What the public in England know about antibiotic use and resistance in 2020: a face-to-face questionnaire survey

The role of the fecal microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease

The understanding of the potential role of the microbiota in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is ever-evolving. Traditionally, the management of IBD has involved medical therapy and/or surgical intervention. IBD can be characterized by gut microbiome alterations through various pathological processes. Various studies delve into nontraditional methods such as probiotics and fecal microbiota transplant and their potential therapeutic effects. Fecal microbiota transplant involves the delivery of a balanced composition of gut microorganisms into an affected patient via multiple possible routes and methods, while probiotics consist of live microorganisms given via the oral route. At present, neither method is considered first-line treatment, however, fecal microbiota transplant has shown potential success in inducing and maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis. In a study by Kruis and colleagues, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 was considered to be equivalent to mesalamine in mild ulcerative colitis. Alteration of the microbiome in the management of Crohn's disease is less well defined. Furthermore, variation in the clinical usefulness of 5-aminosalicylic acid medication has been attributed, in part, to its acetylation and inactivation by gut microbes. In summary, our understanding of the microbiome's role is continually advancing, with the possibility of paving the way for personalized medicine based on the microbiome.

Study on knowledge, attitudes and behavioral practices of antimicrobial usage and resistance in animals and humans in Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia

Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as one of the foremost global public health challenges. While not a new issue, AMR has gained increasing attention due to the rise of multi-resistant pathogenic organisms, leading to higher mortality rates and significant economic burdens. To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the Bahir Dar City community regarding human and animal antimicrobial use and AMR, a community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to June 2023. The study area was selected purposively, and a simple random sampling approach was used to select kebeles, households, and individual participants. A total of 400 participants were enrolled in the study, with 63.25% being male and 31.25% having graduated from secondary school. Additionally, 61.5% of respondents were married, and the majority (46.5%) owned two species of animals. The findings revealed that 48.5% of the participants had moderate knowledge, 57.5% had positive attitudes, and 52.75% demonstrated good practices regarding antimicrobial resistance and usage. Chi-square analysis revealed statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) between respondents' knowledge level and their educational level, marital status, and position in the house. Attitude level were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with educational level, marital status, occupation, house ownership, and position in the house. Practice level also showed significant association (p < 0.05) with position in the house and occupation. Furthermore, there were significant associations among knowledge, attitude, and practice: knowledge was significantly associated with attitude (χ2 = 209.91, p ≤ 0.001), knowledge with practice (χ2 = 160.43, p ≤ 0.001), and attitude with practice (χ2 = 136.95, p ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, the study found a moderate level of knowledge, positive attitude, and good practice regarding antimicrobial usage and resistance among participants. It is recommended to promote responsible antimicrobial use across all sectors and encourage interdisciplinary collaboration.

Infection Inspection: using the power of citizen science for image-based prediction of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli treated with ciprofloxacin

Antibiotic resistance is an urgent global health challenge, necessitating rapid diagnostic tools to combat its threat. This study uses citizen science and image feature analysis to profile the cellular features associated with antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli. Between February and April 2023, we conducted the Infection Inspection project, in which 5273 volunteers made 1,045,199 classifications of single-cell images from five E. coli strains, labelling them as antibiotic-sensitive or antibiotic-resistant based on their response to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. User accuracy in image classification reached 66.8 ± 0.1%, lower than our deep learning model's performance at 75.3 ± 0.4%, but both users and the model were more accurate when classifying cells treated at a concentration greater than the strain's own minimum inhibitory concentration. We used the users' classifications to elucidate which visual features influence classification decisions, most importantly the degree of DNA compaction and heterogeneity. We paired our classification data with an image feature analysis which showed that most of the incorrect classifications happened when cellular features varied from the expected response. This understanding informs ongoing efforts to enhance the robustness of our diagnostic methodology. Infection Inspection is another demonstration of the potential for public participation in research, specifically increasing public awareness of antibiotic resistance.

Patient and public understanding of antimicrobial resistance: a systematic review and meta-ethnography

Objectives

To further develop an understanding of laypeople's (adult patients and public) beliefs and attitudes toward antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by developing a conceptual model derived from identifying and synthesizing primary qualitative research.

Methods

A systematic search of 12 electronic databases, including CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science to identify qualitative primary studies exploring patient and public understanding of AMR published between 2012 and 2022. Included studies were quality appraised and synthesized using Noblit and Hare's meta-ethnographic approach and reported using eMERGe guidance.

Results

Thirteen papers reporting 12 qualitative studies were synthesized. Studies reported data from 466 participants aged 18-90 years. Five themes were identified from these original studies: the responsible patient; when words become meaningless; patient-prescriber relationship; past experience drives antibiotic use; and reframing public perception. These themes supported the development of a conceptual model that illustrates the tension between two different assumptions, that is, how can antibiotics be used for the collective good whilst balancing the immediate needs of individual patients.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that AMR is a distinct ethical issue and should not be viewed purely as a prescribing problem. The meta-ethnography-generated conceptual model illustrates many factors affecting the public's perception of AMR. These include laypeople's own knowledge, beliefs and attitudes around antibiotic use, the relationship with the healthcare provider and the wider context, including the overwhelming influence of the media and public health campaigns. Future research is needed to explore effective health messaging strategies to increase laypeople's baseline awareness of AMR as a public threat.

Understanding patient demand for and use of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infection: A qualitative application of the Necessity-Concerns Framework in Saudi Arabia

Background

Reducing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a priority for public health. Inappropriate patient demand is an important driver of unnecessary antibiotic use. To develop an effective intervention to reduce inappropriate demand for antibiotics in upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), it is important to identify patient perceptions that influence demand for, and appropriate use of antibiotics.

Aim

To identify and describe the beliefs about antibiotics necessity and concerns that patients with URTIs have, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Method

An exploratory qualitative approach was used. One-to-one, face-to-face or telephone semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants recruited using purposive sampling (based on age and gender) from primary healthcare centre in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were conducted. Only adult patients who currently experience URTIs symptoms and agreed to participate were recruited. Recruitment for interviews continued until data saturation point was reached. The interview guide explored patients' necessity beliefs and concerns about antibiotics, AMR perceptions, and expectations from URTIs consultation. Interview transcripts were coded using QSR NVivo 12 using framework analysis informed by the Necessity-Concerns Framework to identify key motivations driving antibiotic requests and consultations.

Results

the study interviewed 32 participants (44% were male, average age was 36.84). Results identified that the patients often relate their personal need for antibiotics when encountering an URTIs symptoms to the type, severity and duration of symptoms. Patients also linked antibiotics with quicker recovery, generally expressing few concerns about antibiotics mainly because of its short duration of use. However, some conveyed their concern about frequent administration of antibiotics and effect on the body's immune system function, which may make them more prone to infections in the future. Participants varied widely in their awareness of AMR; this was associated with many misconceptions, such as confusing AMR with antibiotics efficacy and tolerance. Interestingly, the interplay between necessity beliefs and concerns was observed to influence the decision to start and stop antibiotic, potentially impacting inappropriate antibiotic demand and unnecessary use.

Conclusion

This study highlighted important beliefs and misconceptions about antibiotics and AMR in Saudi population which can be targeted in future interventions to reduce inappropriate demand for antibiotics and optimise appropriate usage.

Pharmacists' perspectives on recommending herbal medicines for acute infections: a qualitative study

BACKGROUND

Community pharmacists have an essential role in antimicrobial stewardship by providing self-care advice for self-limiting infections.

AIM

To explore community pharmacists' perceptions and experiences of advising patients on management of acute respiratory tract infections (RTIs) and urinary tract infections (UTIs), and to explore issues regarding use of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, including herbal medicines.

DESIGN & SETTING

A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with community pharmacists in England.

METHOD

Qualitative interviews with community pharmacists were carried out face to face and by telephone between November 2019 and March 2020. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews, recorded and transcribed. A reflexive thematic analysis was undertaken.

RESULTS

In total, 18 community pharmacists were interviewed. Three main themes were identified. Theme 1 was self-management recommendations. Community pharmacists considered patients' preferences when recommending self-management strategies. Some believed that conventional OTC medications had quicker and stronger effects, while others preferred herbal OTCs as a more natural approach, particularly for less severe symptoms. Theme 2 was factors influencing pharmacists' recommendations for acute infections. This included pharmacists' perceptions of patient preferences, nature or severity of illness, research evidence, training, commercial pressures, and patient concerns about medication cost. Theme 3 was pharmacist-patient communication. Pharmacists sometimes experienced challenges with language barriers and patients' expectations of receiving antibiotics. Pharmacists emphasised the importance of being trusted by their patients. There was widespread acceptance of their role in self-management advice for acute illness and interest in the role of herbal medicines, but pharmacists did not feel confident in recommending these.

CONCLUSION

Pharmacists are central to the management of self-limiting infections. There is a need to educate the public about appropriate use of antibiotics and provide training and support for pharmacists on self-management strategies including herbal medicine.

Knowledge and Attitudes of Patients About the Rational Use of Antibiotics

Objective

Antimicrobial resistance can lead to morbidity and mortality in serious infections. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of patients admitted to the outpatient clinics of our hospital about the rational use of antibiotics.

Materials and Methods

Patients who applied to Infectious Diseases and Internal Diseases Polyclinics between August 01, 2021 and February 01, 2022 were included. After obtaining written consent from those who agreed to participate in the study, a face-to-face questionnaire was applied to evaluate their knowledge and attitudes about antibiotic use.

Results

A total of 735 patients were included in the study; 64.1% were women, and the mean age was 40±15 years. The median of the total correct score on the scale measuring the patients' knowledge level in the study was 5. It was determined that individuals who scored 5 or less did not have sufficient knowledge, and those who scored above 5 had sufficient knowledge. Female gender, being single, being a university graduate, and having a middle income were associated with sufficient knowledge level (p<0.05). The rates of self-starting or using antibiotics until the complaints subsided were higher in the group with insufficient knowledge (p<0.05).

Conclusion

The knowledge level of our patients regarding antibiotic use provided better results in all parameters, such as the number of visits to the doctor, self-starting antibiotics, using the antibiotic in the appropriate indication, and complying with the duration. The knowledge level was found to be associated with the appropriate antibiotic use.

'What is my risk really?': a qualitative exploration of preventive interventions among individuals at risk of rheumatoid arthritis

Objectives

Intervention in the pre-arthritis phase of RA could prevent or delay the onset of disease. The primary aim of this study was to explore perspectives of being at risk and potential preventive interventions among individuals at risk of developing RA and to identify factors influencing their engagement with prevention. A secondary aim, established during the analytical process, was to understand and compare different approaches to health-related behaviours related to prevention of RA.

Methods

Anti-CCP-positive (CCP+) at-risk individuals with musculoskeletal symptoms but no synovitis participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, followed by a secondary ideal-type analysis.

Results

Nineteen CCP+ at-risk individuals (10 women; age range 35-70 years) participated. Three overarching themes were identified: being CCP+ at risk; aiming to prevent RA; and influencers of engagement. Participants described distress related to symptoms and uncertainty about disease progression. Many participants had concerns about medication side effects. In contrast, most participants expressed willingness to make lifestyle changes with the aim of preventing RA. Engagement with preventive measures was influenced by symptom severity, personal risk level, co-morbidities, experiences of taking other medications/supplements, knowledge of RA, risk factors and medications, and perceived effort. Three types of participants were identified from the data: proactive preventers, change considerers and fearful avoiders. Overall orientation to health behaviours also impacted the attitude towards preventing RA.

Conclusion

Findings could inform recruitment and retention in RA prevention research and promote uptake of preventive interventions in clinical practice.

Understanding the lived-experience and support-needs of people living with antimicrobial resistance in the UK through interpretative phenomenological analysis

In the UK nearly 54,000 infections were caused by serious resistant bacteria in 2022 but there is a lack of evidence regarding the long-term impact on patients' lives nor what support they need. This research aimed to answer the question: "What are the key elements of experience and support needs of people living with AMR in the UK?". In-depth semi-structured interviews were undertaken with nine people who had been living with resistant infections or colonisation for 12-months or longer. Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis was used to study the accounts and illustrate individuals' experiences and support-needs. Participants experienced marginalisation and isolation but also empowerment; described across three major themes: (1) I live in fear and stigma: The long-term impact of AMR; (2) I am battling on my own: A journey toward self-advocacy; and (3) I like to share my story: The role of AMR communities. All participants perceived a lack of knowledge, information, and support from clinicians; difficulties accessing reliable and understandable information; and lack of understanding from family and friends. Charities and online groups provided support with coping with their situation and improving mental health and wellbeing. Understandable and relatable information regarding the science of AMR, transmission, prevention, and living with AMR needs to be provided by clinicians and healthcare services around the time of diagnosis to readily available after diagnosis.

Changes in public health-seeking behaviours for self-limiting respiratory tract infections across England during the COVID-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND

National Health Service (NHS) guidance for acute respiratory tract infections (RTIs) advocates self-care, encourages utilization of local pharmacies and recommends consulting general practitioners (GPs) primarily for the vulnerable or those with persistent symptoms. Coronavirus disease 2019 exerted substantial strain on the English NHS, affecting public access to primary care services.

METHODS

For 3 years, public surveys assessed RTI incidences in the previous 12 months and associated health-seeking behaviours. Telephone surveys of 1676 respondents across England were conducted in March 2021 and 1663 respondents in March 2022. Findings were compared with a face-to-face baseline survey of 2022 respondents from March 2020. Key demographics were representative of the population.

RESULTS

In 2021, the proportion of respondents who reported an RTI (51%) significantly declined from 2020 (70%, P < 0.05), then returned to pre-pandemic rates in 2022 (67%). Respondents reported more proactive symptom management in both 2021 and 2022 from 2020: there were greater reports of seeking over-the-counter treatments (55%, 55% vs. 35%, P < 0.05) and use of alternative remedies (38%, 38% vs. 21%, P < 0.05). 2022 observed a reduction in those who reported consulting their GP for their most recent RTI (15%) compared to 2021 (25%, P < 0.05) and 2020 (23%), which was not accounted for through greater consultation rates with other healthcare services.

CONCLUSIONS

Public health bodies should consider how pandemic-related changes may have facilitated increased self-care for self-limiting infections such as RTIs. Resources and support must include safety-netting advice to safeguard against unintentional consequences of increased self-care.

The impacts of knowledge and attitude on behavior of antibiotic use for the common cold among the public and identifying the critical behavioral stage: based on an expanding KAP model

BACKGROUND

This study aims to explore the impacts of knowledge and attitude on the behavior of antibiotic use during the treatment of the common cold based on the expanding KAP model, and then identify the critical behavioral stage.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 815 public from 21 community health centers (CHCs) in Chongqing, China. Based on the expanding KAP model, a self-administered questionnaire was designed to measure knowledge, attitude, multi-stage behavior, and perceived threat, in which multi-stage behavior was divided into pre-use antibiotic behavior, during-use antibiotic behavior, and post-use antibiotic behavior. A structural equation model was used to examine the model fit and the direct, indirect, mediating effects, and moderating effect of the variables.

RESULTS

The expanding KAP showed good model fit indices with χ²/df = 0.537, RMSEA = 0.033, CFI = 0.973, GFI = 0.971, NFI = 0.934, TLI = 0.979. Knowledge had a positive effect on attitude (β = 0.503, p < 0.05), pre-use antibiotic behavior (β = 0.348, p < 0.05), during-use antibiotic behavior (β = 0.461, p < 0.001), and post-use antibiotic behavior (β = 0.547, p < 0.001). Attitude had a positive effect on during-use antibiotic behavior (β = 0.296, p < 0.001), and post-use antibiotic behavior (β = 0.747, p < 0.001). The mediating effect of attitude was positive among knowledge, during-use antibiotic behavior (β = 0.149, p < 0.05), and post-use antibiotic behavior (β = 0.376, p < 0.001). Perceived threat also had a positive moderating effect between knowledge and post-use antibiotic behavior (β = 0.021, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Knowledge, attitude and perceived threat had different effects on different stages of antibiotic behavior. The critical behavioral stage prioritized the post-use antibiotic behavior and during-use antibiotic behavior over pre-use antibiotic behavior.

Evaluating the long-term portrayal of antibiotic resistance in major U.S. newspapers

BACKGROUND

Popular media play a critical role in informing the public about antibiotic resistance, which has remained a health concern for over seven decades. Media attention increases the notoriety of antibiotic resistance and shapes the public's perception of its severity, causes, and solutions. Therefore, it is critical the media accurately portray scientific knowledge that may shape personal and policy responses to antibiotic resistance.

METHODS

We analyzed articles from two major U.S. newspapers, The New York Times and Los Angeles Times, from 1940 to 2019 to assess trends in sentiment and lexicon surrounding antibiotic and antimicrobial resistance.

RESULTS

We observed a gradual increase in the number of relevant articles about resistance, although far fewer than other topics with comparable mortality rates. We found a consistently threatening portrayal of antibiotic resistance as a crisis, reflected in the usage of terms such as "superbug" to refer to some pathogens. Governmental agencies responsible for determining antibiotic usage policies were infrequently mentioned in articles. Blame for resistance was almost exclusively attributed to inappropriate antibiotic use, mainly in animals, rather than appropriate uses of antibiotics.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, our results provide insights into how popular media can more accurately inform the public about antibiotic resistance. Potential changes include increasing news coverage, avoiding fear-mongering, and adequately conveying the multiple uses of antibiotics that can potentiate resistance.

Consumer perceptions of community pharmacists' involvement in antimicrobial stewardship: A quantitative study

Background Community pharmacist involvement in antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) within primary care is underutilised. Despite this view being consistently held across the pharmacy sector's policy, academic and professional spheres, there is limited understanding of how this positioning aligns with consumers' perceptions and expectations. Objective To explore participants' experience using antibiotics and their engagement with pharmacists to support their use. Methods Online survey of Australian adults recruited via Dynata's research panel in November 2022. Questions were organised into three sections: 1) understanding the participant's use of antibiotics, including their information needs; 2) exploring engagement with pharmacists on a cold and flu enquiry using a vignette question; and 3) demographic information. Results Doctors (42.0%), pharmacists (29.8%) and the internet including general searches (14.3%) were the top three sources for antibiotic information. Information about side effects and anticipated time to effect were more broadly sought from pharmacists than what was provided. Over 50% of respondents indicated alignment between the best practice example of a pharmacist providing cold and flu management advice with their own experience. 17% of respondents indicated that they would seek doctor's advice when considering cold and flu management options compared to 10% seeking pharmacist's advice. No statistically significant results between age groups or gender were observed. Conclusion Better visibility of community pharmacists' involvement in managing minor ailments in primary care, including more explicit linkage of pharmacist-administered vaccination services as an AMS strategy can support optimal antimicrobial use.

Antibiotics Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours among the Population Living in Cyprus

This study investigated the knowledge, attitudes and behaviours towards antibiotics among the general public living in the Republic of Cyprus (RoC) and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) by using an online questionnaire. Differences were examined using independent samples t-tests, chi-square tests, Mann-Whitney U tests and Spearman's rho. In total, 519 individuals completed the survey (RoC = 267, TRNC = 252), with an average age of 32.7, and 52.2% were female. Most citizens correctly identified paracetamol (TRNC = 93.7%, RoC = 53.9%) and ibuprofen (TRNC = 70.2%, RoC = 47.6%) as non-antibiotic medications. A substantial proportion thought antibiotics could treat viral infections, such as a cold (TRNC = 16.3%, RoC = 40.8%) or the flu (TRNC = 21.4%, RoC = 50.4%). Most participants understood that bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics (TRNC = 71.4%, RoC = 64.4%), that unnecessary use can lead to drug ineffectiveness (TRNC = 86.1%, RoC = 72.3%) and that they should always complete the course of antibiotics (TRNC = 85.7%, RoC = 64.0%). Positive attitudes towards antibiotics correlated negatively with knowledge in both samples, indicating that the more people know, the less positive their attitudes towards their use. The RoC appears to have tighter controls of over-the-counter (OTC) sales of antibiotics than TRNC. This study reveals that different communities can have varying levels of knowledge, attitudes and perceptions about antibiotic use. Tighter enforcement of the OTC regulations, educational efforts and media campaigns are needed for enhancing prudent antibiotic use on the island.

Experiences of antibiotic use among Brazilian healthcare users: An exploratory study

INTRODUCTION

This article analyzes experiences of antibiotic use and bacterial infections among Primary Health Care users of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) and the possible implications for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The aim is to map aspects that shape users' lay knowledge regarding antibiotics use and AMR.

METHODS

This is an exploratory study, which consists primarily of individual in-depth interviews with 19 respondents. Recurrent interview topics were coded and analysed according to thematic content analysis.

RESULTS

Our findings show users' lived experiences constitute three dimensions related to users' previous antibiotic use: (1) lay knowledge about medicines; (2) previous bacterial infections and (3) communication during the consultation. Lay knowledge encompasses the users' understanding of how antibiotics work in comparison to other drugs and experimentations they make with medication. Users' narratives about bacterial infections are divided into situations of urinary tract infections and antibiotic treatments for other conditions. Communication during the consultation is mainly characterized by a lack of shared knowledge and trust in the doctor-patient relationship.

DISCUSSION

Users bring together knowledge learned from their own experiences to create the rationale, which shapes how they understand antibiotic use, bacterial infections and medical advice. These experiences are interwoven with information received from healthcare professionals (HPs) on these topics, creating a scenario that goes beyond professional information about antibiotic use. Users have knowledge about medication, antibiotics use and bacterial infection but do not have room to share it with HP, allowing lived experiences to take precedence over professional information.

CONCLUSION

Users ascribe symbolic meanings to antibiotics creating a lay knowledge frame, even if this knowledge is not scientifically correct. The personal experiences of bacterial infections and their treatment are also an important source of knowledge about antibiotic use and AMR among users. Users demand from their HPs both trust and willingness to listen to their health narratives and experiences. By considering lay knowledge as part of the assessment of a user's health condition, rather than dismissing it as erroneous and therefore unworthy of attention, HPs may enhance the compliance of users.

PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION

Patients or community members did not participate in the design stage of the study. Primary Care patients were invited to participate as respondents of in-depth interviews, which were carried out by the first author at a Primary Care Unit (PCU) in the suburb of Campo Limpo, Southern region of São Paulo, Brazil. Patients were interviewed after reading and signing a Free and Informed Consent Form, holding with them a copy of the Form. Among the final activities of the project, a feedback session at the same PCU is planned to report on the results of the study. All respondents will have the opportunity to contribute further information regarding their antibiotic use and exchange knowledge and experiences on antimicrobial resistance.

Mixed-Method Evaluation of a Community Pharmacy Antimicrobial Stewardship Intervention (PAMSI)

The community pharmacy antimicrobial stewardship intervention (PAMSI) is multi-faceted and underpinned by behavioural science, consisting of the TARGET Antibiotic Checklist, staff e-Learning, and patient-facing materials. This mixed-method study evaluated the effect of PAMSI on community pharmacy staffs’ self-reported antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) behaviours. Data collection included staff pre- and post-intervention questionnaires, qualitative interviews, and TARGET Antibiotic Checklists. Quantitative data were analysed by a multivariate ordinal linear mixed effect model; qualitative data were analysed thematically. A total of 101 staff participated from 66 pharmacies, and six completed semi-structured interviews. The statistical model indicated very strong evidence (p < 0.001) that post-intervention, staff increased their antibiotic appropriateness checks and patient advice, covering antibiotic adherence, antibiotic resistance, infection self-care, and safety-netting. Staff reported feeling empowered to query antibiotic appropriateness with prescribing clinicians. The TARGET Antibiotic Checklist was completed with 2043 patients. Topics patients identified as requiring advice from the pharmacy team included symptom duration, alcohol and food consumption guidance, antibiotic side-effects, and returning unused antibiotics to pharmacies. Pharmacy staff acknowledged the need for improved communication across the primary care pathway to optimise antimicrobial use, and PAMSI has potential to support this ambition if implemented nationally. To support patients not attending a pharmacy in person, an online information tool will be developed.