Portrait of trauma care in Quebec's rural emergency departments and identification of priority intervention needs to improve the quality of care: a study protocol

Trauma experiences of rural practitioners: A self assessment

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to identify, through self-assessment, how comfortable rural emergency medicine (EM) physicians are in treating critically ill trauma patients, the resources available to treat such patients and their comfort with performing trauma procedures.

Methods

An anonymous self-assessment survey was e-mailed to family physicians practising rural EM in Saskatchewan regarding training, hospital resources, demographics and self-reported comfort with rural trauma management. We included physicians who had provided EM care within the past year in Saskatchewan outside of the major trauma centres. Comfort was measured on a Likert scale.

Results

One hundred thirteen physicians out of a total of 479 physicians contacted agreed to participate (23.6%). Thirty-nine percent (n = 31) of respondents were comfortable with paediatric trauma, and 46% (n = 37) were comfortable with vascular trauma. Nineteen percent (n = 15) were comfortable with pericardiocentesis and 25% (n = 19) were comfortable with cricothyroidotomy. In the past 12 months, 21% (n = 17) had performed paediatric endotracheal intubation, 1.3% (n = 1) had performed cricothyroidotomy, 28.8% (n = 23) had performed needle thoracentesis and 20% (n = 16) had performed central venous line access. Those who did their residency training outside of Canada were more comfortable with overall trauma care. Those who had taken emergency department echo were generally more comfortable with trauma procedures. Those who had current advanced trauma life support were more comfortable with less frequently encountered aspects of trauma care.

Conclusions

This self-assessment helped us identify which aspects of rural trauma medicine are the most challenging for rural practitioners. It gave us an understanding of the procedures related to trauma medicine that are the most difficult, which critical resources are available and where training could be focused to benefit rural emergency physicians.

Evaluation of trauma resources in rural northern Alberta identifies opportunities for improvement

Background

The care of rural trauma patients in northern Alberta can be extremely challenging because of the vast geographic area, the limited access to health care facilities and the lack of adequate resources to manage severe injuries. Identifying gaps in equipment and personnel in rural centres can provide opportunities for improving the care of injured patients in these environments. We conducted a survey based on Canadian Accreditation Council quality indicators to evaluate trauma infrastructure and human resources in rural centres across northern Alberta.

Methods

A standardized survey was developed to assess the availability of trauma-specific equipment and personnel across the prehospital and emergency department (ED) settings. The survey was distributed to 50 peripheral hospitals biannually from January 2017 to September 2018. Two-tailed paired t tests were used to evaluate changes in survey responses; a p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The survey response rate was 100%. By the end of the study period, there were significant improvements in the number of providers (p = 0.04), nurses (p = 0.01) and dedicated trauma resuscitation bays (p = 0.04) in the ED for managing injured patients. There were also significant increases in the availability of equipment, including advanced airway management tools (p = 0.02), rapid infusion devices (p = 0.02) and warmers (p = 0.04). Access to x-ray equipment (p = 0.03) and computed tomography (CT) scanners (p = 0.04) as well as equipment to support telehealth and teleconferencing (p = 0.04) increased during the study period. Access to, and supply of, blood products also increased significantly (p = 0.02) during the study period.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that the trauma resources of rural health care centres may be evaluated in a standardized fashion centres, and the results point to opportunities to remedy gaps in equipment and personnel. Our methods may be applied to any trauma network that serves geographically large areas with a sparse distribution of health care facilities, to provide critical information for the optimization of resources in rural trauma.

A Canadian Rural Living Lab Hospital: Implementing solutions for improving rural emergency care

INTRODUCTION

More than 6 million Canadians live in rural areas (approximately 20% of the population) and emergency services are a critical safety net for them.

OBJECTIVES

We want to create, in Baie-Saint-Paul (rural emergency department, Québec, Canada), an experimental milieu where all stakeholders develop, implement and evaluate solutions to address the problems that beset their environment.

METHOD

The Living Lab will rely on the quadruple aim approach to improve health system performance and will use a multimethod approach based on the philosophy of open and user-driven innovation. Three pilot projects will be implemented (quality of work life programme, computed tomography implementation study and telemedicine in ambulances). Other possible solutions will be evaluated and prioritised (in situ simulation, care protocol, telemedicine, point-of-care ultrasound, helicopters and drones).

CONCLUSION

We are confident that this Living Lab will contribute to saving lives, will improve the quality of work life for rural healthcare professionals, and will inspire similar innovation internationally.

Profile of trauma mortality and trauma care resources at rural emergency departments and urban trauma centres in Quebec: a population-based, retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVES

As Canada's second largest province, the geography of Quebec poses unique challenges for trauma management. Our primary objective was to compare mortality rates between trauma patients treated at rural emergency departments (EDs) and urban trauma centres in Quebec. As a secondary objective, we compared the availability of trauma care resources and services between these two settings.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING

26 rural EDs and 33 level 1 and 2 urban trauma centres in Quebec, Canada.

PARTICIPANTS

79 957 trauma cases collected from Quebec's trauma registry.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES

Our primary outcome measure was mortality (prehospital, ED, in-hospital). Secondary outcome measures were the availability of trauma-related services and staff specialties at rural and urban facilities. Multivariable generalised linear mixed models were used to determine the relationship between the primary facility and mortality.

RESULTS

Overall, 7215 (9.0%) trauma patients were treated in a rural ED and 72 742 (91.0%) received treatment at an urban centre. Mortality rates were higher in rural EDs compared with urban trauma centres (13.3% vs 7.9%, p<0.001). After controlling for available potential confounders, the odds of prehospital or ED mortality were over three times greater for patients treated in a rural ED (OR 3.44, 95% CI 1.88 to 6.28). Trauma care setting (rural vs urban) was not associated with in-hospital mortality. Nearly all of the specialised services evaluated were more present at urban trauma centres.

CONCLUSIONS

Trauma patients treated in rural EDs had a higher mortality rate and were more likely to die prehospital or in the ED compared with patients treated at an urban trauma centre. Our results were limited by a lack of accurate prehospital times in the trauma registry.