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Hutchinson C, Ratcliffe J, Cleland J, Milte R, Muller A, Ly M, Hannaford N, Khadka J. Further Evidence of Feasibility, Validity, and Reliability of Quality of Life-Aged Care Consumers: Evidence From Home-Based Care Settings. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2024:S1098-3015(24)02363-5. [PMID: 38795955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Quality of Life-Aged Care Consumers (QOL-ACC) is an aged-care-specific preference-based instrument currently being rolled out in residential care across Australia as part of the aged care Quality Indicator program. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the feasibility, reliability, and construct validity of the QOL-ACC in a large national sample of older adults receiving aged care services at home. METHODS Older adults receiving in-home aged care services completed a survey including the QOL-ACC, Quality of Care Experience-ACC, adult social care outcome tool, EQ-5D-5L, and 2 global single item measures of health and quality of life. Feasibility was assessed by missing responses (≤5%) and ceiling/floor effects (≤15%). Construct validity was assessed by exploring the relationship between the QOL-ACC and other instruments (convergent validity) and its ability to discriminate varying levels of self-rated health and quality of life (known-group validity). RESULTS A total of 802 respondents (mean age, 74.5 ± 6.3 years; 56.0% females) completed the survey. The QOL-ACC had no missing responses, no floor effects, and very low ceiling effect (3.5%) and demonstrated moderate correlation with adult social care outcome tool (r = 0.59, P < .001), EQ-5D-5L (r = 0.65, P < .001), EQ-VAS (r = 0.53, P < .001), and a lower correlation with the QCE-ACC (r = 0.41, P < .001). Respondents with poor self-rated health and quality of life had significantly lower preference-weighted scores on the QOL-ACC. CONCLUSIONS The QOL-ACC demonstrated adequate feasibility, reliability, and construct validity in a large population of older people accessing government-subsidized aged care services at home. Further studies will explore the responsiveness of the QOL-ACC to aged-care-specific interventions both in home and residential aged care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hutchinson
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Julie Ratcliffe
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jenny Cleland
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rachel Milte
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Amanda Muller
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Marleesa Ly
- ECH, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Jyoti Khadka
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Registry of Senior Australians, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Hutchinson C, Khadka J, Crocker M, Lay K, Milte R, Whitehirst DG, Engel L, Ratcliffe J. Examining interrater agreement between self-report and proxy-report responses for the quality of life-aged care consumers (QOL-ACC) instrument. J Patient Rep Outcomes 2024; 8:28. [PMID: 38436803 PMCID: PMC10912388 DOI: 10.1186/s41687-024-00705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quality of life is an important quality indicator for health and aged care sectors. However, self-reporting of quality of life is not always possible given the relatively high prevalence of cognitive impairment amongst older people, hence proxy reporting is often utilised as the default option. Internationally, there is little evidence on the impact of proxy perspective on interrater agreement between self and proxy report. OBJECTIVES To assess the impacts of (i) cognition level and (ii) proxy perspective on interrater agreement using a utility instrument, the Quality of Life-Aged Care Consumers (QOL-ACC). METHODS A cross-sectional study was undertaken with aged care residents and family member proxies. Residents completed the self-report QOL-ACC, while proxies completed two proxy versions: proxy-proxy perspective (their own opinion), and proxy-person perspective (how they believe the resident would respond). Interrater agreement was assessed using quadratic weighted kappas for dimension-level data and concordance correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots for utility scores. RESULTS Sixty-three residents (22, no cognitive impairment; 41, mild-to-moderate cognitive impairment) and proxies participated. In the full sample and in the mild-to-moderate impairment group, the mean self-reported QOL-ACC utility score was significantly higher than the means reported by proxies, regardless of perspective (p < 0.01). Agreement with self-reported QOL-ACC utility scores was higher when proxies adopted a proxy-person perspective. CONCLUSION Regardless of cognition level and proxy perspective, proxies tend to rate quality of life lower than residents. Further research is needed to explore the impact of such divergences for quality assessment and economic evaluation in aged care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hutchinson
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Jyoti Khadka
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- ROSA, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew Crocker
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kiri Lay
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rachel Milte
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David Gt Whitehirst
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Lidia Engel
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University Health Economics Group, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie Ratcliffe
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Hutchinson C, Cleland J, McBain C, Walker R, Milte R, Swaffer K, Ratcliffe J. What quality of life domains are most important to older adults in residential care? J Aging Soc Policy 2024; 36:21-42. [PMID: 36252046 DOI: 10.1080/08959420.2022.2134691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Quality of life is a critically important outcome measure in aged care. However, few studies have provided a detailed examination of what quality of life means to older adults living in residential care. In the current study, N = 43 older adults (67 to 99 years) living in six residential aged care facilities in four Australian states took part in semi-structured interviews. Participants had normal cognition through to mild /moderate cognitive impairment as measured by the PAS-Cog, were able to provide informed consent, and could participate in an interview conducted in English. Interviews were transcribed, and data was analyzed in NVivo using thematic analysis. Both physical and psycho-social aspects were identified as important for older adults' quality of life with six key quality of life domains identified: independence, mobility, pain management, social connections, emotional well-being, and activities. More research is needed to test these domains with a more diverse sample of older adults living in residential aged care, in particular older adults from culturally and linguistically diverse communities. Such qualitative work is essential for the development of suitable quality of life measures for this population and provides valuable information to inform improvements to care practices and service provision. Some ways in which the identified quality of life domains could be used to enhance care provision are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hutchinson
- Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Jenny Cleland
- Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Candice McBain
- John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ruth Walker
- Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Rachel Milte
- Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Kate Swaffer
- John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Julie Ratcliffe
- Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- School of Society and Justice, University of South Australia, Magill, SA 5072, Australia
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Cleland J, Hutchinson C, McBain C, Khadka J, Milte R, Cameron I, Ratcliffe J. From the ground up: assessing the face validity of the Quality of Life – Aged Care Consumers (QOL-ACC) measure with older Australians. QUALITY IN AGEING AND OLDER ADULTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1108/qaoa-07-2022-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to assess the face validity to inform content validity of the Quality of Life – Aged Care Consumers (QOL-ACC), a new measure for quality assessment and economic evaluation in aged care.
Design/methodology/approach
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with older adults (66–100 years) receiving aged care services at home (n = 31) and in residential care (n = 28). Participants provided feedback on draft items to take forward to the next stage of psychometric assessment. Items were removed according to several decision criteria: ambiguity, sensitive wording, not easy to answer and/or least preferred by participants.
Findings
The initial candidate set was reduced from 34 items to 15 items to include in the next stage of the QOL-ACC development alongside the preferred response category. The reduced set reflected the views of older adults, increasing the measure’s acceptability, reliability and relevance.
Originality/value
Quality of life is a key person-centred quality indicator recommended by the recent Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety. Responding to this policy reform objective, this study documents a key stage in the development of the QOL-ACC measure, a new measure designed to assess aged care specific quality of life.
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Gottschalk S, König HH, Nejad M, Dams J. Measurement properties of the EQ-5D in populations with a mean age of ≥ 75 years: a systematic review. Qual Life Res 2023; 32:307-329. [PMID: 35915354 PMCID: PMC9911506 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-022-03185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Healthcare interventions for middle-old and oldest-old individuals are often (economically) evaluated using the EQ-5D to measure health-related quality of life (HrQoL). This requires sufficient measurement properties of the EQ-5D. Therefore, the current study aimed to systematically review studies assessing the measurement properties of the EQ-5D in this population. METHODS The databases PubMed, Cochrane library, Web of Science, Embase, and EconLit were searched for studies providing empirical evidence of reliability, validity, and/or responsiveness of the EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L in samples with a mean age ≥ 75 years. Studies were selected by two independent reviewers, and the methodological quality was assessed using the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist. Results were rated against updated criteria for good measurement properties (sufficient, insufficient, inconsistent, indeterminate). The evidence was summarized, and the quality of evidence was graded using a modified GRADE approach. RESULTS For both EQ-5D versions, high-quality evidence for sufficient convergent validity was found. Known-groups validity was sufficient for the EQ-5D-5L (high-quality evidence), whereas the results were inconsistent for the EQ-5D-3L. Results regarding the reliability were inconsistent (EQ-5D-3L) or entirely lacking (EQ-5D-5L). Responsiveness based on correlations of change scores with instruments measuring related/similar constructs was insufficient for the EQ-5D-3L (high-quality evidence). For the EQ-5D-5L, the available evidence on responsiveness to change in (Hr)QoL instruments was limited. CONCLUSION Since the responsiveness of the EQ-5D in a population of middle-old and oldest-old individuals was questionable, either using additional instruments or considering the use of an alternative, more comprehensive instrument of (Hr)QoL might be advisable, especially for economic evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Gottschalk
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Hans-Helmut König
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mona Nejad
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Judith Dams
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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What Quality-of-Life Dimensions Are Most Important to Older Adults from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds Receiving Aged Care Services? An Exploratory Study. Geriatrics (Basel) 2022; 7:geriatrics7060144. [PMID: 36547280 PMCID: PMC9778310 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics7060144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little research on what aspects of quality of life (QoL) are most important to culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) older adults. This study aimed to identify what QoL dimensions were most important to CALD older adults receiving aged care services, and therefore, how relevant a new six dimensions QoL instrument developed for use in aged care is to this population. A three-stage, mixed-methods study was undertaken. Stage 1: n = 3 focus groups with aged care providers. Stage 2: n = 30 semi-structured interviews with Italian-born older adults in ethno-specific residential aged care. Stage 3: survey of n = 63 older adults from mixed CALD backgrounds receiving community aged care services. Overall, older adults asserted the importance of the six dimensions of the new QoL instrument. The importance of 'identity' and 'purpose and meaning' were identified via the focus groups; however, the community-based CALD older adults identified these aspects of quality of life as more important than older Italians in residential care. Being in ethno-specific residential aged care where needs relating to language, food, and religion were met and they continued to live with others from their community may have meant that the meeting of cultural needs was more taken for granted.
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Khadka J, Hutchinson C, Milte R, Cleland J, Muller A, Bowes N, Ratcliffe J. Assessing feasibility, construct validity, and reliability of a new aged care-specific preference-based quality of life instrument: evidence from older Australians in residential aged care. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2022; 20:159. [PMID: 36456953 PMCID: PMC9713096 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-022-02065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quality of Life-Aged Care Consumers (QOL-ACC) is a new older-person-specific quality of life instrument designed for application in quality assessment and economic evaluation in aged care. The QOL-ACC was designed from its inception with older people receiving aged care services ensuring its strong content validity. Given that the QOL-ACC has already been validated in home care settings and a preference-weighted value set developed, we aimed to assess feasibility, construct validity and reliability of the QOL-ACC in residential aged care settings. METHODS: Individuals living in residential aged care facilities participated in an interviewer-facilitated survey. The survey included the QOL-ACC, QCE-ACC (quality of aged care experience measure) and two other preference-based quality of life instruments (ASCOT and EQ-5D-5L). Feasibility was assessed using missing data and ceiling/floor effects. Construct validity was assessed by exploring the relationship between the QOL-ACC and other instruments (convergent validity) and the QOL-ACC's ability to discriminate varying levels of self-rated health and quality of life. Internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (α). RESULTS Of the 200 residents (mean age, 85 ± 7.7 years) who completed the survey, 60% were female and 69% were born in Australia. One in three participating residents self-rated their health as fair/poor. The QOL-ACC had no missing data but had small floor effects (0.5%) and acceptable ceiling effects (7.5%). It demonstrated moderate correlation with ASCOT (r = 0.51, p < 0.001) and EQ-5D-5L (r = 0.52, p < 0.001) and a stronger correlation with the QCE-ACC (r = 0.57, p < 0.001). Residents with poor self-rated health and quality of life had significantly lower scores on the QOL-ACC. The internal consistency reliability of the QOL-ACC and its dimensions was good (α = 0.70-0.77). CONCLUSIONS The QOL-ACC demonstrated good feasibility, construct validity and internal consistency reliability to assess aged care-related quality of life. Moderate correlations of the QOL-ACC and other instruments provide evidence of its construct validity and signifies that the QOL-ACC adds non-redundant and non-interchangeable information beyond the existing instruments. A stronger correlation with the QCE-ACC than other instruments may indicate that quality of life is more intimately connected with the care experience than either health- or social-related quality of life in residential aged care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Khadka
- grid.1014.40000 0004 0367 2697Health and Social Care Economics Group, Caring Future Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Sturt North, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001 Australia ,grid.430453.50000 0004 0565 2606Registry of Senior Australians, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - C Hutchinson
- grid.1014.40000 0004 0367 2697Health and Social Care Economics Group, Caring Future Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Sturt North, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001 Australia
| | - R Milte
- grid.1014.40000 0004 0367 2697Health and Social Care Economics Group, Caring Future Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Sturt North, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001 Australia
| | - J Cleland
- grid.1014.40000 0004 0367 2697Health and Social Care Economics Group, Caring Future Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Sturt North, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001 Australia
| | - A Muller
- grid.1014.40000 0004 0367 2697College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - N Bowes
- Uniting AgeWell, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - J Ratcliffe
- grid.1014.40000 0004 0367 2697Health and Social Care Economics Group, Caring Future Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Sturt North, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001 Australia
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Ratcliffe J, Bourke S, Li J, Mulhern B, Hutchinson C, Khadka J, Milte R, Lancsar E. Valuing the Quality-of-Life Aged Care Consumers (QOL-ACC) Instrument for Quality Assessment and Economic Evaluation. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2022; 40:1069-1079. [PMID: 35922616 PMCID: PMC9550725 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-022-01158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper reports on the valuation of the classification system for the Quality-of-Life Aged Care Consumers (QOL-ACC) instrument using a discrete choice experiment (DCE) with duration with a large sample of older people receiving aged care services. METHODS A DCE with 160 choice sets of two quality-of-life state-survival duration combinations blocked into 20 survey versions, with eight choice sets in each version, was designed and administered through an on-line survey to older Australians receiving aged care services in home and via interviewer facilitation with older people in residential aged care settings. Model specifications investigating preferences with respect to survival duration and interactions between QOL-ACC dimension levels were estimated. Utility weights were developed, with estimated coefficients transformed to the 0 (being dead) to 1 (full health) scale to generate a value set suitable for application in quality assessment and for the calculation of quality-adjusted life-years for use in economic evaluation. RESULTS In total, 953 older people completed the choice experiment with valid responses. The estimation results from econometric model specifications indicated that utility increased with survival duration and decreased according to quality-of-life impairment levels. An Australian value set (range - 0.56 to 1.00) was generated for the calculation of utilities for all QOL-ACC states. CONCLUSION The QOL-ACC is unique in its focus on measuring and valuing quality of life from the perspective of older people themselves, thereby ensuring that the preferences of aged care service users are the primary focus for quality assessment and economic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ratcliffe
- Health and Social Care Economics Group, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.
| | - Siobhan Bourke
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jinhu Li
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Brendan Mulhern
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire Hutchinson
- Health and Social Care Economics Group, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Jyoti Khadka
- Health and Social Care Economics Group, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Rachel Milte
- Health and Social Care Economics Group, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Emily Lancsar
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Hutchinson C, Worley A, Khadka J, Milte R, Cleland J, Ratcliffe J. Do we agree or disagree? A systematic review of the application of preference-based instruments in self and proxy reporting of quality of life in older people. Soc Sci Med 2022; 305:115046. [PMID: 35636050 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Quality of life is an important person-centred outcome in health and aged care settings. Due to an increasing prevalence of cognitive decline and dementia in ageing populations, a proportion of older people receiving health and aged care services may not be able to reliably assess their own quality of life, highlighting the need for proxy assessment. This systematic review sought to investigate the level of agreement between self and proxy-report of older people's quality of life using established preference-based instruments of quality of life suitable for economic evaluation. METHODS A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Eight databases were searched: Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, Econlit, PsychINFO, CINAHL, Ageline and Cochrane Library. Information was extracted on the instruments, population samples (including any cognitive thresholds applied), mean scores, type of proxy, and measures of inter-rater agreement. RESULTS A total of 50 studies using eight different preference-based quality of life instruments were identified. Most studies were cross-sectional (72%) with a wide variety of cognitive assessments and thresholds applied to define older participants with cognitive impairment. The most common proxies were family members, mostly spouses. The level of agreement between self and proxy-report was generally poor - irrespective of the instrument applied or type of proxy - with proxy-report generally indicating lower levels of quality of life than self-report. There was some evidence of stronger agreement on more observable quality of life domains e.g., physical health and mobility, relative to less observable domains e.g. emotional well-being. Few studies tracked self and/or proxy-report of quality of life longitudinally. CONCLUSIONS More research is needed to develop evidence to inform guidance on self-report versus proxy-report of quality of life for older people receiving health and aged care services. Until then, the collection of both self and proxy reports as complementary measures is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hutchinson
- Health and Social Care Economics Group, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Australia; Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Australia.
| | - Anthea Worley
- Health and Social Care Economics Group, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Jyoti Khadka
- Health and Social Care Economics Group, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Australia; Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Australia; Registry of Senior Australians, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Australia
| | - Rachel Milte
- Health and Social Care Economics Group, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Australia; Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Jenny Cleland
- Health and Social Care Economics Group, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Australia; Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Julie Ratcliffe
- Health and Social Care Economics Group, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Australia; Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Australia
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Assessing the construct validity of the Quality-of-Life-Aged Care Consumers (QOL-ACC): an aged care-specific quality-of-life measure. Qual Life Res 2022; 31:2849-2865. [PMID: 35680733 PMCID: PMC9181894 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-022-03142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the construct (convergent and known group) validity of the Quality-of-Life-Aged Care Consumer (QOL-ACC), an older-person-specific quality-of-life measure designed for application in quality assessment and economic evaluation in aged care. METHODS Convergent validity was assessed by examining relationships with other validated preference-based measures (EQ-5D-5L, ASCOT), quality of aged care experience (QCE-ACC) and life satisfaction (PWI) through an online survey. Known-group validity was assessed by testing the ability to discriminate varying levels of care needs, self-reported health and quality of life. RESULTS Older people (aged ≥ 65 years) receiving community-aged care (N = 313) responded; 54.6% were female, 41.8% were living alone and 56.8% were receiving higher-level care. The QOL-ACC and its six dimensions were low to moderately and significantly correlated with the EQ-5D-5L (correlation co-efficient range, ρ = 0.39-0.56). The QOL-ACC demonstrated moderate and statistically significant correlations with ASCOT (ρ = 0.61), the QCE-ACC (ρ = 0.51) and the PWI (ρ = 0.70). Respondents with poorer self-reported health status, quality of life and/or higher-level care needs demonstrated lower QOL-ACC scores (P < 0.001), providing evidence of known-group validity. CONCLUSIONS The study provides evidence of the construct validity of the QOL-ACC descriptive system. A preference-weighted value set is currently being developed for the QOL-ACC, which when finalised will be subjected to further validation assessments.
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Himmler S, Jonker M, van Krugten F, Hackert M, van Exel J, Brouwer W. Estimating an anchored utility tariff for the well-being of older people measure (WOOP) for the Netherlands. Soc Sci Med 2022; 301:114901. [PMID: 35325838 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Health economic evaluations using common health-related quality of life measures may fall short in adequately incorporating all relevant benefits of health and social care interventions targeted at older people. The Well-being of Older People measure (WOOP) is a broader well-being measure that comprises nine well-being domains. The objective of this study was to estimate a utility tariff for the WOOP, to facilitate its application in cost-utility analyses. METHODS A discrete choice experiment (DCE) with duration approach was set up and fielded among 2,012 individuals from the Netherlands aged 65 years and above. Matched pairwise choice tasks, colour-coding and level overlap were used to reduce the cognitive burden of the DCE. The choice tasks were created using a Bayesian heterogeneous D-efficient design. The estimation procedure accommodated for nonlinear time preferences via an exponential discounting function. RESULTS The estimation results showed that 'physical health', 'mental health', and 'making ends meet' were the most important well-being domains for older people, followed by 'independence' and 'living situation'. Of somewhat lesser importance were domains like 'social life', 'receiving support' and 'feeling useful'. The generated utility tariffs can be used to translate well-being states described with the WOOP to a utility score between -0.616 and 1. CONCLUSIONS This study established a tariff for the WOOP, which will facilitate its use in economic evaluations of health and social care interventions targeted at older people, first of all in the Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Himmler
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam (ESHPM), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus Centre for Health Economics Rotterdam (EsCHER), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus Choice Modelling Centre (ECMC), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Marcel Jonker
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam (ESHPM), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus Centre for Health Economics Rotterdam (EsCHER), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus Choice Modelling Centre (ECMC), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frédérique van Krugten
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam (ESHPM), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus Centre for Health Economics Rotterdam (EsCHER), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus Choice Modelling Centre (ECMC), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mariska Hackert
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam (ESHPM), Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Job van Exel
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam (ESHPM), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus Centre for Health Economics Rotterdam (EsCHER), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus Choice Modelling Centre (ECMC), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Werner Brouwer
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam (ESHPM), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus Centre for Health Economics Rotterdam (EsCHER), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Hutchinson C, Ratcliffe J, Cleland J, Walker R, Milte R, McBain C, Corlis M, Cornell V, Khadka J. The integration of mixed methods data to develop the quality of life - aged care consumers (QOL-ACC) instrument. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:702. [PMID: 34911445 PMCID: PMC8672336 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02614-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This paper describes the collection and integration of mixed methods data to facilitate the final selection of items for the Quality of Life – Aged Care Consumers (QOL-ACC) instrument. The aim of the wider project is to develop a preference-based quality of life instrument that can be used for quality assessment and economic evaluation. Older people have been involved at every stage of the development of the QOL-ACC to ensure that the final instrument captures their perspectives and preferences. Methods Mixed methods data was collected on draft items for the QOL-ACC instrument across six key quality of life dimensions (mobility, pain management, emotional well-being, independence, social connections, and activities). Qualitative face validity data was collected from older people (aged 66 to 100 years) living in the community and in residential aged care via semi-structured interviews (n = 59). Quantitative data was collected from older people (aged 65 to 91 years) receiving aged care services in the community via an online survey (n = 313). A traffic light pictorial approach was adopted as a practical and systematic way to categorise and present data in a meaningful way that was easy for non-academic workshop members to understand and to be able to discuss the relative merits of each draft item. Results The traffic light approach supported the involvement of consumer and aged care provider representatives in the selection of the final items. Six items were selected for the QOL-ACC instrument with one item representing each of the six dimensions. Conclusions This methodological approach has ensured that the final instrument is psychometrically robust as well as meaningful, relevant and acceptable to aged care consumers and providers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-021-02614-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hutchinson
- Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia. .,College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Julie Ratcliffe
- Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.,College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jenny Cleland
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ruth Walker
- Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.,College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rachel Milte
- Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.,College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Candice McBain
- John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Megan Corlis
- Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation (SA Branch), Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Jyoti Khadka
- Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.,College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.,Registry of Senior Australians (ROSA), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
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13
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Siette J, Knaggs GT, Zurynski Y, Ratcliffe J, Dodds L, Westbrook J. Systematic review of 29 self-report instruments for assessing quality of life in older adults receiving aged care services. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e050892. [PMID: 34794991 PMCID: PMC8603300 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quality of life (QoL) outcomes are used to monitor quality of care for older adults accessing aged care services, yet it remains unclear which QoL instruments best meet older adults', providers' and policymakers' needs. This review aimed to (1) identify QoL instruments used in aged care and describe them in terms of QoL domains measured and logistical details; (2) summarise in which aged care settings the instruments have been used and (3) discuss factors to consider in deciding on the suitability of QoL instruments for use in aged care services. DESIGN Systematic review. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library and CINAHL from inception to 2021. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Instruments were included if they were designed for adults (>18 years), available in English, been applied in a peer-reviewed research study examining QoL outcomes in adults >65 years accessing aged care (including home/social care, residential/long-term care) and had reported psychometrics. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two researchers independently reviewed the measures and extracted the data. Data synthesis was performed via narrative review of eligible instruments. RESULTS 292 articles reporting on 29 QoL instruments were included. Eight domains of QoL were addressed: physical health, mental health, emotional state, social connection, environment, autonomy and overall QoL. The period between 1990 and 2000 produced the greatest number of newly developed instruments. The EuroQoL-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) and Short Form-series were used across multiple aged care contexts including home and residential care. More recent instruments (eg, ICEpop CAPability measure for Older people (ICECAP-O) and Adult Social Care Outcomes Toolkit (ASCOT)) tend to capture emotional sentiment towards personal circumstances and higher order care needs, in comparison with more established instruments (eg, EQ-5D) which are largely focused on health status. CONCLUSIONS A comprehensive list of QoL instruments and their characteristics is provided to inform instrument choice for use in research or for care quality assurance in aged care settings, depending on needs and interests of users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Siette
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Ageing, Cognition and Wellbeing, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gilbert Thomas Knaggs
- NHMRC Partnership Centre for Health Systems Sustainability, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yvonne Zurynski
- NHMRC Partnership Centre for Health Systems Sustainability, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julie Ratcliffe
- Health and Social Care Economics Group, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Laura Dodds
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Johanna Westbrook
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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14
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Siette J, Jorgensen ML, Georgiou A, Dodds L, McClean T, Westbrook JI. Quality of life measurement in community-based aged care - understanding variation between clients and between care service providers. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:390. [PMID: 34182935 PMCID: PMC8240205 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring person-centred outcomes and using this information to improve service delivery is a challenge for many care providers. We aimed to identify predictors of QoL among older adults receiving community-based aged care services and examine variation across different community care service outlets. METHODS A retrospective sample of 1141 Australians aged ≥60 years receiving community-based care services from a large service provider within 19 service outlets. Clients' QoL was captured using the ICEpop CAPability Index. QoL scores and predictors of QoL (i.e. sociodemographic, social participation and service use) were extracted from clients' electronic records and examined using multivariable regression. Funnel plots were used to examine variation in risk-adjusted QoL scores across service outlets. RESULTS Mean age was 81.5 years (SD = 8) and 75.5% were women. Clients had a mean QoL score of 0.81 (range 0-1, SD = 0.15). After accounting for other factors, being older (p < 0.01), having lower-level care needs (p < 0.01), receiving services which met needs for assistance with activities of daily living (p < 0.01), and having higher levels of social participation (p < 0.001) were associated with higher QoL scores. Of the 19 service outlets, 21% (n = 4) had lower mean risk-adjusted QoL scores than expected (< 95% control limits) and 16% (n = 3) had higher mean scores than expected. CONCLUSION Using QoL as an indicator to compare care quality may be feasible, with appropriate risk adjustment. Implementing QoL tools allows providers to measure and monitor their performance and service outcomes, as well as identify clients with poor quality of life who may need extra support. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian and New Zealand clinical trial registry number: ACTRN12617001212347 . Registered 18/08/2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Siette
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.
- Centre for Ageing, Cognition and Wellbeing, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.
| | - Mikaela L Jorgensen
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Andrew Georgiou
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Laura Dodds
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Tom McClean
- Uniting, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia
| | - Johanna I Westbrook
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
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15
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The Organic Food Choice Pattern: Are Organic Consumers Becoming More Alike? Foods 2021; 10:foods10050983. [PMID: 33946339 PMCID: PMC8145405 DOI: 10.3390/foods10050983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no doubt that the search for organic products is already more than a trend; it is an indisputable reality. More and more people are opting for a healthier lifestyle that starts with food, which has awakened a growing interest in understanding the reasons for these purchases. The motivational attributes of consumers’ decisions regarding the consumption of organic products are the main aim of this study. The survey included 250 respondents that filled a questionnaire by email and by personal interviews. We used a non-probabilistic sampling method, namely convenience sampling and the best–worst scaling method to analyze 10 attributes of organic purchasing decisions. Then, we studied the impact of the classification variables age, gender, academic level, place of residence, children under 18 living at home, and place of purchase of organic products on the attributes. Applying a chi-square test, we only obtained statistically significant differences for children under 18 living at home and the certification warranty (p = 0.011). The results show the dominance of credence attributes and egoistic motivations on organic consumption and may indicate a path towards the standardization of the organic consumer profile. This study emphasized that we may be facing a new organic consumer, for whom health-related factors are not just significant but overwhelming as well.
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Fitch MI, Strohschein FJ, Nyrop K. Measuring quality of life in older people with cancer. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2021; 15:39-47. [PMID: 33507038 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The number of individuals aged 65+ with cancer will double in the next decade. Attention to quality of life (QOL) is imperative to identify relevant endpoints/outcomes in research and provide care that matches individual needs. This review summarizes recent publications regarding QOL measurement in older adults with cancer, considering implications for research and practice. RECENT FINDINGS QOL is a complex concept and its measurement can be challenging. A variety of measurement tools exist, but only one specific to older adults with cancer. QOL is frequently measured as functional health, adverse symptoms, and global QOL, thus only capturing a portion of this concept. Yet successful QOL intervention for older adults requires drawing from behavioral and social dimensions.Growing interest in comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) provides important opportunities for measuring QOL. Recommendations for use of CGAs and PROs in clinical practice have been made but widespread uptake has not occurred. SUMMARY QOL is important to older adults and must be central in planning and discussing their care. It is modifiable but presents measurement challenges in this population. Various domains are associated with decline, survival, satisfaction with life, coping, and different interventions. Measurement approaches must fit with intention and capacity to act within given contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret I Fitch
- Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fay J Strohschein
- Oncology and Aging Program, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada, Nursing Research Consultant, Wainwright, Alberta
| | - Kirsten Nyrop
- Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Deputy Director/Research - Geriatric Oncology Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Engel L, Bucholc J, Mihalopoulos C, Mulhern B, Ratcliffe J, Yates M, Hanna L. A qualitative exploration of the content and face validity of preference-based measures within the context of dementia. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2020; 18:178. [PMID: 32527264 PMCID: PMC7291594 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-020-01425-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessing the cost-effectiveness of interventions for people with dementia, based on cost per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained, requires that the measures used to derive QALYs are preference-based whilst also being valid, feasible to use, comprehensible and acceptable for people with dementia. The aim of this study was to assess the content and face validity of six preference-based measures (PBMs) within the context of dementia. METHODS Qualitative focus groups and interviews were conducted with community-dwelling individuals with mild dementia and carers of people with dementia. After exploring participants' understanding of 'quality of life' (QoL), six PBMs were assessed for content and face validity: two measures assessing health-related QoL (EQ-5D-5L and AQoL-8D); two covering broader aspects of capability wellbeing and social care-related QoL (ICECAP-O and ASCOT); and two dementia-specific QoL measures (DEMQOL-U and AD-5D). A random mix of one health-related QoL measure, one wellbeing measure, and one dementia-specific measure was explored in each session. All sessions were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed thematically. RESULTS Nine individuals with mild dementia and 17 carers of people with dementia participated across 4 focus groups and 10 interviews. Participants perceived 9 broad QoL domains as relevant to them: Activity, Autonomy, Cognition, Communication, Coping, Emotions, End-of-Life, Physical Functioning, and Relationships. These domains had limited overlap with the content of the six PBMs. Assessment of face validity was summarized into eight themes: (1) ambiguous questions, (2) double -barrelled questions, (3) difficult/abstract questions, (4) judgemental/confronting questions, (5) lack of relevance and comprehensiveness, (6) response options, (7) layout/format and (8) proxy-response. There was no clear preference for one of the six measures explored; participants identified advantages and disadvantages across all measures. Although particularly designed for individuals with dementia, dementia-specific QoL measures were not always favoured over non-specific measures. CONCLUSION Given the shortcomings of PBMs identified in this study, further empirical comparative analyses are necessary to guide the selection of PBMs for future dementia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Engel
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jessica Bucholc
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cathrine Mihalopoulos
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan Mulhern
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julie Ratcliffe
- Health and Social Care Economics Group, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark Yates
- Ballarat Health Services, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa Hanna
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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