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Shao R, Su L, Wang P, Han X, Wang T, Dai J, Gu Y, Luo J, Deng L, Liu J. Cadmium Exposure was Associated with Sex-Specific Thyroid Dysfunction: Consistent Evidence from Two Independent Cross-Sectional Studies Based on Urinary and Blood Cadmium Measurements. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04176-7. [PMID: 38630343 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Population-based studies on the association between cadmium (Cd) exposure and thyroid function are limited and have shown conflicting results. Two independent cross-sectional studies using different Cd biomarkers were carried out in six rural areas with different soil Cd levels in China. Thyroid dysfunction was defined based on levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4). Multivariable linear regression, multiple logistic regression, and restrictive cubic splines models were used to estimate the association between Cd and thyroid dysfunction. For both of the two independent studies, higher Cd levels were observed to be associated with lower TSH levels and higher risk of thyroid dysfunction. The negative relationship between urinary Cd and TSH was found in both total participants (β = - 0.072, p = 0.008) and males (β = - 0.119, p = 0.020) but not in females; however, the negative relationship between blood Cd and TSH was only found in females (β = - 0.104, p = 0.024). Higher urinary Cd was associated with higher risk of thyroid dysfunction (OR = 1.77, p = 0.031), while higher blood Cd was associated with higher risk of thyroid dysfunction (OR = 1.95, p = 0.011). Results from the two independent cross-sectional studies consistently suggested that higher Cd levels were associated with sex-specific thyroid dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranqi Shao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Liqin Su
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xu Han
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ting Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yi Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiao Luo
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lifang Deng
- Yuhu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Jingping Liu
- Changde Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changde, 415000, China
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Chung SM, Chang MC. Cadmium exposure and thyroid hormone disruption: a systematic review and meta-analysis. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 0:reveh-2023-0122. [PMID: 38142367 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2023-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This meta-analysis aimed to analyze the effect of cadmium (Cd) exposure on thyroid hormone disruption. CONTENT Databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched for studies published up to December 14, 2022. Studies evaluating the association between Cd exposure (blood Cd [BCd] or urine Cd [UCd]) and thyroid function (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH], free thyroxine [FT4], total triiodothyronine [TT3]) or thyroid autoimmunity (thyroglobulin antibody [TgAb] or thyroperoxidase Ab [TPOAb]) were included. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK This systematic review included 12 cross-sectional studies. Cd exposure showed a neutral association with TSH (pooled correlation=0.016, 95 % confidence interval [CI]=-0.013 to 0.045, p=0.277), FT4 (pooled correlation=0.028, 95 % CI=-0.005 to 0.061, p=0.098), and thyroid autoimmunity (pooled odds ratio=1.143, 95 % CI=0.820-1.591, p=0.430). However, Cd exposure showed a positive association with TT3 (pooled correlation=0.065, 95 % CI=0.050-0.080, p<0.001), which was consistent with the BCd and UCd subgroup analyses (pooled correlation=0.053 and 0.081, respectively, both p<0.001). Cd exposure was not associated with TSH, FT4, or thyroid autoimmunity but tended to increase with TT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Chung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Cheol Chang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Shao R, Su L, Wang P, Han X, Wang T, Dai J, Gu Y, Luo J, Deng L, Liu J. Higher cadmium exposure was associated with sex-specific thyroid dysfunction: Consistent evidence from two independent cross-sectional studies based on urinary and blood cadmium measurements. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3455102. [PMID: 37886500 PMCID: PMC10602156 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3455102/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Population-based studies on the association between cadmium (Cd) exposure and thyroid function are limited and have shown conflicting results. Two independent cross-sectional studies using different Cd biomarkers were carried out in six rural areas with different soil Cd levels in China. Thyroid dysfunction was defined based on levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4). Both multivariable linear regression, multiple logistic regression and restrictive cubic splines models were used to estimate the association between Cd and thyroid dysfunction. For both of the two independent studies, higher Cd levels were observed to be associated with lower TSH levels and higher risk of thyroid dysfunction. The negative relationship between urinary Cd and TSH was found in both total participants (β = -0.072, p = 0.008) and males (β = -0.119, p = 0.020) but not in females, however, the negative relationship between blood Cd and TSH was only found in females (β = -0.104, p = 0.024). Higher urinary Cd (> 2.52 μg/g creatinine) was associated with higher risk of thyroid dysfunction, while higher blood Cd was associated with higher risk of hyperthyroidism status. The adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) for the risk of hyperthyroidism status was 3.48 (95%CI:1.36-8.92) and 6.94 (95%CI:1.23-39.31) times higher with every natural log unit higher in blood Cd in total participants and males, respectively. Results from the two independent cross-sectional studies consistently suggested that higher Cd levels were associated with sex-specific thyroid dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranqi Shao
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Liqin Su
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | | | - Xu Han
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Ting Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Jun Dai
- Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Yi Gu
- Nanjing Agricultural University
| | - Jiao Luo
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Lifang Deng
- Yuhu Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Jingping Liu
- Changde Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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Sun Y, Fang Y, Xu M, Liu Y. Relationship between thyroid antibody levels and ovarian reserve function in infertile chinese women with normal thyroid-stimulating hormone. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:100. [PMID: 37202757 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To analyze the relationship of thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroid globulin antibody levels with ovarian reserve function in infertile women. METHODS The data of 721 infertile patients who visited the hospital from January 2019 to September 2022 and whose thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were in the normal range, were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were divided into two sets of three groups-the negative group, the 2.6 IU/ml ~ 100 IU/ml group and the TPOAb > 100 IU/ml group according to the TPOAb (thyroid peroxidase antibody) level, or the TgAb (anti-thyroglobulin antibody) negative group, the 14.58 IU/ml ~ 100 IU/ml group and the TgAb > 100 IU/ml group according to the TgAb level. They were compared for differences in ovarian reserve function index and thyroid hormone levels and analyzed for the relationship among thyroid antibody levels, ovarian reserve function, and thyroid hormone levels. RESULTS When TSH > 2.5 mIU/L, the bFSH (basal follicle stimulating hormone) level in the TPOAb > 100 IU/ml group (9.10 ± 1.16 IU/L) was significantly higher than that in the TPOAb negative group (8.12 ± 1.97 IU/L) and the 2.6 IU/ml ~ 100 IU/ml group (7.90 ± 1.48 IU/L) (P < 0.05); when TSH ≤ 2.5 mIU/L, there were no statistically significant differences in the bFSH and AFC (antral follicle count) number at different TPOAb levels. Whether TSH ≤ 2.5 mIU/L or TSH > 2.5 mIU/L, there were no statistically significant differences in the bFSH and AFC number at different TgAb levels (P > 0.05). FT3/FT4 ratio in the TPOAb 2.6 IU/ml ~ 100 IU/ml group and the > 100 IU/ml group was significantly lower than in the negative group. FT3/FT4 ratio in the TgAb 14.58 ~ 100 IU/ml group and the > 100 IU/ml group was also significantly lower than in the TgAb negative group (P < 0.05). TSH level in the TPOAb > 100 IU/ml group was significantly higher than in the 2.6 ~ 100 IU/ml group and the TPOAb negative group, but there were no statistically significant differences among different TgAb groups. CONCLUSIONS When TPOAb > 100 IU/ml and TSH > 2.5 mIU/L, it may affect the ovarian reserve function in infertile patients, and the mechanism may be associated with increased TSH and the imbalance of FT3/FT4 ratio caused by the increase of TPOAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Department of Reproductive Technology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 of Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunyao Fang
- Department of Reproductive Technology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 of Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Miaoyi Xu
- Department of Reproductive Technology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 of Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yaofang Liu
- Department of Reproductive Technology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 of Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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The Relationship between Gastrointestinal Health, Micronutrient Concentrations, and Autoimmunity: A Focus on the Thyroid. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173572. [PMID: 36079838 PMCID: PMC9460308 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a lack of understanding of why many patients with thyroid dysfunction remain symptomatic despite being biochemically euthyroid. Gastrointestinal (GI) health is imperative for absorption of thyroid-specific nutrients as well as thyroid function directly. This comprehensive narrative review describes the impact of what the authors have conceptualized as the “nutrient–GI–thyroid axis”. Compelling evidence reveals how gastrointestinal health could be seen as the epicenter of thyroid-related care given that: (1) GI conditions can lower thyroid-specific nutrients; (2) GI care can improve status of thyroid-specific nutrients; (3) GI conditions are at least 45 times more common than hypothyroidism; (4) GI care can resolve symptoms thought to be from thyroid dysfunction; and (5) GI health can affect thyroid autoimmunity. A new appreciation for GI health could be the missing link to better nutrient status, thyroid status, and clinical care for those with thyroid dysfunction.
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