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Ratz M, Vogel JB, Kührer H, Säly CH, Mündlein A, Vonbank A, Mader A, Fraunberger P, Leiherer A, Drexel H. 25 years of lipid-lowering therapy: secular trends in therapy of coronary patients. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2024:10.1007/s00508-024-02365-x. [PMID: 38743139 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-024-02365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Guidelines on dyslipidemia and lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) over the years recommend lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals by more intense therapy. Nevertheless, LDL‑C has increased in the general population. Real-world trends of LLT medication as well as of LDL‑C levels in cardiovascular high-risk patients are unclear. METHODS From 2158 patients who were referred for elective coronary angiography, lipid medication was analyzed at admission in three cardiovascular observational studies (OS) over the last 25 years: OS1: 1999-2000, OS2: 2005-2008 and OS3: 2022-2023. The three studies were performed at the same cardiology unit of a tertiary care hospital in Austria. RESULTS The proportion of patients without LLT significantly decreased from OS1 through OS2 to OS3 (49.4%, 45.6%, and 18.5%, respectively, ptrend < 0.001). Moreover, the percentage of patients under high-intensity statin treatment significantly increased from 0% to 5.1%, and 56.5% (ptrend < 0.001). Significantly more patients became treated by more than one compound (OS1: 1.8%, OS2: 1.6%, OS3: 31.2%; ptrend < 0.001). In the latest OS3, a trend to fixed-dose combination of statins with ezetimibe was observed. Mean LDL‑C levels decreased from 129 mg/dL over 127 mg/dL to 83 mg/dL, respectively (ptrend < 0.001). Of the patients on high-intensity therapy 34% met the recent ESC/EAS goals (LDL-C < 55 mg/dL), but only 3% on non-intense therapy. CONCLUSION We conclude that during the observational period of a quarter of a century, treatment intensity increased and LDL‑C levels improved considerably. Guidelines apparently matter in this high-risk population and are considered by primary care physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ratz
- Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein (UFL), Triesen, Liechtenstein
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation & Treatment, (VIVIT), Carinagasse 47, 6800, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Johannes B Vogel
- Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein (UFL), Triesen, Liechtenstein
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation & Treatment, (VIVIT), Carinagasse 47, 6800, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Heike Kührer
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation & Treatment, (VIVIT), Carinagasse 47, 6800, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Christoph H Säly
- Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein (UFL), Triesen, Liechtenstein
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation & Treatment, (VIVIT), Carinagasse 47, 6800, Feldkirch, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Axel Mündlein
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation & Treatment, (VIVIT), Carinagasse 47, 6800, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Alexander Vonbank
- Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein (UFL), Triesen, Liechtenstein
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation & Treatment, (VIVIT), Carinagasse 47, 6800, Feldkirch, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Arthur Mader
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation & Treatment, (VIVIT), Carinagasse 47, 6800, Feldkirch, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Peter Fraunberger
- Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein (UFL), Triesen, Liechtenstein
- Central Medical Laboratories, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Andreas Leiherer
- Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein (UFL), Triesen, Liechtenstein.
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation & Treatment, (VIVIT), Carinagasse 47, 6800, Feldkirch, Austria.
- Central Medical Laboratories, Feldkirch, Austria.
| | - Heinz Drexel
- Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein (UFL), Triesen, Liechtenstein.
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation & Treatment, (VIVIT), Carinagasse 47, 6800, Feldkirch, Austria.
- Landeskrankenhausbetriebsgesellschaft, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria.
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Wan EYF, Xu W, Mok AHY, Chin WY, Yu EYT, Chui CSL, Chan EWY, Wong ICK, Lam CLK, Danaei G. Evaluating different low-density lipoprotein cholesterol thresholds to initiate statin for prevention of cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A target trial emulation study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:1877-1887. [PMID: 38379445 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
AIM The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of statin therapy for primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) when initiating therapy at different baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Using territory-wide public electronic medical records in Hong Kong, we emulated a sequence of trials on patients with T2DM with elevated LDL-C levels in every calendar month from January 2008 to December 2014. Pooled logistic regression was applied to obtain the hazard ratios for the major CVDs (stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure), all-cause mortality and major adverse events (myopathies and liver dysfunction) of statin therapy. RESULTS The estimated hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of CVD incidence for statin initiation were 0.78 (0.72, 0.84) in patients with baseline LDL-C of 1.8-2.5 mmol/L (i.e., 70-99 mg/dL) and 0.90 (0.88, 0.92) in patients with baseline LDL-C ≥2.6 mmol/L (i.e., ≥100 mg/dL) in intention-to-treat analysis, which was 0.59 (0.51, 0.68) and 0.77 (0.74, 0.81) in per-protocol analysis, respectively. No significant increased risks were observed for the major adverse events. The absolute 10-year risk difference of overall CVD in per-protocol analysis was -7.1% (-10.7%, -3.6%) and -3.9% (-5.1%, -2.7%) in patients with baseline LDL-C 1.8-2.5 and ≥2.6 mmol/L, respectively. The effectiveness and safety were consistently observed in patients aged >75 years initiating statin at both LDL-C thresholds. CONCLUSIONS Compared with the threshold of 2.6 mmol/L, initiating statin in patients with a lower baseline LDL-C level at 1.8-2.5 mmol/L can further reduce the risks of CVD and all-cause mortality without significantly increasing the risk of major adverse events in patients with T2DM, including patients aged >75 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Yuk Fai Wan
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wanchun Xu
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Anna Hoi Ying Mok
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Weng Yee Chin
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Esther Yee Tak Yu
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Celine Sze Ling Chui
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Esther Wai Yin Chan
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ian Chi Kei Wong
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Research Department of Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cindy Lo Kuen Lam
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Goodarz Danaei
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Cui YK, Dong JZ, Du X, Hu R, He L, Long DY, Bai R, Yu RH, Sang CH, Jiang CX, Liu N, Li SN, Wang W, Guo XY, Zhao X, Zuo S, Tang RB, Ma CS. Outcome of catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2022; 45:1032-1041. [PMID: 35866663 DOI: 10.1111/pace.14571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) and stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) frequently coexist. This study aimed to assess the long-term outcome of catheter ablation in patients with paroxysmal AF and SCAD. METHODS In total, 12104 patients with paroxysmal AF underwent catheter ablation in the Chinese Atrial Fibrillation Registry between 2011 and 2019 were screened. A total of 441 patients with SCAD were matched with patients without SCAD in a 1:4 ratio. The primary endpoint was AF recurrence after single ablation. The composite secondary endpoints were thromboembolism, coronary events, major bleeding, all-cause death. RESULTS;: Over a mean follow-up of 46.0±18.9 months, the recurrence rate in patients with SCAD was significantly higher after a single ablation (49.0% vs. 41.9%, P = 0.03). The very late recurrence rate of AF in the SCAD group was also significantly higher than that in the control group (38.9% vs. 31.2%;P = 0.04). In multivariate analysis, adjusted with the female, smoking, duration of AF, previous thromboembolism, COPD, and statins, SCAD was independently associated with AF recurrence (adjusted HR, 1.19 [1.02-1.40], P = 0.03). The composite secondary endpoints were significantly higher in the SCAD group (12.70% vs. 8.54%, P = 0.02), mainly due to thromboembolism events (8.16% vs. 4.41%, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS SCAD significantly increased the risk of recurrence after catheter ablation of paroxysmal AF. The incidence of thromboembolic events after catheter ablation of paroxysmal AF in the patients with SCAD was significantly higher than that in those without SCAD. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Kai Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Beijing Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jian-Zeng Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Beijing Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Beijing Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Beijing Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Liu He
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Beijing Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - De-Yong Long
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Beijing Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Rong Bai
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Beijing Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Rong-Hui Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Beijing Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Cai-Hua Sang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Beijing Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chen-Xi Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Beijing Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Nian Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Beijing Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Song-Nan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Beijing Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Beijing Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xue-Yuan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Beijing Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Beijing Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Song Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Beijing Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ri-Bo Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Beijing Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chang-Sheng Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, No. 2 Beijing Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
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Abstract
Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors used worldwide to manage dyslipidaemia and thus limit the development of atherosclerotic disease and its complications. These atheroprotective drugs are now known to exert pleiotropic actions outside of their cholesterol-lowering activity, including altering immune cell function. Macrophages are phagocytic leukocytes that play critical functional roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and are directly targeted by statins. Early studies documented the anti-inflammatory effects of statins on macrophages, but emerging evidence suggests that these drugs can also enhance pro-inflammatory macrophage responses, creating an unresolved paradox. This review comprehensively examines the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical literature to document the statin-induced changes in macrophage polarization and immunomodulatory functions, explore the underlying mechanisms involved, and offer potential explanations for this paradox. A better understanding of the immunomodulatory actions of statins on macrophages should pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic approaches to manage atherosclerosis and other chronic diseases and conditions characterised by unresolved inflammation.
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Inhibition of in Vitro Rumen Methane Production by Three Statins. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing concentrations of three pure statins on in vitro methane production and rumen fermentation. The effects of atorvastatin, rosuvastatin and simvastatin at three concentrations (1, 10, and 100 mg/L of culture fluid) were evaluated using in vitro 24 h batch incubation of buffered rumen fluid with a 70:30 forage:concentrate substrate. All statins tested demonstrated the ability to reduce methanogenesis. Methane inhibition potential was decreasing in the following order: simvastatin>atorvastatin>rosuvastatin. Methane production was reduced (P<0.05) by simvastatin at 10 mg/L (by 9.3%) and by atorvastatin at 100 mg/L (by 13.2%) without compromising fermentation and feed digestibility. Simvastatin at 100 mg/L decreased methane production by 26.2%, however, net production of volatile fatty acids (nVFA) was also reduced (P<0.05). The only effect of rosuvastatin was a slight reduction (P<0.05) of methane proportion at 10 and 100 mg/L. Simvastatin and atorvastatin at 100 mg/L increased (P<0.05) relative proportion of propionate at the expense of acetate and butyrate. Ammonia-N concentrations were not affected (P>0.05) by statins. The current study demonstrated that selected statins could selectively decrease methane production. The effects of statins on methanogenesis and overall rumen fermentation vary depending on statin type and concentration. Hydrophobic statins, such as simvastatin and atorvastatin, seem to be more effective compared to the hydrophilic statins, such as rosuvastatin.
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Lam ASM, Yan BPY, Lee VWY. Efficacy and safety comparing prasugrel/ticagrelor and clopidogrel in Hong Kong post-acute coronary syndrome patients-A 10-year cohort study. Clin Cardiol 2021; 44:1072-1079. [PMID: 34041774 PMCID: PMC8364718 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical evidence of prasugrel/ticagrelor in dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in Asian acute coronary syndrome (ACS) population remains inconclusive. We aimed to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of prasugrel/ticagrelor compared to clopidogrel as part of DAPT in Hong Kong ACS population for 10 years. HYPOTHESIS Prasugrel/ticagrelor, compared to clopidogrel, reduces risk of major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) in Hong Kong ACS population. METHODS The retrospective observational cohort study included patients admitted to seven institutions under Hospital Authority Hong Kong with diagnosis of ACS during 2008-2017. Risk of MACE, defined as composite of cardiovascular (CV) death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) and non-fatal stroke, and risk of any bleeding leading to hospitalization were examined. Baseline characteristics difference was adjusted by propensity score (PS) matching. Adjusted Cox regression model was used to estimate hazard ratio of interested outcome. RESULTS In PS matched cohort including 944 patients in each group, MACE risk reduction of 40% from 1 year to 5 years after index ACS event was observed in prasugrel/ticagrelor group (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.39-0.91, p = .015). The risk reduction was highly driven by MI reduction (HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.33-0.91, p = .019). Lower bleeding risk was observed in prasugrel/ticagrelor group compared to clopidogrel from 1 year to 5 years (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.21-1.00, p = .051). CONCLUSIONS Prasugrel/ticagrelor showed MACE risk reduction over clopidogrel as part of DAPT up to 5 years after index event, while prasugrel/ticagrelor was not associated with increased bleeding risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S. M. Lam
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong
| | - Bryan P. Y. Yan
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong
| | - Vivian W. Y. Lee
- Centre for Learning Enhancement And Research (CLEAR)The Chinese University of Hong KongShatinHong Kong
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Cui YK, Dong JZ, Du X, Hu R, He L, Jia CQ, Li X, Wu JH, Yu RH, Long DY, Ning M, Sang CH, Jiang CX, Bai R, Wen SN, Liu N, Li SN, Wang W, Guo XY, Zhao X, Zuo S, Chen X, Huang ST, Wu HS, Tang RB, Ma CS. Comparison of prognosis and outcomes of catheter ablation versus drug therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation and stable coronary artery disease: A prospective propensity-score matched cohort study. Clin Cardiol 2021; 44:1422-1431. [PMID: 34318505 PMCID: PMC8495083 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) and stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) frequently coexist. Hypothesis To investigate the prognosis of catheter ablation versus drug therapy in patients with AF and SCAD. Methods In total, 25 512 patients with AF in the Chinese AF Registry between 2011 and 2019 were screened for SCAD. 815 patients with AF and SCAD underwent catheter ablation therapy were matched with patients by drug therapy in a 1:1 ratio. Primary end point was composite of thromboembolism, coronary events, major bleeding, and all‐cause death. The secondary endpoints were each component of the primary endpoint and AF recurrence. Results Over a median follow‐up of 45 ± 23 months, the patients in the catheter ablation group had a higher AF recurrence‐free rate (53.50% vs. 18.41%, p < .01). In multivariate analysis, there was no significant difference between the strategy of catheter ablation and drug therapy in primary composite end point (adjusted HR 074, 95%CI 0.54–1.002, p = .0519). However, catheter ablation was associated with fewer all‐cause death independently (adjusted HR 0.36, 95%CI 0.22–0.59, p < .01). In subgroup analysis, catheter ablation was an independent risk factor for all‐cause death in the high‐stroke risk group (adjusted HR 0.39, 95%CI 0.23–0.64, p < .01), not in the low‐medium risk group (adjusted HR 0.17, 95%CI 0.01–2.04, p = .17). Conclusions In the patients with AF and SCAD, catheter ablation was not independently associated with the primary composite endpoint compared with drug therapy. However, catheter ablation was an independent protective factor of all‐cause death
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Kai Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Zeng Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Liu He
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Qi Jia
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Hui Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-Hui Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - De-Yong Long
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Man Ning
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Cai-Hua Sang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Xi Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Bai
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Song-Nan Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Nian Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Song-Nan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Yuan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Song Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Tao Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Sheng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ri-Bo Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Sheng Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
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Fang HSA, Gao Q, Lee ML, Hsu W, Tan NC. LDL-cholesterol change and goal attainment following statin intensity titration among Asians in primary care: a retrospective cohort study. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:2. [PMID: 33407522 PMCID: PMC7788928 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical trials have demonstrated that either initiating or up-titrating a statin dose substantially reduce Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. However, statin adherence in actual practice tends to be suboptimal, leading to diminished effectiveness. This study aims to use real-world data to determine the effect on LDL-C levels and LDL-C goal attainment rates, when selected statins are titrated in Asian patients. Methods A retrospective cohort study over a 5-year period, from April 2014 to March 2019 was conducted on a cohort of multi-ethnic adult Asian patients with clinical diagnosis of Dyslipidaemia in a primary care clinic in Singapore. The statins were classified into low-intensity (LI), moderate-intensity (MI) and high-intensity (HI) groups according to the 2018 American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Blood Cholesterol Guidelines. Patients were grouped into “No statin”, “Non-titrators” and “Titrators” cohorts based on prescribing patterns. For the “Titrators” cohort, the mean percentage change in LDL-C and absolute change in LDL-C goal attainment rates were computed for each permutation of statin intensity titration. Results Among the cohort of 11,499 patients, with a total of 266,762 visits, there were 1962 pairs of LDL-C values associated with a statin titration. Initiation of LI, MI and HI statin resulted in a lowering of LDL-C by 21.6% (95%CI = 18.9–24.3%), 28.9% (95%CI = 25.0–32.7%) and 25.2% (95%CI = 12.8–37.7%) respectively. These were comparatively lower than results from clinical trials (30 to 63%). The change of LDL-C levels due to up-titration, down-titration, and discontinuation were − 12.4% to − 28.9%, + 13.2% to + 24.6%, and + 18.1% to + 32.1% respectively. The improvement in LDL-C goal attainment ranged from 26.5% to 47.1% when statin intensity was up-titrated. Conclusion In this study based on real-world data of Asian patients in primary care, it was shown that although statin titration substantially affected LDL-C levels and LDL-C goal attainment rates, the magnitude was lower than results reported from clinical trials. These results should be taken into consideration and provide further insight to clinicians when making statin adjustment recommendations in order to achieve LDL-C targets in clinical practice, particularly for Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sen Andrew Fang
- SingHealth Polyclinics, SingHealth, 167, Jalan Bukit Merah, Connection One, Tower 5, #15-10, Singapore, P.O. 150167, Singapore.
| | - Qiao Gao
- Institute of Data Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mong Li Lee
- School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Data Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wynne Hsu
- School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Data Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ngiap Chuan Tan
- SingHealth Polyclinics, SingHealth, 167, Jalan Bukit Merah, Connection One, Tower 5, #15-10, Singapore, P.O. 150167, Singapore.,Family Medicine Academic Clinical Programme, SingHealth-Duke NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
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