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Baños JE, Blanco-Reina E, Bellido-Estévez I, Bosch F, Cabello MR, Cambra-Badii I, De la Cruz JP, D'Ocón P, Ivorra MD, Ferrándiz M, González-Correa JA, Martín-Montañez E, Martos F, Pavía J, Sanz E. Beyond lectures and practical courses: Teaching pharmacology using imaginative pedagogical tools. Pharmacol Res 2024; 202:107130. [PMID: 38447748 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Pharmacology has broadened its scope considerably in recent decades. Initially, it was of interest to chemists, doctors and pharmacists. In recent years, however, it has been incorporated into the teaching of biologists, molecular biologists, biotechnologists, chemical engineers and many health professionals, among others. Traditional teaching methods, such as lectures or laboratory work, have been superseded by the use of new pedagogical approaches to enable a better conceptualization and understanding of the discipline. In this article, we present several new methods that have been used in Spanish universities. Firstly, we describe a teaching network that has allowed the sharing of pedagogical innovations in Spanish universities. A European experience to improve prescribing safety is described in detail. The use of popular films and medical TV series in biomedical students shows how these audiovisual resources can be helpful in teaching pharmacology. The use of virtual worlds is detailed to introduce this new approach to teaching. The increasingly important area of the social aspects of pharmacology is also considered in two sections, one devoted to social pharmacology and the other to the use of learning based on social services to improve understanding of this important area. Finally, the use of Objective Structured Clinical Evaluation in pharmacology allows to know how this approach can help to better evaluate clinical pharmacology students. In conclusion, this article allows to know new pedagogical methods resources used in some Spanish universities that may help to improve the teaching of pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Baños
- School of Medicine, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, Spain.
| | - E Blanco-Reina
- Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma Bionand), Málaga, Spain
| | - I Bellido-Estévez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma Bionand), Málaga, Spain
| | - F Bosch
- School of Medicine, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, Spain
| | - M R Cabello
- Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma Bionand), Málaga, Spain
| | - I Cambra-Badii
- School of Medicine, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, Spain; Research group on Methodology, Methods, Models and Outcomes of Health and Social Sciences (M3O), Faculty of Health Science and Welfare, Center for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - J P De la Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma Bionand), Málaga, Spain
| | - P D'Ocón
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Spain
| | - M D Ivorra
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Spain
| | - M Ferrándiz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Spain
| | - J A González-Correa
- Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma Bionand), Málaga, Spain
| | - E Martín-Montañez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma Bionand), Málaga, Spain
| | - F Martos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma Bionand), Málaga, Spain
| | - J Pavía
- Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma Bionand), Málaga, Spain
| | - E Sanz
- School of Health Sciences, Universidad de La Laguna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Servicio Canario de Salud, Spain
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2
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Donker EM, Spitaleri Timpone P, Brinkman DJ, Richir MC, Papaioannidou P, Likic R, Sanz EJ, Christiaens T, Costa JN, De Ponti F, Gatti M, Böttiger Y, Kramers C, Pandit R, van Agtmael MA, Tichelaar J. The European List of Key Medicines for Medical Education: A Modified Delphi Study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:515-524. [PMID: 38062784 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Rational prescribing is essential for the quality of health care. However, many final-year medical students and junior doctors lack prescribing competence to perform this task. The availability of a list of medicines that a junior doctor working in Europe should be able to independently prescribe safely and effectively without supervision could support and harmonize teaching and training in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) in Europe. Therefore, our aim was to achieve consensus on such a list of medicines that are widely accessible in Europe. For this, we used a modified Delphi study method consisting of three parts. In part one, we created an initial list based on a literature search. In part two, a group of 64 coordinators in CPT education, selected via the Network of Teachers in Pharmacotherapy of the European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, evaluated the accessibility of each medicine in his or her country, and provided a diverse group of experts willing to participate in the Delphi part. In part three, 463 experts from 24 European countries were invited to participate in a 2-round Delphi study. In total, 187 experts (40%) from 24 countries completed both rounds and evaluated 416 medicines, 98 of which were included in the final list. The top three Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical code groups were (1) cardiovascular system (n = 23), (2) anti-infective (n = 21), and (3) musculoskeletal system (n = 11). This European List of Key Medicines for Medical Education could be a starting point for country-specific lists and could be used for the training and assessment of CPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Donker
- Unit Pharmacotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pietro Spitaleri Timpone
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - David J Brinkman
- Unit Pharmacotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milan C Richir
- Unit Pharmacotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paraskevi Papaioannidou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Robert Likic
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb and University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Emilio J Sanz
- School of Health Science, Universidad de La Laguna, and Hospital Universitario de Canarias (SCS), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Thierry Christiaens
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Fundamental and Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - João N Costa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fabrizio De Ponti
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Milo Gatti
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ylva Böttiger
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Cornelis Kramers
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rahul Pandit
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel A van Agtmael
- Unit Pharmacotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Tichelaar
- Unit Pharmacotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interprofessional Collaboration and Medication Safety at the Faculty of Health, Sports and Social Work, Inholland University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Bakkum MJ, Donker EM, Spitaleri Timpone P, Hagen CAM, Richir MC, van Agtmael MA, De Ponti F, Tichelaar J. Educational value of international and intercultural differences in prescribing: the international and interprofessional student-run clinic project. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 79:571-574. [PMID: 36749353 PMCID: PMC10038944 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-023-03465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel J Bakkum
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Unit Pharmacotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik M Donker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Unit Pharmacotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Pietro Spitaleri Timpone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Pharmacology Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Charlotte A M Hagen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Unit Pharmacotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milan C Richir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Unit Pharmacotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel A van Agtmael
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Unit Pharmacotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabrizio De Ponti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Pharmacology Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jelle Tichelaar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Unit Pharmacotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Bakkum MJ, Loobeek BJ, Richir MC, Papaioannidou P, Likic R, Sanz EJ, Christiaens T, Costa JN, Dima L, de Ponti F, Kramers C, van Smeden J, van Agtmael MA, Tichelaar J. Teaching resources for the European Open Platform for Prescribing Education (EurOP 2E)-a nominal group technique study. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2022; 7:23. [PMID: 36180446 PMCID: PMC9523648 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-022-00141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The European Open Platform for Prescribing Education (EurOP2E) seeks to improve and harmonize European clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) education by facilitating international collaboration and sharing problem-based, online, open educational resources. The COVID-19 pandemic forced teachers to switch to virtual modalities, highlighting the need for high-quality online teaching materials. The goal of this study was to establish the online problem-based teaching resources needed to sustain prescribing education during the pandemic and thereafter. A nominal group technique study was conducted with prescribing teachers from 15 European countries. Results were analyzed through thematic analysis. In four meetings, 20 teachers from 15 countries proposed and ranked 35 teaching materials. According to the participants, the most necessary problem-based-online teaching materials related to three overarching themes. Related to learning outcomes for CPT, participants proposed creating prescription scenarios, including materials focusing on background knowledge and resources on personalized medicine and topical/ethical issues such as the prescription's impact on planetary health. Second, related to teaching, they proposed online case discussions, gamification and decision support systems. Finally, in relation to faculty development, they recommend teacher courses, a repository of reusable exam questions and harmonized formularies. Future work will aim to collaboratively produce such materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel J Bakkum
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bryan J Loobeek
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milan C Richir
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paraskevi Papaioannidou
- European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) Education Working Group, Frankfurt, Germany
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Robert Likic
- European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) Education Working Group, Frankfurt, Germany
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine and Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Emilio J Sanz
- European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) Education Working Group, Frankfurt, Germany
- Universidad de La Laguna, school of Health Sciences, Tenerife, Spain and Hospital Universitario de Canarias. La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Thierry Christiaens
- European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) Education Working Group, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Section Clinical Pharmacology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - João N Costa
- European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) Education Working Group, Frankfurt, Germany
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lorena Dima
- European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) Education Working Group, Frankfurt, Germany
- Transilvania University of Brașov, Faculty of Medicine, Brașov, Romania
| | - Fabrizio de Ponti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cornelis Kramers
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology-Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van Smeden
- Division of education, Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel A van Agtmael
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) Education Working Group, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jelle Tichelaar
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacotherapy, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) Education Working Group, Frankfurt, Germany
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5
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Donker EM, Brinkman DJ, Richir MC, Papaioannidou P, Likic R, Sanz EJ, Christiaens T, Costa JN, De Ponti F, Böttiger Y, Kramers C, van Agtmael MA, Tichelaar J. The European Prescribing Exam: assessing whether European medical students can prescribe rationally and safely. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 78:1049-1051. [PMID: 35243516 PMCID: PMC9107449 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-022-03301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Donker
- Section Pharmacotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - David J Brinkman
- Section Pharmacotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milan C Richir
- Section Pharmacotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paraskevi Papaioannidou
- 1st Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Robert Likic
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb and University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Emilio J Sanz
- School of Health Science, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristobal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - João N Costa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fabrizio De Ponti
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ylva Böttiger
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Cornelis Kramers
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel A van Agtmael
- Section Pharmacotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Tichelaar
- Section Pharmacotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research and Expertise Centre in Pharmacotherapy Education (RECIPE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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