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Shin MB, Garcia PJ, Saldarriaga EM, Fiestas JL, Ásbjörnsdóttir KH, Iribarren SJ, Barnabas RV, Gimbel S. Cost of community-based human papillomavirus self-sampling in Peru: A micro-costing study. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2022; 8:100160. [PMID: 35528707 PMCID: PMC9075528 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2021.100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Cost data of human papillomavirus (HPV) self-sampling programs from low-and-middle-income countries is limited. We estimated the total and unit costs associated with the Hope Project, a community-based HPV self-sampling social entrepreneurship in Peru. Methods We conducted a micro-costing analysis from the program perspective to determine the unit costs of (1) recruitment/training of community women (Hope Ladies); (2) Hope Ladies distributing HPV self-sampling kits in their communities and the laboratory testing; and (3) Hope Ladies linking screened women with follow-up care. A procedural manual was used to identify the program's activities. A structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews were conducted with administrators to estimate the resource/time associated with activities. We obtained unit costs for each input previously identified from budgets and expenditure reports. Findings From November 2018 to March 2020, the program recruited and trained 62 Hope Ladies who distributed 4,882 HPV self-sampling kits in their communities. Of the screened women, 586 (12%) tested HPV positive. The annual cost per Hope Lady recruited/trained was $147·51 (2018 USD). The cost per HPV self-sampling kit distributed/tested was $45·39, the cost per woman followed up with results was $55·64, and the cost per HPV-positive woman identified was $378·14. Personnel and laboratory costs represented 56·1% and 24·7% of the total programmatic cost, respectively. Interpretation Our findings indicate that implementation of a community-based HPV self-sampling has competitive prices, which increases its likelihood to be feasible in Peru. Further economic evaluation is needed to quantify the incremental benefits of HPV self-sampling compared to more established options such as Pap tests. Funding Thomas Francis Jr. Fellowship provided funding for data collection. The Hope Project was funded by grants from Grand Challenges Canada (TTS-1812-21131), Uniting for Health Innovation, Global Initiative Against HPV and Cervical Cancer, University of Manitoba, and the John E. Fogarty International Center (5D43TW009375-05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle B. Shin
- School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Patricia J. Garcia
- School of Public Health, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Enrique M. Saldarriaga
- The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - José L. Fiestas
- School of Public Health, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru
| | - Kristjana H Ásbjörnsdóttir
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sarah J. Iribarren
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Informatics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ruanne V. Barnabas
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sarah Gimbel
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Child, Family, and Population Health Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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