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Rodrigues-Denize N, Zolnikov BTR, Furio F. A systematic review on the physical, mental, and occupational effects of exercise on pregnant women. DIALOGUES IN HEALTH 2024; 4:100181. [PMID: 38813580 PMCID: PMC11133494 DOI: 10.1016/j.dialog.2024.100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Complications in pregnancy have been proven to be less frequent with exercise. The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology suggests pregnant women should exercise an average of 20 to 30 min a day; however, only 13% of pregnant women exercise throughout their pregnancy. This amount could be improved if women are aware that exercise: 1. Can help avoid pregnancy complications or death and 2. Comes in various forms with different health outcomes associated with it. For this reason, this systematic literature review was conducted to review different types of exercise for pregnant women. Peer-reviewed articles were selected to discuss the benefits of the most researched exercises for pregnant women, which included yoga, resistance training, aquatic exercises, dance, and aerobic exercise such as running, walking, and cycling. Data from the review revealed that different types of exercises led to various benefits at different stages of pregnancy. Aquatic activities and yoga helped pregnant women toward the end of their pregnancies, whereas resistance training, dance, and aerobic exercises provided the most benefits during the first trimester. Other studies found that any form of exercise for 30 min a day or every other day for 60 min provided extensive beneficial results. Ultimately, this information could be used to create individualized exercise plans for pregnant women to adhere to throughout their pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - By Tara Rava Zolnikov
- National University, Department of Community Health, San Diego, CA, USA
- California Southern University, School of Behavioral Sciences, Costa Mesa, CA, USA
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Claiborne A, Jevtovic F, May LE. A narrative review of exercise dose during pregnancy. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:1581-1597. [PMID: 37735993 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The current recommendations for prenatal exercise dose align with those from the American College of Sports Medicine; 150 min of moderate intensity every week of pregnancy. However, recent works suggest there may be a dose-dependent beneficial effect for mother and offspring; maternal and offspring health outcomes respond differently to low, medium, and high doses of prenatal exercise. It is, therefore, our aim to summarize the published evidence (years 1950-2023) for five metrics of prenatal exercise training commonly reported, that is, "FITT-V": Frequency (number of sessions), Intensity (metabolic equivalents "METs"), Time (duration of sessions), Type (exercise mode), Volume (exercise MET*mins). The target audience includes clinicians and health care professionals, as well as exercise professionals and physiologists. Data suggest that moderate exercise frequency (3-4 times weekly) appears safe and efficacious for mother and offspring, while there is contradictory evidence for the safety and further benefit of increased frequency beyond 5 sessions per week. Moderate (3-6 METs) and vigorous (>6 METs) intensity prenatal exercise have been shown to promote maternal and offspring health, while little research has been performed on low-intensity (<3 METs) exercise. Exercise sessions lasting less than 1 hr are safe for mother and fetus, while longer-duration exercise should be carefully considered and monitored. Taken together, aerobic, resistance, or a combination of exercise types is well tolerated at medium-to-high volumes and offers a variety of type-specific benefits. Still, research is needed to define (1) the "minimum" effective dose of exercise for mother and offspring health, as well as (2) the maximum tolerable dose from which more benefits may be seen. Additionally, there is a lack of randomized controlled trials addressing exercise doses during the three trimesters of pregnancy. Further, the protocols adopted in research studies should be more standardized and tested for efficacy in different populations of gravid women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Claiborne
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Filip Jevtovic
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda E May
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Beetham KS, Spathis JG, Hoffmann S, Brown WJ, Clifton V, Mielke GI. Longitudinal association of physical activity during pregnancy with maternal and infant outcomes: Findings from the Australian longitudinal study of women's health. WOMEN'S HEALTH (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 18:17455057221142357. [PMID: 36560920 PMCID: PMC9793022 DOI: 10.1177/17455057221142357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity has known benefits during pregnancy; however, the optimum volume of physical activity through the different stages of pregnancy is not well known. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to investigate the associations of physical activity volume in pregnant women in each trimester of pregnancy with maternal and infant outcomes. DESIGN The study involved 1657 pregnant women from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, who completed surveys from 2006 to 2012 (aged 28-39 years). METHODS Women reported being in either the first, second or third trimester of pregnancy. Women were grouped into four groups according to their self-reported physical activity during pregnancy: (1) Nil (0-<33.3 MET.min/week), (2) Low (33.3-<500 MET.min/week), (3) Moderate (500-<1000 MET.min/week) and (4) High (⩾1000 MET.min/week). Women who reported their physical activity during pregnancy completed a survey within three years after the birth, relating to outcomes associated with pregnancy and childbirth (gestational diabetes, hypertension, and antenatal depression and anxiety) and infant outcomes (birthweight and prematurity). RESULTS There was no association of physical activity in any trimester with infant birthweight, prematurity, gestational diabetes, hypertension or antenatal depression. Antenatal anxiety was less prevalent in women who reported low (1.7%) or moderate (1.1%) physical activity than in those who reported no activity (4.7%; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Different amounts of physical activity during pregnancy were not associated with the measured adverse health outcomes. However, low and moderate amounts of physical activity were associated with reduced incidence of antenatal anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassia S Beetham
- School of Behavioural and Health
Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia,School of Exercise and Nutrition
Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia,Kassia S Beetham, School of Behavioural and
Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 1100 Nudgee Road, Banyo,
Brisbane, QLD, 4014, Australia.
| | - Jemima G Spathis
- School of Behavioural and Health
Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Samantha Hoffmann
- School of Exercise and Nutrition
Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Wendy J Brown
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition
Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Vicki Clifton
- Mater Research and Translational
Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gregore I Mielke
- School of Public Health, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Moore IS, James ML, Brockwell E, Perkins J, Jones AL, Donnelly GM. Multidisciplinary, biopsychosocial factors contributing to return to running and running related stress urinary incontinence in postpartum women. Br J Sports Med 2021; 55:1286-1292. [PMID: 34144950 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine contributory factors behind postpartum return-to-running and return to pre-pregnancy running level, in addition to risk factors for postpartum running-related stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS 881 postpartum women completed an online questionnaire. Clinically and empirically derived questions were created relating to running experiences and multidisciplinary, biopsychosocial contributory factors. Logistic regression was used to determine predictors for return-to-running, returning to pre-pregnancy level of running and running-related SUI. RESULTS Median time to first postpartum run was 12 weeks. Running during pregnancy (OR: 2.81 (1.90 to 4.15)), a high weekly running volume (OR: 1.79 (1.22 to 2.63)), lower fear of movement (OR: 0.53 (0.43 to 0.64)) and not suffering vaginal heaviness (OR: 0.52 (0.35-0.76)) increased the odds of return-to-running. Factors that increased the odds of returning to pre-pregnancy running level were a low weekly running volume (OR: 0.38 (0.26 to 0.56)), having more than one child (OR: 2.09 (1.43 to 3.05)), lower fear of movement (OR: 0.78 (0.65 to 0.94)), being younger (OR: 0.79 (0.65 to 0.96)) and shorter time to running after childbirth (OR: 0.74 (0.60 to 0.90)). Risk factors for running-related SUI were having returned to running (OR: 2.70 (1.51 to 4.76)) and suffering running-related SUI pre-pregnancy (OR: 4.01 (2.05 to 7.82)) and during pregnancy (OR: 4.49 (2.86 to 7.06)); having a caesarean delivery decreased the odds (OR: 0.39 (0.23 to 0.65)). CONCLUSION Running during pregnancy may assist women safely return-to-running postpartum. Fear of movement, the sensation of vaginal heaviness and running-related SUI before or during pregnancy should be addressed early by healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S Moore
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Megan L James
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Emma Brockwell
- Private practice, Oxted, UK.,Perinatal Physical Activity Research Group, Canterbury Christchurch University, Canterbury, UK
| | | | - Alex L Jones
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Gráinne M Donnelly
- Perinatal Physical Activity Research Group, Canterbury Christchurch University, Canterbury, UK.,Private practice, ABSOLUTE.PHYSIO, Maguiresbridge, UK.,University of Ulster, Coleraine, Londonderry, UK
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Donnelly GM, Rankin A, Mills H, DE VIVO M, Goom TSH, Brockwell E. Infographic. Guidance for medical, health and fitness professionals to support women in returning to running postnatally. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54:1114-1115. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Beetham KS, Giles C, Noetel M, Clifton V, Jones JC, Naughton G. The effects of vigorous intensity exercise in the third trimester of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2019; 19:281. [PMID: 31391016 PMCID: PMC6686535 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-019-2441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fetal growth is dependent upon utero-placental vascular supply of oxygen and nutrients from the mother and has been proposed to be compromised by vigorous intensity exercise in the third trimester. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of vigorous intensity exercise performed throughout pregnancy, on infant and maternal outcomes. Methods Electronic searching of the PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and CINAHL databases was used to conduct the search up to November 2018. Study designs included in the systematic review were randomised control trials, quasi-experimental studies, cohort studies and case-control studies. The studies were required to include an intervention or report of pregnant women performing vigorous exercise during gestation, with a comparator group of either lower intensity exercise or standard care. Results Ten cohort studies (n = 32,080) and five randomized control trials (n = 623) were included in the systematic review (n = 15), with 13 studies included in the meta-analysis. No significant difference existed in birthweight for infants of mothers who engaged in vigorous physical activity and those who lacked this exposure (mean difference = 8.06 g, n = 8006). Moreover, no significant increase existed in risk of small for gestational age (risk ratio = 0.15, n = 4504), risk of low birth weight (< 2500 g) (risk ratio = 0.44, n = 2454) or maternal weight gain (mean difference = − 0.46 kg, n = 1834). Women who engaged in vigorous physical activity had a small but significant increase in length of gestational age before delivery (mean difference = 0.21 weeks, n = 4281) and a small but significantly reduced risk of prematurity (risk ratio = − 0.20, n = 3025). Conclusions Findings from this meta-analysis indicate that vigorous intensity exercise completed into the third trimester appears to be safe for most healthy pregnancies. Further research is needed on the effects of vigorous intensity exercise in the first and second trimester, and of exercise intensity exceeding 90% of maximum heart rate. Trial registration PROSPERO trial registration CRD42018102109. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12884-019-2441-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassia S Beetham
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 1100 Nudgee Road, Banyo, Brisbane, Queensland, 4014, Australia.
| | - Courtney Giles
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 1100 Nudgee Road, Banyo, Brisbane, Queensland, 4014, Australia
| | - Michael Noetel
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, 1100 Nudgee Road, Banyo, Brisbane, Queensland, 4014, Australia
| | - Vicki Clifton
- Pregnancy and Development, Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacqueline C Jones
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geraldine Naughton
- Department of Educational Studies, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Gijon-Nogueron G, Soler-Crespo FJ, Sanchez-Rodriguez R, Cabello-Marique D, Lopezosa-Reca E, Ortega-Avila AB. Influence of speed and heel-to-toe drop in running shoes for female recreational runners: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15649. [PMID: 31083264 PMCID: PMC6531117 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the popularity of running has boomed and the number of women runners has risen sharply. However, little research has been conducted into the running cycle as concerns female runners. The aim of this study is to analyse, in women runners, the relationships between spatiotemporal parameters in the running cycle, the heel drop in running shoes and a progressive increase in training speed, when running on a treadmill.Thirty-eight female runners were recruited from the Malaga University Athletics Club and Nerja Athletics Club. All were at least 18 years old, recreationally active (3-4 running sessions per week) and able to run 5 km in less than 25 min. Their running performance on a treadmill was recorded and spatiotemporal parameters assessed using the OptoGait system.As the running speed increased (8-12-15 km/h) the spatiotemporal parameters of the running cycle altered: the flight time increased (P < .001) and the contact time decreased (P = .05). Heel drop (4-12 mm) was not significantly associated with any of the parameters (phase 1: P = .198; phase 2: P = .191; phase 3: P = .242).A progressive increase in training speed on a treadmill directly influences the spatiotemporal parameters of the running cycle in women runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gijon-Nogueron
- Department of Nursing and Podiatry, Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Malaga (IBIMA)
| | | | | | - David Cabello-Marique
- Physical Education & Sport Department Sport Science Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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