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Quiroz-Aldave JE, Durand-Vásquez MDC, Gamarra-Osorio ER, Concepción-Urteaga LA, Pecho-Silva S, Rodríguez-Hidalgo LA, Concepción-Zavaleta MJ. Drug-induced hypothyroidism in tuberculosis. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2024; 19:199-206. [PMID: 38258451 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2024.2307525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adverse reactions to tuberculosis treatment can impact patient adherence and prognosis. Hypothyroidism is a frequent adverse reaction caused using ethionamide, prothionamide, and para-aminosalicylic acid and is often underdiagnosed. AREAS COVERED We searched Scielo, Scopus, and EMBASE databases, including 67 articles. Antitubercular drug-induced hypothyroidism has a prevalence of 17%. It occurs after 2 to 3 months of treatment and resolves within 4 to 6 weeks after discontinuation. It is postulated to result from the inhibition of thyroperoxidase function, blocking thyroid hormone synthesis. Symptoms are nonspecific, necessitating individualized thyroid-stimulating hormone measurement for detection. Specific guidelines for management are lacking, but initiation of treatment with levothyroxine, as is customary for primary hypothyroidism, is recommended. Discontinuation of antitubercular drugs is discouraged, as it may lead to unfavorable consequences. EXPERT OPINION Antitubercular drug-induced hypothyroidism is more common than previously thought, affecting one in six MDR-TB patients. Despite diagnostic and treatment recommendations, implementation is hindered in low-income countries due to the lack of certified laboratories. New drugs for tuberculosis treatment may affect thyroid function, requiring vigilant monitoring for complications, including hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Eduardo Quiroz-Aldave
- Division of Non-communicable diseases, Endocrinology research line, Hospital de Apoyo Chepén, Chepén, Perú
| | | | | | | | - Samuel Pecho-Silva
- Carrera de Medicina Humana, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
- Division of Pneumology, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Perú
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Kalva J, Babu SP, Narasimhan PB, Raghupathy K, Ezhumalai K, Knudsen S, Horsburgh CR, Hochberg N, Salgame P, Roy G, Ellner J, Sarkar S. Predictors of weight loss during the intensive phase of tuberculosis treatment in patients with drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis in South India. J Public Health (Oxf) 2023; 45:545-552. [PMID: 36451280 PMCID: PMC10470329 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdac141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is well-known for causing wasting. Patients on treatment gain weight and weight loss is associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes. There is limited description of weight loss and its predictors during intensive treatment phase. The objective of this study was to assess the predictors of weight loss during intensive phase and to see if there is any association exists with sputum conversion at the end of intensive phase of treatment. METHODS Data collected as a part of the prospective TB cohort (Regional Prospective Observational Research for TB India Phase 1) conducted in Pondicherry, Cuddalore and Viluppuram districts of Tamil Nadu were used for this study. Sputum smear and body weight comparison were made in the baseline and at the end of second month of treatment. RESULTS In all, 726 participants had weight measurements at the two time points and 18.7% had weight loss; mean weight lost being 2.3 kg (SD 3.05). Mean weight loss was more among males (2.4 kg, SD 3.2), diabetics (2.8 kg, SD 3.9) and alcoholics (2.1 kg, SD 2.4). Alcohol consumption was the only predictor of weight loss after adjusting for age, diabetes, marital status and BMI (aRR 1.52, P 0.02). Weight loss was not associated with sputum conversion at the end of second month. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol use emerged as the major predictor for weight loss during intensive phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Kalva
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, JIPMER, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Senbagavalli P Babu
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, JIPMER, Puducherry 605006, India
| | | | | | - Komala Ezhumalai
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, JIPMER, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Selby Knudsen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Charles R Horsburgh
- School of Public Health, Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Natasha Hochberg
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Padmini Salgame
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Gautam Roy
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, JIPMER, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Jerrold Ellner
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Sonali Sarkar
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, JIPMER, Puducherry 605006, India
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Determinants of Weight Gain among Adult Tuberculosis Patients during Intensive Phase in Debre Markos Town Public Health Facilities, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020: Unmatched Case-Control Study. Tuberc Res Treat 2022; 2022:6325633. [PMID: 35402047 PMCID: PMC8989619 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6325633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethiopia is one of the highest tuberculosis burden countries globally, and tuberculosis is one of the most pressing health problems nationally. Weight gain during treatment is the main indicator of good treatment outcome, but there is no adequate information regarding the factors that affect weight gain in Ethiopia. Objective The objective of this study was to identify determinants of weight gain among adult tuberculosis patients during the intensive phase, in Debre Markos town public health institutions Northwest Ethiopia, 2020. Methods Unmatched case-control study was conducted in Debre Markos town public health facilities with a total sample size of 236. Cases (clients who got weight) and controls (clients who did not get weight) were enrolled in the study consecutively, and data were collected using standardized questionnaires. Data were entered through Epi-Data version 4.2 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Bivariable analysis was done, and all independent variables that had p < 0.25 were entered into multivariable binary logistic regression analysis. Finally, independent variables which were significantly associated with weight gain at p < 0.05 were considered determinant factors of weight gain. Result Pulmonary tuberculosis (AOR: 5 (95% CI: 2.3, 11.2)), monitoring by health professionals (AOR: 3.7 (1.6, 8.4)), ≥18.5 baseline body mass index (AOR: 3.4 (95% CI: 1.6, 7.3)), parasitic disease (AOR: 3.2 (95% CI: 1.3, 7.99)), <30 days duration of illness before start of treatment (AOR: 2.8 (95% CI: 1.2, 6.1)), and human immune virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AOR: 3.3 (95% CI: 1.2, 9.1)) were independently associated with weight gain compared to their counterpart. Conclusion Type of tuberculosis, monitoring by health professionals, baseline status, parasitic disease, duration of illness before start of treatment, and human immune virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome were with the determinants of weight gain. Therefore, early detection, support and supervision, and attention for comorbidity are mandatory during antituberculosis treatment.
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Peetluk LS, Rebeiro PF, Cordeiro-Santos M, Kritski A, Andrade BB, Durovni B, Calvacante S, Arriaga MB, Turner MM, Figueiredo MC, Rolla VC, Sterling TR. Lack of Weight Gain During the First 2 Months of Treatment and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Independently Predict Unsuccessful Treatment Outcomes in Tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:1416-1424. [PMID: 31724035 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight change may inform tuberculosis treatment response, but its predictive power may be confounded by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS We prospectively followed up adults with culture-confirmed, drug-susceptible, pulmonary tuberculosis receiving standard 4-drug therapy (isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol) in Brazil. We examined median weight change 2 months after treatment initiation by HIV status, using quantile regression, and unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment outcome (treatment failure, tuberculosis recurrence, or death) by HIV and weight change status, using Cox regression. RESULTS Among 547 participants, 102 (19%) were HIV positive, and 35 (6%) had an unsuccessful outcome. After adjustment for confounders, persons living with HIV (PLWH) gained a median of 1.3 kg (95% confidence interval [CI], -2.8 to .1) less than HIV-negative individuals during the first 2 months of tuberculosis treatment. PLWH were at increased risk of an unsuccessful outcome (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.8; 95% CI, 2.1-10.9). Weight change was independently associated with outcome, with risk of unsuccessful outcome decreasing by 12% (95% CI, .81%-.95%) per 1-kg increase. CONCLUSIONS PLWH gained less weight during the first 2 months of tuberculosis treatment, and lack of weight gain and HIV independently predicted unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment outcomes. Weight, an easily collected biomarker, may identify patients who would benefit from alternative treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S Peetluk
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Peter F Rebeiro
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marcelo Cordeiro-Santos
- Fundação Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Afranio Kritski
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Medicina, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno B Andrade
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Instituto Brasileiro para Investigação da Tuberculose, Fundação José Silveira, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Universidade Salvador (UNIFACS), Laureate Universities, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Betina Durovni
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Solange Calvacante
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Secretaria Municipal de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro (Clínica da Familia Rinaldo Delamare)-Rocinha, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - María B Arriaga
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Instituto Brasileiro para Investigação da Tuberculose, Fundação José Silveira, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Megan M Turner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marina C Figueiredo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Valeria C Rolla
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro (Clínica da Familia Rinaldo Delamare)-Rocinha, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Timothy R Sterling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Baluku JB, Musaazi J, Mulwana R, Mugabo AR, Bongomin F, Katagira W. Prevalence and Predictors of CD4+ T-Lymphocytopenia Among HIV-Negative Tuberculosis Patients in Uganda. Res Rep Trop Med 2020; 11:45-51. [PMID: 32612406 PMCID: PMC7323690 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s252550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia is a risk for tuberculosis (TB) infection, reactivation and severe disease. We sought to determine the prevalence and predictors of CD4 T-lymphocytopenia among HIV-negative patients with bacteriologically confirmed TB in Uganda. Patients and Methods Eligible participants were adult HIV-negative patients with bacteriologically confirmed TB at the National TB Treatment Centre in Uganda. CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts were determined by flow cytometry. We defined CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia as a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count of <418 cells/mm3 as per the population estimate for Ugandans. We performed logistic regression analysis to determine predictors of CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia. Results We enrolled 216 participants whose mean age (standard deviation (±SD)) was 32.5 (±12.1) years, of whom 146 (67.6%) were males. The prevalence of CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia was 25% (54/216) (95% confidence interval (CI): 19.6-31.2%). Patients with anaemia (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 3.83, 95% CI: 1.59-9.23, p = 0.003), weight loss (aOR: 3.61, 95% CI: 1.07-12.23, p = 0.039) and a low CD8+ T-cell count (aOR: 6.10, 95% CI: 2.68-13.89, p < 0.001) were more likely to have CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia while those with monocytosis (aOR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.14-0.89, p = 0.028) were less likely to have CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia. Conclusion There was a high prevalence of CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia among HIV-negative TB patients. Patients with weight loss, anaemia and a low CD8+ count were more likely to have CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia while those with monocytosis were less likely to have CD4+ lymphocytopenia. The findings suggest that CD4+ lymphocytopenia is indicative of severe disease and globally impaired cell-mediated immune responses against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Baruch Baluku
- Mulago National Referral Hospital, Pulmonology Division, Kampala, Uganda.,Mildmay Uganda, Kampala, Uganda.,Makerere University Lung Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Musaazi
- Makerere University Infectious Disease Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rose Mulwana
- Mulago National Referral Hospital, Pulmonology Division, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Felix Bongomin
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
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Izudi J, Tamwesigire IK, Bajunirwe F. Sputum smear non-conversion among adult persons with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis in rural eastern Uganda. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2020; 20:100168. [PMID: 32529053 PMCID: PMC7283142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2020.100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale Failure to convert sputum at two months of treatment among persons with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (BC-PTB) indicates poor response to treatment but data are limited on its assessment. Objective We determined the frequency and factors associated with sputum smear non-conversion at two months among persons with BC-PTB in eastern Uganda. Methods We abstracted data of adult persons with BC-PTB, from routinely available records from TB registers at 10 clinics in eastern Uganda. We determined factors that are independently associated with sputum smear non-conversion using logistic regression analysis. We expressed the results as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Measurements and main results Of 516 persons with BC-PTB, 81 (15.7%) did not achieve sputum smear conversion at two months of TB treatment. Higher Mycobacteria tuberculosis (MTB) load and treatment at a private-not-for-profit (PNFP) facility compared to government health facility were significantly associated with sputum smear non-conversion. A one unit (+1) increase in MTB load based on ZN stain counts was associated with a 48% increase in the odds of sputum smear non-conversion with adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 1.48 (95% CI, 1.02-2.18). TB treatment at private-not-for-profit health facility was associated with a two-fold increase in the odds of sputum smear non-conversion (AOR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.01-3.92). Conclusions Our study shows that sputum smear non-conversion is common at two months of treatment in this population. It is more likely among patients with higher baseline MTB load and those treated at PNFP facilities. Strategies targeting patients with these risk factors are needed to enhance sputum smear conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Izudi
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Imelda K Tamwesigire
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Francis Bajunirwe
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
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