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AlRadini FA, El-Sheikh AAK, Al Shahrani AS, Alzamil NM, Fayed AA, Alsayed E, Alharbi SS, Altulihee MA, Andijani SA, AlShaiddi WK, Alamri FA. Independent Association of 25[OH]D Level on Reduced Glutathione and TNF-α in Patients with Diabetes and/or Hypertension. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:7065-7075. [PMID: 36090702 PMCID: PMC9462432 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s375282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oxidative and inflammatory pathways play a significant role in the pathophysiology of a wide variety of non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension. However, the effect of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) on these pathways is still controversial. To evaluate the association of 25[OH]D on antioxidant and pro-inflammatory biomarkers, reduced glutathione (GSH) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, in T2DM and hypertensive patients. Patients and Methods This is a cross-sectional study of a consecutive sample of patients attending the the Family Medicine clinic at King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAAUH). Participants were screened for eligibility according to the following criteria: aged above 18 years and diagnosed with T2DM and/or hypertension for at least one year. Patients receiving any kind of vitamin D or calcium supplements within the last three months were excluded, as were those with a history of renal failure, cancer, liver, thyroid, or any other chronic inflammatory diseases. Results In total 424 T2DM and/or hypertensive patients (mean age 55±12 years) were recruited. In addition to routine physical and laboratory examinations, levels of serum 25[OH]D, GSH and TNF-α were measured. The prevalence of 25[OH]D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) was 35.1%, which was independent from GSH and TNF-α levels. In T2DM, hypertensive and patients having both diseases, GSH levels were 349.3±19, 355.4±19 and 428.8±20 μmol/L, respectively. Uncontrolled T2DM and hypertension patients showed significantly higher GSH compared with the controlled group. Males showed slightly higher level of TNF-α compared with females and uncontrolled hypertensive patients had relatively higher TNF-α level when evaluated against controlled hypertensive patients. Conclusion 25[OH]D level is independent of oxidative stress and inflammation, assessed by levels of GSH and TNF-α, respectively, in T2DM and hypertensive Saudi patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten A AlRadini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azza A K El-Sheikh
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Abeer S Al Shahrani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Abeer S Al Shahrani, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966118239031, Email ;
| | - Norah M Alzamil
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amel A Fayed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alsayed
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Shatha S Alharbi
- Department of Family and Community Health, King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Msaad A Altulihee
- Department of Family and Community Health, King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaimaa A Andijani
- Department of Family and Community Health, King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa K AlShaiddi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Alamri
- Global Center of Mass Gathering Medicine, Ministry of Health, Family Medicine, Primary Health Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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