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Hashim M, Alhazani FA, AlQarni AS, Albogami MA, Alomar AO, Alsultan AS. Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (Shin Splint): Prevalence, Causes, Prevention, and Management in Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2024; 16:e59441. [PMID: 38826935 PMCID: PMC11140428 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/aims Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS), also known as "shin splint", is most often described as exertional leg pain along the shinbone (tibia), which occurs due to the inflammation of the muscles, tendons, and bone tissue in this area. This study aims to assess the prevalence, risk factors, and their association with the development of MTSS, as well as the effective treatments that reduce pain and improve functions among the Saudi general population. Materials and method The present cross-sectional study was conducted on the general population of Saudi Arabia through an electronic survey over a period of three months. The study sample of 443 patients was deemed and considered. The study included participants from the general population in Saudi Arabia above the age of 18. A structured self-response questionnaire was given to the participants after institutional research ethical approval was obtained for the study. Results Among the 443 participants, the majority were male (n = 228, 51.5%), aged 18-29 (n = 227, 51.2%), and residing in the central region of Saudi Arabia (n = 398, 89.8%). Most participants reported engaging in sporting activities (n = 211, 47.6%), with high-intensity training being the most common (n = 93, 44.1%). Only a small proportion (n = 8, 1.8%) reported a previous diagnosis of MTSS. Analysis revealed associations between MTSS prevalence and certain demographic factors, including walking surface preferences and engagement in specific sports. Treatment strategies for MTSS included rest, ice application, physiotherapy, and pain-relieving medication, with varying degrees of satisfaction and recurrence rates among participants. Conclusion The study provides valuable insights into the prevalence, risk factors, management, and preventive measures related to MTSS among the Saudi general population. While certain demographic factors and exercise practices were associated with MTSS prevalence, effective treatment options such as rest, physiotherapy, and appropriate footwear were reported. Moreover, adherence to preventive measures such as stretching, proper footwear selection, and gradual training progression may help mitigate the risk of MTSS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majdi Hashim
- Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, SAU
| | - Faisal A Alhazani
- College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, SAU
| | - Ayedh S AlQarni
- College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, SAU
| | - Mazen A Albogami
- College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, SAU
| | - Abdulrahman O Alomar
- College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, SAU
| | - Abdullah S Alsultan
- College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, SAU
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Sobhani V, Asgari A, Arabfard M, Ebrahimpour Z, Shakibaee A. Comparison of optimized machine learning approach to the understanding of medial tibial stress syndrome in male military personnel. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:126. [PMID: 37386606 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigates the applicability of optimized machine learning (ML) approach for the prediction of Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) using anatomic and anthropometric predictors. METHOD To this end, 180 recruits were enrolled in a cross-sectional study of 30 MTSS (30.36 ± 4.80 years) and 150 normal (29.70 ± 3.81 years). Twenty-five predictors/features, including demographic, anatomic, and anthropometric variables, were selected as risk factors. Bayesian optimization method was used to evaluate the most applicable machine learning algorithm with tuned hyperparameters on the training data. Three experiments were performed to handle the imbalances in the data set. The validation criteria were accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. RESULTS The highest performance (even 100%) was observed for the Ensemble and SVM classification models while using at least 6 and 10 most important predictors in undersampling and oversampling experiments, respectively. In the no-resampling experiment, the best performance (accuracy = 88.89%, sensitivity = 66.67%, specificity = 95.24%, and AUC = 0.8571) was achieved for the Naive Bayes classifier with the 12 most important features. CONCLUSION The Naive Bayes, Ensemble, and SVM methods could be the primary choices to apply the machine learning approach in MTSS risk prediction. These predictive methods, alongside the eight common proposed predictors, might help to more accurately calculate the individual risk of developing MTSS at the point of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Sobhani
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Asgari
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Arabfard
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisoning Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeynab Ebrahimpour
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Shakibaee
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Barendrecht M, Barten CC, van Mechelen W, Verhagen E, Smits-Engelsman BCM. Injuries in Physical Education Teacher Students: Differences between Sex, Curriculum Year, Setting, and Sports. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2023; 2023:8643402. [PMID: 38654919 PMCID: PMC11023724 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8643402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Background Injury risk is high in Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) students. Insights into specific injury locations per sex, setting, sports, and curriculum year are needed to develop preventive measures. Purpose To compare injury distributions by body locations in PETE students and how these distributions differ by sex, type, onset, curriculum year, settings, or sports. Methods In a historical cohort study over 14 years, data from 2899 students (male 76.2%, n = 1947) enlisted in the first three years of a PETE curriculum were analysed. Injuries reported at the institution's medical facility were categorised per sex, body location, onset, type, setting, sports, and curriculum year. Results Forty-three percent (n = 1247) of all students (female 54.9%, n = 523, male 37.2%, and n = 429) reported a total of 2129 injuries (freshmen 56.4%; 2nd year 28.2%; 3rd year 15.5%). The most prevalent sudden onset injury locations (63.4% of all injuries) were the ankle (32.5%) and knee (16.6). The most prevalent gradual onset injuries were the lower leg (27.8%) and knee (25.2%). Joint/ligament injuries (45.8%) and muscle/tendon injuries (23.4%) were the most prevalent injury types. Proportions for injury locations and injury types differed significantly between curriculum years. Injury prevalence per setting and sport differed significantly between the sexes. Injury locations differed significantly between sports and between the sexes per sport. Conclusion A differential approach per injury location, onset, type, sex, setting, sports, and curriculum year is needed to develop adequate preventive measures in PETE studies. The engagement of precurricular, intracurricular, and extracurricular stakeholders is needed in the development of these measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Barendrecht
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences & Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Avans+ Improving Professionals, Claudius Prinsenlaan 140, Breda, Netherlands
| | - Carl C. Barten
- Haagsche Hogeschool, Academie voor Sportstudies, Mr. P. Droogleever Fortuynweg 22, Den Haag, Netherlands
- Sportgeneeskunde Rotterdam, Jan Leentvaarlaan 37-47, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Willem van Mechelen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences & Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Center of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences & Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bouwien C. M. Smits-Engelsman
- University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- Physical Activity Sport and Recreation, Faculty Health Sciences, North West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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Pulsone R, Williams C. Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome and Female Military Recruits. Health (London) 2022. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2022.143021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kuwabara A, Dyrek P, Olson EM, Kraus E. Evidence-Based Management of Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome in Runners. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40141-021-00326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Egerton T, Donkin D, Kazantzis S, Ware H, Moore S. Conceptualisation of a region-based group of musculoskeletal pain conditions as 'tibial loading pain' and systematic review of effects of load-modifying interventions. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:46-52. [PMID: 34366244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Conceptualisation of a clinically-relevant group of conditions as a region-based, load-related musculoskeletal pain condition ('tibial loading pain') to enable identification of evidence of treatment effect from load-modifying interventions. DESIGN Systematic review and evidence synthesis based on a developed and justified theoretical position. METHODS Musculoskeletal pain localised to the tibial (shin) region and consistent with clinical presentations of an exercise/activity-related onset mechanism, was conceptualised as a group of conditions ('tibial loading pain') that could be reasoned to respond to load modifying interventions. Five databases were searched for randomized controlled studies investigating any load-modifying intervention for pain in the anterior-anteromedial lower leg (shin). Study quality was evaluated (Risk of Bias Tool Version 2) and level of certainty for the findings assessed. RESULTS Six studies reporting seven comparisons were included. Interventions included braces, anti-pronation taping, compression stocking and a stretch + strengthening programme. All included studies were assessed as having unclear or high risk of bias. The review found no evidence of beneficial effect from any of the load-modifying interventions on symptoms, physical performance or biomechanical measures, apart from a possible benefit of anti-pronation 'kinesio' taping. There was very low certainty evidence that kinesio taping improves pain and pain-free hopping distance after one week. The braces were associated with minor adverse effects and problems with acceptability. CONCLUSIONS None of the treatments investigated by the included studies can be recommended. Conceptualisation of the problem as regional, primarily loading-related pain rather than as multiple distinct pathoanatomically-based conditions, and clearer load-modifying hypotheses for interventions are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorlene Egerton
- Physiotherapy Department, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Health, Exercise & Sports Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Donkin
- Physiotherapy Department, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Department of Health Professions, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Sia Kazantzis
- Physiotherapy Department, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hannah Ware
- Physiotherapy Department, The University of Melbourne, Australia; The Melbourne Sports Medicine Centre, Australia
| | - Sonya Moore
- Physiotherapy Department, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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Bliekendaal S, Barendrecht M, Stubbe J, Verhagen E. Mechanisms of sport‐related injuries in physical education teacher education students: A descriptive analysis of 896 injuries. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sander Bliekendaal
- Department of Public and Occupational Health Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in SportsAmsterdam Movement ScienceAmsterdam UMC Amsterdam the Netherlands
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Barendrecht
- Mijn Fysio en Adviespunt Den Haag The Netherlands
- Avans+ Breda The Netherlands
| | - Janine Stubbe
- Codarts University of the Arts Rotterdam The Netherlands
- PErforming artist and Athlete Research Lab (PEARL) Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Rotterdam Arts and Science Lab (RASL) Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of General Practice Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in SportsAmsterdam Movement ScienceAmsterdam UMC Amsterdam the Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology Faculty of Health Sciences UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM) University of Capetown Capetown South‐Africa
- Faculty of Physical Therapy & Occupational Therapy School of Physical EducationUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
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Nakamura M, Ohya S, Aoki T, Suzuki D, Hirabayashi R, Kikumoto T, Nakamura E, Ito W, Takabayashi T, Edama M. Differences in muscle attachment proportion within the most common location of medial tibial stress syndrome in vivo. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2019; 105:1419-1422. [PMID: 31575506 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The medial tibial stress syndrome is one of the most common causes of running-related injuries. The primary study objective was to observe the attachment proportion of flexor digitorum longus and soleus, at the most common location of medial tibial stress syndrome, using ultrasonography, on a large cohort of young males and females to evaluate for gender-based anatomical differences. The secondary objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the anatomical features and medial tibial stress syndrome. METHODS In this study, we observed whether or not flexor digitorum longus and/or soleus attached at the middle and distal thirds of the medial margin of the tibia (most common location of medial tibial stress syndrome) using ultrasonography. History of medial tibial stress syndrome was defined by inquiries. RESULTS The Chi2 tests showed that the attachment proportion of the soleus in female participants was significantly higher than that observed in male participants. In addition, Chi2 testing showed that there were no significant differences between attachment proportion of soleus of legs with history of medial tibial stress syndrome and legs without history of medial tibial stress syndrome, in both male and female participants. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that the anatomical features of flexor digitorum longus might be involved in medial tibial stress syndrome development, whereas the anatomical features of the soleus might not be involved in medial tibial stress syndrome development. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III, cross-sectional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamura
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan; Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Shuhei Ohya
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takafumi Aoki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Daichi Suzuki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryo Hirabayashi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan; Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takanori Kikumoto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan; Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Emi Nakamura
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan; Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Wataru Ito
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan; Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoya Takabayashi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan; Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Mutsuaki Edama
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan; Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
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