1
|
Gould JF, Roberts RM, Anderson PJ, Makrides M, Sullivan TR, Gibson RA, McPhee AJ, Doyle LW, Bednarz JM, Best KP, Opie G, Travadi J, Cheong JLY, Davis PG, Sharp M, Simmer K, Tan K, Morris S, Lui K, Bolisetty S, Liley H, Stack J, Collins CT. High-Dose Docosahexaenoic Acid in Newborns Born at Less Than 29 Weeks' Gestation and Behavior at Age 5 Years: Follow-Up of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr 2024; 178:45-54. [PMID: 37983037 PMCID: PMC10660239 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.4924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Importance Children born at less than 29 weeks' gestation are at risk of behavioral difficulties. This may be due in part to the lack of transplacental supply of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a key fatty acid with structural and functional roles in the brain. Objective To determine whether meeting the neonatal DHA requirement through supplementation is associated with improved behavioral functioning of children born at less than 29 weeks' gestation. Design, Setting and Participants This was a follow-up of children from 10 Australian participating centers in a multi-center, blinded, parallel group randomized clinical trial of infants born at less than 29 weeks' gestation conducted from June 2012 and September 2015, excluding those with additional fatty acid supplementation or major congenital or chromosomal abnormalities. Follow-up took place from August 2018 to May 2021. Parents of surviving children who had not withdrawn from the original trial were invited to complete questionnaires when the child turned 5 years' corrected age. Interventions Infants were randomized to receive daily enteral emulsions providing 60 mg/kg/d of DHA or a soy-oil emulsion (with no DHA) from within the first 3 days of enteral feeding until 36 weeks' postmenstrual age or discharge home, whichever occurred first. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome of this follow-up was parent-rated behavior and emotional functioning as indicated by the Total Difficulties score of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Parents also completed questionnaires about their child's behavioral manifestations of executive functioning, as well as a range of health outcomes to assess potential longer-term side effects of DHA intervention. Results Primary outcome data were available for 731 children (76% of 958 surviving eligible children; 361 in the intervention group and 370 in the control group). Of these 731, 452 (47%) were female, and the mean (SD) corrected age at follow-up was 5.4 (0.5) years. Following imputation for missing data, the mean Total Difficulties score was the same in both groups (intervention group, n = 465; mean [SD], 11.8 [6.3]; control group, n = 493; mean [SD], 11.8 [6.0]; mean difference adjusted for sex, gestational age stratum, and hospital, 0.01; 95% CI, -0.87 to 0.89; P = .98). There was no evidence for differences between the groups in any secondary outcomes of behavior, executive functioning, or health. Conclusions and Relevance In this follow-up of a randomized clinical trial, enteral DHA supplementation at the equivalent of the estimated in utero dose for infants born at less than 29 weeks' gestation did not improve behavioral functioning at age 5 years. There were no indications of adverse effects with DHA supplementation. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry: ACTRN12612000503820.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline F. Gould
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rachel M. Roberts
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter J. Anderson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria Makrides
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas R. Sullivan
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert A. Gibson
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew J. McPhee
- Neonatal Medicine, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lex W. Doyle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jana M. Bednarz
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Karen P. Best
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gillian Opie
- Neonatal Services, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Javeed Travadi
- Newborn Services, John Hunter Children’s Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Te Whatu Ora Waikato, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jeanie L. Y. Cheong
- Neonatal Medicine, The Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter G. Davis
- Neonatal Medicine, The Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mary Sharp
- King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Karen Simmer
- The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kenneth Tan
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Monash Children’s Hospital, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott Morris
- Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kei Lui
- School of Clinical Medicine, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Helen Liley
- Mater Research – The Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Stack
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Elizabeth, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carmel T. Collins
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Discipline of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gould JF, Makrides M, Gibson RA, Sullivan TR, McPhee AJ, Anderson PJ, Best KP, Sharp M, Cheong JLY, Opie GF, Travadi J, Bednarz JM, Davis PG, Simmer K, Doyle LW, Collins CT. Neonatal Docosahexaenoic Acid in Preterm Infants and Intelligence at 5 Years. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:1579-1588. [PMID: 36300974 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2206868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a component of neural tissue. Because its accretion into the brain is greatest during the final trimester of pregnancy, infants born before 29 weeks' gestation do not receive the normal supply of DHA. The effect of this deficiency on subsequent cognitive development is not well understood. METHODS We assessed general intelligence at 5 years in children who had been enrolled in a trial of neonatal DHA supplementation to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In the previous trial, infants born before 29 weeks' gestation had been randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive an enteral emulsion that provided 60 mg of DHA per kilogram of body weight per day or a control emulsion from the first 3 days of enteral feeds until 36 weeks of postmenstrual age or discharge home, whichever occurred first. Children from 5 of the 13 centers in the original trial were invited to undergo assessment with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) at 5 years of corrected age. The primary outcome was the full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) score. Secondary outcomes included the components of WPPSI. RESULTS A total of 1273 infants underwent randomization in the original trial; of the 656 surviving children who had undergone randomization at the centers included in this follow-up study, 480 (73%) had an FSIQ score available - 241 in the DHA group and 239 in the control group. After imputation of missing data, the mean (±SD) FSIQ scores were 95.4±17.3 in the DHA group and 91.9±19.1 in the control group (adjusted difference, 3.45; 95% confidence interval, 0.38 to 6.53; P = 0.03). The results for secondary outcomes generally did not support that obtained for the primary outcome. Adverse events were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS In infants born before 29 weeks' gestation who had been enrolled in a trial to assess the effect of DHA supplementation on bronchopulmonary dysplasia, the use of an enteral DHA emulsion until 36 weeks of postmenstrual age was associated with modestly higher FSIQ scores at 5 years of age than control feeding. (Funded by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council and Nu-Mega Ingredients; N3RO Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number, ACTRN12612000503820.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline F Gould
- From SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.F.G., M.M., R.A.G., T.R.S., A.J.M., K.P.B., J.M.B., C.T.C.), the Schools of Medicine (J.F.G., M.M., A.J.M., K.P.B., C.T.C.), Psychology (J.F.G.), Agriculture, Food, and Wine (R.A.G.), and Public Health (T.R.S.), University of Adelaide, and the Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital (A.J.M.), Adelaide, SA, Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), the Murdoch Children's Research Institute (P.J.A., J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), and the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.) and Paediatrics (L.W.D.), University of Melbourne, the School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University (P.J.A.), and the Department of Paediatrics, Mercy Hospital for Women (G.F.O.), Melbourne, VIC, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA (M.S.), Newborn Medicine, Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA (M.S., K.S.), and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW (J.T.) - all in Australia
| | - Maria Makrides
- From SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.F.G., M.M., R.A.G., T.R.S., A.J.M., K.P.B., J.M.B., C.T.C.), the Schools of Medicine (J.F.G., M.M., A.J.M., K.P.B., C.T.C.), Psychology (J.F.G.), Agriculture, Food, and Wine (R.A.G.), and Public Health (T.R.S.), University of Adelaide, and the Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital (A.J.M.), Adelaide, SA, Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), the Murdoch Children's Research Institute (P.J.A., J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), and the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.) and Paediatrics (L.W.D.), University of Melbourne, the School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University (P.J.A.), and the Department of Paediatrics, Mercy Hospital for Women (G.F.O.), Melbourne, VIC, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA (M.S.), Newborn Medicine, Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA (M.S., K.S.), and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW (J.T.) - all in Australia
| | - Robert A Gibson
- From SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.F.G., M.M., R.A.G., T.R.S., A.J.M., K.P.B., J.M.B., C.T.C.), the Schools of Medicine (J.F.G., M.M., A.J.M., K.P.B., C.T.C.), Psychology (J.F.G.), Agriculture, Food, and Wine (R.A.G.), and Public Health (T.R.S.), University of Adelaide, and the Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital (A.J.M.), Adelaide, SA, Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), the Murdoch Children's Research Institute (P.J.A., J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), and the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.) and Paediatrics (L.W.D.), University of Melbourne, the School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University (P.J.A.), and the Department of Paediatrics, Mercy Hospital for Women (G.F.O.), Melbourne, VIC, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA (M.S.), Newborn Medicine, Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA (M.S., K.S.), and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW (J.T.) - all in Australia
| | - Thomas R Sullivan
- From SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.F.G., M.M., R.A.G., T.R.S., A.J.M., K.P.B., J.M.B., C.T.C.), the Schools of Medicine (J.F.G., M.M., A.J.M., K.P.B., C.T.C.), Psychology (J.F.G.), Agriculture, Food, and Wine (R.A.G.), and Public Health (T.R.S.), University of Adelaide, and the Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital (A.J.M.), Adelaide, SA, Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), the Murdoch Children's Research Institute (P.J.A., J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), and the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.) and Paediatrics (L.W.D.), University of Melbourne, the School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University (P.J.A.), and the Department of Paediatrics, Mercy Hospital for Women (G.F.O.), Melbourne, VIC, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA (M.S.), Newborn Medicine, Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA (M.S., K.S.), and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW (J.T.) - all in Australia
| | - Andrew J McPhee
- From SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.F.G., M.M., R.A.G., T.R.S., A.J.M., K.P.B., J.M.B., C.T.C.), the Schools of Medicine (J.F.G., M.M., A.J.M., K.P.B., C.T.C.), Psychology (J.F.G.), Agriculture, Food, and Wine (R.A.G.), and Public Health (T.R.S.), University of Adelaide, and the Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital (A.J.M.), Adelaide, SA, Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), the Murdoch Children's Research Institute (P.J.A., J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), and the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.) and Paediatrics (L.W.D.), University of Melbourne, the School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University (P.J.A.), and the Department of Paediatrics, Mercy Hospital for Women (G.F.O.), Melbourne, VIC, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA (M.S.), Newborn Medicine, Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA (M.S., K.S.), and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW (J.T.) - all in Australia
| | - Peter J Anderson
- From SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.F.G., M.M., R.A.G., T.R.S., A.J.M., K.P.B., J.M.B., C.T.C.), the Schools of Medicine (J.F.G., M.M., A.J.M., K.P.B., C.T.C.), Psychology (J.F.G.), Agriculture, Food, and Wine (R.A.G.), and Public Health (T.R.S.), University of Adelaide, and the Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital (A.J.M.), Adelaide, SA, Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), the Murdoch Children's Research Institute (P.J.A., J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), and the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.) and Paediatrics (L.W.D.), University of Melbourne, the School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University (P.J.A.), and the Department of Paediatrics, Mercy Hospital for Women (G.F.O.), Melbourne, VIC, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA (M.S.), Newborn Medicine, Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA (M.S., K.S.), and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW (J.T.) - all in Australia
| | - Karen P Best
- From SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.F.G., M.M., R.A.G., T.R.S., A.J.M., K.P.B., J.M.B., C.T.C.), the Schools of Medicine (J.F.G., M.M., A.J.M., K.P.B., C.T.C.), Psychology (J.F.G.), Agriculture, Food, and Wine (R.A.G.), and Public Health (T.R.S.), University of Adelaide, and the Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital (A.J.M.), Adelaide, SA, Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), the Murdoch Children's Research Institute (P.J.A., J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), and the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.) and Paediatrics (L.W.D.), University of Melbourne, the School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University (P.J.A.), and the Department of Paediatrics, Mercy Hospital for Women (G.F.O.), Melbourne, VIC, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA (M.S.), Newborn Medicine, Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA (M.S., K.S.), and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW (J.T.) - all in Australia
| | - Mary Sharp
- From SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.F.G., M.M., R.A.G., T.R.S., A.J.M., K.P.B., J.M.B., C.T.C.), the Schools of Medicine (J.F.G., M.M., A.J.M., K.P.B., C.T.C.), Psychology (J.F.G.), Agriculture, Food, and Wine (R.A.G.), and Public Health (T.R.S.), University of Adelaide, and the Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital (A.J.M.), Adelaide, SA, Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), the Murdoch Children's Research Institute (P.J.A., J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), and the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.) and Paediatrics (L.W.D.), University of Melbourne, the School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University (P.J.A.), and the Department of Paediatrics, Mercy Hospital for Women (G.F.O.), Melbourne, VIC, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA (M.S.), Newborn Medicine, Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA (M.S., K.S.), and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW (J.T.) - all in Australia
| | - Jeanie L Y Cheong
- From SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.F.G., M.M., R.A.G., T.R.S., A.J.M., K.P.B., J.M.B., C.T.C.), the Schools of Medicine (J.F.G., M.M., A.J.M., K.P.B., C.T.C.), Psychology (J.F.G.), Agriculture, Food, and Wine (R.A.G.), and Public Health (T.R.S.), University of Adelaide, and the Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital (A.J.M.), Adelaide, SA, Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), the Murdoch Children's Research Institute (P.J.A., J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), and the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.) and Paediatrics (L.W.D.), University of Melbourne, the School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University (P.J.A.), and the Department of Paediatrics, Mercy Hospital for Women (G.F.O.), Melbourne, VIC, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA (M.S.), Newborn Medicine, Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA (M.S., K.S.), and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW (J.T.) - all in Australia
| | - Gillian F Opie
- From SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.F.G., M.M., R.A.G., T.R.S., A.J.M., K.P.B., J.M.B., C.T.C.), the Schools of Medicine (J.F.G., M.M., A.J.M., K.P.B., C.T.C.), Psychology (J.F.G.), Agriculture, Food, and Wine (R.A.G.), and Public Health (T.R.S.), University of Adelaide, and the Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital (A.J.M.), Adelaide, SA, Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), the Murdoch Children's Research Institute (P.J.A., J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), and the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.) and Paediatrics (L.W.D.), University of Melbourne, the School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University (P.J.A.), and the Department of Paediatrics, Mercy Hospital for Women (G.F.O.), Melbourne, VIC, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA (M.S.), Newborn Medicine, Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA (M.S., K.S.), and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW (J.T.) - all in Australia
| | - Javeed Travadi
- From SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.F.G., M.M., R.A.G., T.R.S., A.J.M., K.P.B., J.M.B., C.T.C.), the Schools of Medicine (J.F.G., M.M., A.J.M., K.P.B., C.T.C.), Psychology (J.F.G.), Agriculture, Food, and Wine (R.A.G.), and Public Health (T.R.S.), University of Adelaide, and the Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital (A.J.M.), Adelaide, SA, Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), the Murdoch Children's Research Institute (P.J.A., J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), and the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.) and Paediatrics (L.W.D.), University of Melbourne, the School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University (P.J.A.), and the Department of Paediatrics, Mercy Hospital for Women (G.F.O.), Melbourne, VIC, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA (M.S.), Newborn Medicine, Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA (M.S., K.S.), and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW (J.T.) - all in Australia
| | - Jana M Bednarz
- From SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.F.G., M.M., R.A.G., T.R.S., A.J.M., K.P.B., J.M.B., C.T.C.), the Schools of Medicine (J.F.G., M.M., A.J.M., K.P.B., C.T.C.), Psychology (J.F.G.), Agriculture, Food, and Wine (R.A.G.), and Public Health (T.R.S.), University of Adelaide, and the Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital (A.J.M.), Adelaide, SA, Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), the Murdoch Children's Research Institute (P.J.A., J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), and the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.) and Paediatrics (L.W.D.), University of Melbourne, the School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University (P.J.A.), and the Department of Paediatrics, Mercy Hospital for Women (G.F.O.), Melbourne, VIC, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA (M.S.), Newborn Medicine, Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA (M.S., K.S.), and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW (J.T.) - all in Australia
| | - Peter G Davis
- From SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.F.G., M.M., R.A.G., T.R.S., A.J.M., K.P.B., J.M.B., C.T.C.), the Schools of Medicine (J.F.G., M.M., A.J.M., K.P.B., C.T.C.), Psychology (J.F.G.), Agriculture, Food, and Wine (R.A.G.), and Public Health (T.R.S.), University of Adelaide, and the Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital (A.J.M.), Adelaide, SA, Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), the Murdoch Children's Research Institute (P.J.A., J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), and the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.) and Paediatrics (L.W.D.), University of Melbourne, the School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University (P.J.A.), and the Department of Paediatrics, Mercy Hospital for Women (G.F.O.), Melbourne, VIC, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA (M.S.), Newborn Medicine, Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA (M.S., K.S.), and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW (J.T.) - all in Australia
| | - Karen Simmer
- From SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.F.G., M.M., R.A.G., T.R.S., A.J.M., K.P.B., J.M.B., C.T.C.), the Schools of Medicine (J.F.G., M.M., A.J.M., K.P.B., C.T.C.), Psychology (J.F.G.), Agriculture, Food, and Wine (R.A.G.), and Public Health (T.R.S.), University of Adelaide, and the Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital (A.J.M.), Adelaide, SA, Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), the Murdoch Children's Research Institute (P.J.A., J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), and the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.) and Paediatrics (L.W.D.), University of Melbourne, the School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University (P.J.A.), and the Department of Paediatrics, Mercy Hospital for Women (G.F.O.), Melbourne, VIC, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA (M.S.), Newborn Medicine, Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA (M.S., K.S.), and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW (J.T.) - all in Australia
| | - Lex W Doyle
- From SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.F.G., M.M., R.A.G., T.R.S., A.J.M., K.P.B., J.M.B., C.T.C.), the Schools of Medicine (J.F.G., M.M., A.J.M., K.P.B., C.T.C.), Psychology (J.F.G.), Agriculture, Food, and Wine (R.A.G.), and Public Health (T.R.S.), University of Adelaide, and the Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital (A.J.M.), Adelaide, SA, Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), the Murdoch Children's Research Institute (P.J.A., J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), and the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.) and Paediatrics (L.W.D.), University of Melbourne, the School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University (P.J.A.), and the Department of Paediatrics, Mercy Hospital for Women (G.F.O.), Melbourne, VIC, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA (M.S.), Newborn Medicine, Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA (M.S., K.S.), and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW (J.T.) - all in Australia
| | - Carmel T Collins
- From SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (J.F.G., M.M., R.A.G., T.R.S., A.J.M., K.P.B., J.M.B., C.T.C.), the Schools of Medicine (J.F.G., M.M., A.J.M., K.P.B., C.T.C.), Psychology (J.F.G.), Agriculture, Food, and Wine (R.A.G.), and Public Health (T.R.S.), University of Adelaide, and the Department of Neonatal Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital (A.J.M.), Adelaide, SA, Newborn Research, Royal Women's Hospital (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), the Murdoch Children's Research Institute (P.J.A., J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.), and the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.L.Y.C., P.G.D., L.W.D.) and Paediatrics (L.W.D.), University of Melbourne, the School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University (P.J.A.), and the Department of Paediatrics, Mercy Hospital for Women (G.F.O.), Melbourne, VIC, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA (M.S.), Newborn Medicine, Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA (M.S., K.S.), and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, John Hunter Children's Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW (J.T.) - all in Australia
| |
Collapse
|