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Jia X, Wang R, Qiu X, Huang Y, Wang Y, Jia X, Li S, Wu Y, Qi F. Factors associated with secondhand smoke exposure among non-smoking employees in the workplace: A cross-sectional study in Qingdao, China. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263801. [PMID: 36006979 PMCID: PMC9409524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to describe secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among non-smoking employees in the workplace, and identify factors related to SHS exposure in Qingdao. Methods The study participants covered key non-smoking places stipulated in the “Qingdao City Smoking Control Regulations,” which included three categories: restaurants, bars, and office buildings. Airborne nicotine concentration in the workplace and saliva cotinine concentration of employees were measured. The questionnaire included employees’ demographic factors, smoke-free measures in the workplace, employers’ tobacco hazard knowledge, and attitudes towards smoke-free policy. Results A total of 222 non-smoking employees and 46 non-smoking employers were included in the study. The median concentrations of airborne nicotine and salivary cotinine were 0.389 μg/m3 and 0.575 ng/mL, respectively. Educational status, average number of workplace smokers per day, exposure time to SHS in the workplace, and whether smoking and non-smoking areas were divided significantly related to airborne nicotine concentration. Age, educational status, exposure time to SHS in the workplace, tobacco control training and publicity, and whether the employers support the “Qingdao Tobacco Control Regulation” were significantly related to salivary cotinine concentration. Conclusions Despite the implementation of the “Qingdao Smoking Control Regulations” in 2013, the workplace remains an important location for SHS exposure. Interventions such as raising workers’ awareness of the risks associated with SHS exposure through health education and developing smoking prevention and cessation programs to reduce SHS exposure in the workplace are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocen Jia
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaofei Qiu
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yiqing Huang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yani Wang
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaorong Jia
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shanpeng Li
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yibo Wu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Qi
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Chu M, Liu Z, Fang X, Wu Y, Liu H, Zhao X, Zhang T, Wu Q, Tan F. Effects of a Smoke-Free Policy in Xi'an, China: Impact on Hospital Admissions for Acute Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke. Front Public Health 2022; 10:898461. [PMID: 35801245 PMCID: PMC9253815 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.898461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure rates are much higher in China than in other countries. A smoke-free policy was implemented in Xi'an, a city in Shaanxi Province, China, on November 1, 2018. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the smoke-free policy on changes in hospital admissions for acute ischemic heart disease (AIHD) and stroke in Xi'an. Methods All subjects had been hospitalized for AIHD or stroke from February 9, 2017 to December 25, 2019 (study period: 150 weeks) in six randomly selected public hospitals out of 36 tertiary hospitals in Xi'an. A generalized additive model developed using an interrupted time series design was used to compare immediate and annual percent changes in hospital admissions before and after policy implementation. Results The study included 31,400 cases (16,656 cases of AIHD and 14,744 cases of stroke) from 6 hospitals in Xi'an. Immediately after implementation of the smoke-free policy, AIHD admissions were reduced significantly (−31.66%, 95% CI: – 39.45 to −22.86%), but stroke admissions were not (−4.94%, 95% CI: −13.26 to 4.17%). The annual reduction in stroke-related admissions (−14.54%, 95% CI: −23.53 to −4.49%) and the annual increase in AIHD-related admissions (40.58%, 95% CI: 22.08 to 61.87%) were significant. Although there was no significant reduction in AIHD admissions, stroke admissions were significantly reduced by −15.73% (from 7,350 to 6,194) after implementation of the smoke-free policy in Xi'an. Conclusion The smoke-free policy had different effects on hospital admissions for AIHD and stroke in Xi'an. Xi'an should improve its smoke-free legislation and expand the measures to maintain or achieve additional significant health benefits. These findings can guide the formulation and implementation of regional and national smoke-free policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiyan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinzhu Fang
- Ministry of Health Education, Xi'an Health Education Institute, Xi'an, China
| | - Yajun Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huannan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianxiao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Global Health Institute, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Global Health Institute, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Wu
| | - Fang Tan
- Ministry of Health Education, Xi'an Health Education Institute, Xi'an, China
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Zhang L, Zhang Z, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Kuang M, Luo Y, Jun L, Chen Y. Status and correlates of home smoking bans after the
implementation of the smoke-free legislation in public
places: A survey in Chongqing. Tob Induc Dis 2022; 20:41. [PMID: 35586081 PMCID: PMC9059264 DOI: 10.18332/tid/146588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Secondhand smoke exposure in many countries decreased dramatically after the implementation of smoke-free legislation in public places, but the exposure at home did not change to the same degree. The aim of this study was to describe the status and correlates of a home smoking ban in Chongqing, China. METHODS From June to August 2021, we selected two healthcare centers in the East, West, North, South and Middle regions of Chongqing. We investigated the family smoke-free situation in the selected region using a stratified random sampling method. A chi-squared test was performed to compare the totally and partially smoke-free homes, and a binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the correlates of smoke-free rules at home. RESULTS The study investigated 2121 families, among which 884 (41.7%) implemented a total ban on smoking at home. The covariates included age (OR=1.54; 95% CI: 1.18–2.01), living with children aged <14 years (OR=1.51; 95% CI: 1.20–1.90), no smokers in the family (OR=2.37; 95% CI: 1.78–3.17), awareness of the hazards of secondhand smoke (OR=1.30; 95% CI: 1.07–1.59), worrying about the impact of smoking in the presence of children on health (OR=1.92; 95% CI: 1.25–2.95), no difficulty (OR=1.34; 95% CI: 1.07–1.67) and confidence (OR=1.73; 95% CI: 1.41–2.13) in stopping others from smoking, no smoking rules in cars (OR=3.67; 95% CI: 2.58–5.22), and frequency of entertaining guests with cigarettes (OR=0.41; 95% CI: 0.28–0.59). CONCLUSIONS It is common for households in Chongqing to have smoking bans, especially those with children. If a family has members that are smokers, education researchers should pay more attention to the hazards of secondhand smoke on the health of family members, and to adopt more tobacco control measures and enhance the self-efficacy of implementing a home smoking ban. Helping smokers to quit is a vital way to decrease the hazards of cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- College of Nursing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Department, Healthcare Center, Jinlong Town, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Cao
- Healthcare Center, Bafu Town, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Nursing Department, Healthcare Center, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Kuang
- Nursing Department, Township Hospitals, Jinfeng Town, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yetao Luo
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Children’s Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Jun
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhan Chen
- College of Nursing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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