment spaces require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kinnaird
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline Norton
- Eating Disorders National Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kate Tchanturia
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Eating Disorders National Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Arts and Sciences, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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13
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Boon E, Zainal KA, Touyz SW. Perceptions of eating disorder diagnoses and body image issues in four male cases in Singapore. J Eat Disord 2017; 5:33. [PMID: 29075493 PMCID: PMC5649072 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-017-0159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the increasing number of patients presenting for treatment, little is still known about male eating disorders cases. The current study presents four male eating disorder cases presented to our specialized treatment facility in Singapore. CASE PRESENTATION Cases 1, 2 and 3 are homosexual males in their twenties and thirties who presented with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Case 4 is a heterosexual male in his twenties diagnosed with binge eating disorder. All four cases expressed body image dissatisfaction, fat phobia and fear of weight gain. Additionally, all of them sought treatment because of comorbid psychiatric conditions or parental wishes. Premorbid obesity and homosexual orientation may be potential risk factors for males in developing eating disorders. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that more exploration needs to be done for males diagnosed with eating disorders, particularly in the Asian society. A deeper understanding into factors associated with symptom presentation and treatment-seeking behaviors would greatly assist in informing the direction and focus of treatment in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Boon
- Department of Psychiatry, Singapore General Hospital, 226 Outram Road, Singapore, 169039 Singapore
| | - Kelly Ann Zainal
- Department of Psychiatry, Singapore General Hospital, 226 Outram Road, Singapore, 169039 Singapore
| | - Stephen W Touyz
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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