Exercise for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials and clinical guidelines

The applied study to improve the treatment of knee sports injuries in ultimate frisbee players based on personalized exercise prescription: a randomized controlled trial

Objective

Ultimate frisbee can lead to severe sports injuries, especially joint injuries in the lower limbs, such as knee meniscus injuries. This study examines the impact of personalized exercise therapy on knee meniscus injuries in ultimate frisbee players in the Lingnan region of China.

Methods

Seventy-six patients with confirmed meniscal injuries participated in the study, divided into an intervention group (n = 38) and a control group (n = 38). The control group received standard treatment, including drug therapy and physical therapy. The intervention group received standard treatment plus a personalized exercise regimen based on FITT-VP (frequency, intensity, time, type, volume, and progression) principles, incorporating strength training, aerobic exercise, flexibility training, neuromuscular training, and aquatic exercise. This program was monitored and adjusted over a six-month period through both online and offline methods. The primary outcomes were joint range of motion (ROM), thigh circumference atrophy index (TCAI), Lysholm Rating Scale (LRS) scores, and visual analog scores (VAS). The secondary outcome was the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score. Data were collected before the intervention, and at 1 month and 6 months after the intervention. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 24.0 and GraphPad 10.0, with a significance level set at α = 0.05.

Results

After 1 month, the intervention group showed significantly better results in ROM (116.67 ± 9.063), LRS score (86.316 ± 3.750), and IKDC score (80.473 ± 5.421) compared to the control group (111.784 ± 4.778, 82.579 ± 3.818, and 77.684 ± 4.430, respectively) (p < 0.05). The TCAI (3.219 ± 1.889) and VAS score (1.921 ± 0.673) in the intervention group were significantly lower than those in the control group (5.228 ± 2.131 and 2.710 ± 1.112, respectively) (p < 0.01). After 6 months, the differences in LRS and VAS scores between the groups were not significant. However, the intervention group continued to show significant improvements in ROM (134.934 ± 3.011), TCAI (1.107 ± 1.158), and IKDC score (93.315 ± 1.847) compared to the control group (125.395 ± 18.554, 4.574 ± 1.109, and 87.789 ± 4.437, respectively) (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Personalized exercise prescriptions offer significant therapeutic and rehabilitative benefits for ultimate frisbee players with knee meniscus injuries. This approach helps to reduce symptoms, alleviate pain, and improve joint function, muscle strength, and athletic performance after sports-related injuries.

Supination resistance variations in foot and ankle musculoskeletal disorders: implications for diagnosis and customised interventions with wedged insoles

BACKGROUND

Supination resistance is a clinical outcome that estimates the amount of external force required to supinate the foot. A greater supination resistance may indicate greater loads on structures responsible for generating internal supination moments across the subtalar joint during static and dynamic tasks. As such, greater supination resistance may be an expected finding in medial foot and ankle musculoskeletal disorders, such as plantar fasciopathy (PF) and posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD), whereas reduced supination resistance may be present in lateral ankle disorders, such as chronic ankle instability (CAI). However, no studies have yet investigated the changes in supination resistance across these foot and ankle musculoskeletal disorders. This study aimed to quantify supination resistance in individuals with PF, PTTD and CAI compared to healthy controls. Additionally, this study aimed to explore the changes in supination resistance following the simulation of varus and valgus wedges, which are commonly used interventions for these disorders.

METHODS

Fourteen participants with PF, fourteen with PTTD, fourteen with CAI and fourteen healthy controls were recruited. Supination resistance was quantified on a level surface and on a 10-degree inclined surface with varus and valgus positions.

RESULTS

Supination resistance was lower for the injured foot for CAI (p < 0.001) and greater for PTTD (p < 0.001) compared to the healthy foot. There was no significant between-foot difference observed for PF (p = 0.275) and controls (p = 0.970). In the injured foot, CAI exhibited lower supination resistance compared to controls (p < 0.001), PF (p = 0.012) and PTTD (p = 0.014). Regardless of the groups, supination resistance increased when tested on a surface with valgus inclination (p < 0.001) and decreased when tested on a surface with varus inclination (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Varus and valgus inclinations to the surface were effective in modifying supination resistance in PTTD and CAI, respectively. Supination resistance seemed unchanged in PF, and thus inclining the standing surface leads to greater between-feet asymmetries. This study also highlights the potential of wedged insoles as a mean to customise treatments and modify tissue stresses in these disorders. The findings contribute to the understanding of foot and ankle biomechanics and may aid in the development of more effective management and rehabilitation strategies.

Exercise therapy for tendinopathy: a mixed-methods evidence synthesis exploring feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness

Background

Tendinopathy is a common, painful and functionally limiting condition, primarily managed conservatively using exercise therapy.

Review questions

(i) What exercise interventions have been reported in the literature for which tendinopathies? (ii) What outcomes have been reported in studies investigating exercise interventions for tendinopathy? (iii) Which exercise interventions are most effective across all tendinopathies? (iv) Does type/location of tendinopathy or other specific covariates affect which are the most effective exercise therapies? (v) How feasible and acceptable are exercise interventions for tendinopathies?

Methods

A scoping review mapped exercise interventions for tendinopathies and outcomes reported to date (questions i and ii). Thereafter, two contingent systematic review workstreams were conducted. The first investigated a large number of studies and was split into three efficacy reviews that quantified and compared efficacy across different interventions (question iii), and investigated the influence of a range of potential moderators (question iv). The second was a convergent segregated mixed-method review (question v). Searches for studies published from 1998 were conducted in library databases (n = 9), trial registries (n = 6), grey literature databases (n = 5) and Google Scholar. Scoping review searches were completed on 28 April 2020 with efficacy and mixed-method search updates conducted on 19 January 2021 and 29 March 2021.

Results

Scoping review - 555 included studies identified a range of exercise interventions and outcomes across a range of tendinopathies, most commonly Achilles, patellar, lateral elbow and rotator cuff-related shoulder pain. Strengthening exercise was most common, with flexibility exercise used primarily in the upper limb. Disability was the most common outcome measured in Achilles, patellar and rotator cuff-related shoulder pain; physical function capacity was most common in lateral elbow tendinopathy. Efficacy reviews - 204 studies provided evidence that exercise therapy is safe and beneficial, and that patients are generally satisfied with treatment outcome and perceive the improvement to be substantial. In the context of generally low and very low-quality evidence, results identified that: (1) the shoulder may benefit more from flexibility (effect sizeResistance:Flexibility = 0.18 [95% CrI 0.07 to 0.29]) and proprioception (effect sizeResistance:Proprioception = 0.16 [95% CrI -1.8 to 0.32]); (2) when performing strengthening exercise it may be most beneficial to combine concentric and eccentric modes (effect sizeEccentricOnly:Concentric+Eccentric = 0.48 [95% CrI -0.13 to 1.1]; and (3) exercise may be most beneficial when combined with another conservative modality (e.g. injection or electro-therapy increasing effect size by ≈0.1 to 0.3). Mixed-method review - 94 studies (11 qualitative) provided evidence that exercise interventions for tendinopathy can largely be considered feasible and acceptable, and that several important factors should be considered when prescribing exercise for tendinopathy, including an awareness of potential barriers to and facilitators of engaging with exercise, patients' and providers' prior experience and beliefs, and the importance of patient education, self-management and the patient-healthcare professional relationship.

Limitations

Despite a large body of literature on exercise for tendinopathy, there are methodological and reporting limitations that influenced the recommendations that could be made.

Conclusion

The findings provide some support for the use of exercise combined with another conservative modality; flexibility and proprioception exercise for the shoulder; and a combination of eccentric and concentric strengthening exercise across tendinopathies. However, the findings must be interpreted within the context of the quality of the available evidence.

Future work

There is an urgent need for high-quality efficacy, effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and qualitative research that is adequately reported, using common terminology, definitions and outcomes.

Study registration

This project is registered as DOI: 10.11124/JBIES-20-00175 (scoping review); PROSPERO CRD 42020168187 (efficacy reviews); https://osf.io/preprints/sportrxiv/y7sk6/ (efficacy review 1); https://osf.io/preprints/sportrxiv/eyxgk/ (efficacy review 2); https://osf.io/preprints/sportrxiv/mx5pv/ (efficacy review 3); PROSPERO CRD42020164641 (mixed-method review).

Funding

This project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) HTA programme and will be published in full in HTA Journal; Vol. 27, No. 24. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

Characteristics and Future Direction of Tibialis Posterior Tendinopathy Research: A Scoping Review

Background and Objectives: Tibialis posterior tendon pathologies have been traditionally categorized into different stages of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD), or adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD), and more recently to progressive collapsing foot deformity (PCFD). The purpose of this scoping review is to synthesize and characterize literature on early stages of PTTD (previously known as Stage I and II), which we will describe as tibialis posterior tendinopathy (TPT). We aim to identify what is known about TPT, identify gaps in knowledge on the topics of TPT, and propose future research direction. Materials and Methods: We included 44 studies and categorized them into epidemiology, diagnosis, evaluation, biomechanics outcome measure, imaging, and nonsurgical treatment. Results: A majority of studies (86.4%, 38 of 44 studies) recruited patients with mean or median ages greater than 40. For studies that reported body mass index (BMI) of the patients, 81.5% had mean or median BMI meeting criteria for being overweight. All but two papers described study populations as predominantly or entirely female gender. Biomechanical studies characterized findings associated with TPT to include increased forefoot abduction and rearfoot eversion during gait cycle, weak hip and ankle performance, and poor balance. Research on non-surgical treatment focused on orthotics with evidence mostly limited to observational studies. The optimal exercise regimen for the management of TPT remains unclear due to the limited number of high-quality studies. Conclusions: More epidemiological studies from diverse patient populations are necessary to better understand prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for TPT. The lack of high-quality studies investigating nonsurgical treatment options is concerning because, regardless of coexisting foot deformity, the initial treatment for TPT is typically conservative. Additional studies comparing various exercise programs may help identify optimal exercise therapy, and investigation into further nonsurgical treatments is needed to optimize the management for TPT.

Three-dimensional motion analysis of the hindfoot resulting from simulated contraction of individual lower leg muscles utilizing Thiel-embalmed cadavers

BACKGROUND

Joint movement within the foot is complex involving multiple muscles. We evaluated three-dimensional movement of the hindfoot through simulated traction of extrinsic tendons of the foot.

METHODS

Six Thiel-embalmed cadavers were utilized and thread was sutured to each tendon of the lower leg muscles. Traction of the thread was prescribed and the change of calcaneal position used to quantify foot motion was measured for each increment using a magnetic tracking system.

RESULTS

As the tendon traction length advanced, the angle of the calcaneus with respect to the tibia increased linearly. Eversion and abduction angles due to extensor digitorum longus (EDL) traction were significantly greater than that due to the peroneus longus. Plantarflexion due to Achilles tendon traction was significantly greater than that of other plantarflexors.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrated three-dimensional characteristics of hindfoot motion by simulated muscle contraction and importance of EDL as an evertor. These information should be applicable for tendon transfer procedures around the ankle and physical therapy for ankle dysfunction such as chronic ankle instability.

Resistance Training Interventions for Lower Limb Tendinopathies: A Scoping Review of Resistance Training Reporting Content, Quality, and Scientific Implementation

The objectives of this scoping review were as follows: (1) to describe what exercises and intervention variables are used in resistance training interventions for lower limb tendinopathy,  (2) to assess the completeness of reporting as assessed by the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT) and the Toigo and Boutellier framework, and (3) to assess the implementation of scientific resistance training principles. We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Library databases. Randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case series, case reports, and observational studies that reported using resistance exercises for lower limb tendinopathies were considered for inclusion, with 194 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Completeness of the reporting of exercise descriptors and programme variables was assessed by the CERT and the Toigo and Boutellier framework. Reporting of exercise descriptor items from the Toigo and Boutellier framework ranged from 0 to 13, with an average score of 9/13, with only 9 studies achieving a full 13/13. Reporting of items from the CERT ranged from 0 to 18, with an average score of 13/19. No study achieved a full 19/19; however, 8 achieved 18/19. Scoring for resistance training principles ranged from 1 to 10, with only 14 studies achieving 10/10. Eccentric heel-drops were the most common exercise (75 studies), followed by isotonic heel raises (38), and single-leg eccentric decline squats (27). The reporting of exercise descriptors and intervention content was high across studies, with most allowing exercise replication, particularly for Achilles and patellar tendinopathy. However, reporting for some tendinopathies and content items such as adherence was poor, limiting optimal translation to clinical practice.

Current understanding of the diagnosis and management of the tendinopathy: An update from the lab to the clinical practice

Tendinopathy is labeled by many authors as a troublesome, common pathology, present in up to 30% medical care consultations involving musculoskeletal conditions. Despite the lasting interest for addressing tendon pathology, current researchers agree that even the exact definition of the term tendinopathy is unclear. Tendinopathy is currently diagnosed as a clinical hypothesis based on the patient symptoms and physical context. One of the main goals of current clinical management is to personalize treatment approaches to adapt them to the many different needs of the population. Tendons are complex structures that unite muscles and bones with two main objectives: to transmit forces and storage and release energy. Regarding the tensile properties of the tendons, several authors argued that tendons have higher tensile strength compared with muscles, however, are considered less flexible. Tendinopathy is an accepted term which is used to indicated a variety of tissue conditions that appear in injured tendons and describes a non-rupture damage in the tendon or paratendon, which is intensified with mechanical loading Even when the pathoetiology of tendinopathy is unclear, there is a wide array of treatments available to treat and manage tendinopathy. Although tendinitis usually debuts with an inflammatory response, the majority of chronic tendinopathies do not present inflammation and so the choosing of treatment should vary depending on severity, compliance, pain and duration of symptoms. The purpose of this article is to review and provide an overview about the currently research of the tendon diagnosis, management and etiology.

MSC-derived immunomodulatory extracellular matrix functionalized electrospun fibers for mitigating foreign-body reaction and tendon adhesion

Adhesion formation during tendon healing remains a severe problem in clinical practice. Multiple factors contribute to postoperative adhesion formation, and macrophage-driven inflammation is thought to be greatly involved in this process. We hypothesize that reducing macrophage-mediated inflammation in the injured tendon by regulating M1 to M2 macrophage polarization may effectively inhibit adhesion formation. Here, we developed an acellular immunomodulatory biomaterial consisting of an electrospun polycaprolactone/silk fibroin (PCL/SF) composite fibrous scaffold functionalized with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular matrix (ECM). To enhance the immunoregulatory potential of MSCs, we performed inflammatory licensing with IFN-γ to obtain immunomodulatory ECM (iECM). Proteomic analyses of MSCs and their secreted ECM components from different culture conditions revealed the MSC-ECM molecular signatures and the potential mechanism of ECM immunoregulation. Then, the immunoregulatory potential of the iECM-modified scaffold was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Relative to the PCL/SF fibrous scaffold, the iECM-functionalized scaffold facilitated M2 macrophage polarization and inhibited the expression of multiple cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL11, IL-10, IL-1R2, and TGF-β1) in vitro, strongly suggesting the immunosuppressive ability of iECM derived from inflammatory licensed MSCs. Consistent with the in vitro findings, the results of rat subcutaneous implantation indicated that a markedly lower foreign-body reaction (FBR) was obtained in the PCL/SF-iECM group than in the other groups, as evidenced by thinner fibrotic capsule formation, less type I collagen production and more M2-type macrophage polarization. In the rat Achilles tendon injury model, the PCL/SF-iECM scaffold greatly mitigated tendon adhesion with clear sheath space formation between the tendon and the scaffold. These data highlight the immunomodulatory potential of iECM-functionalized fibrous scaffolds to attenuate FBR by modulating M2 macrophage polarization, thereby preventing tendon adhesion. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Electrospun PCL/SF fibrous scaffolds functionalized with ECM secreted by MSCs stimulated by inflammatory factor IFN-γ was developed that combined physical barrier and immunomodulatory functions to prevent tendon adhesion formation. PCL/SF micro-nanoscale bimodal fibrous scaffolds prepared by emulsion electrospinning possess high porosity and a large pore size beneficial for nutrient transport to promote intrinsic healing; moreover, surface modification with immunomodulatory ECM (iECM) mitigates the FBR of fibrous scaffolds to prevent tendon adhesion. The iECM-functionalized electrospun scaffolds exhibit powerful immunomodulatory potency in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the iECM-modified scaffolds, as an anti-adhesion physical barrier with immunomodulatory ability, have an excellent performance in a rat Achilles tendon adhesion model. MSC secretome-based therapeutics, as an acellular regenerative medicine strategy, are expected to be applied to other inflammatory diseases due to its strong immunoregulatory potential.

The Impact of Foot Orthoses and Exercises on Pain and Navicular Drop for Adult Flatfoot: A Network Meta-Analysis

Background: Adult flatfoot leads to injury and decreased quality of life. The most widely applied noninvasive approaches are wearing foot orthoses or exercising. Both interventions raise controversy about reducing pain and neutralizing foot posture. This study investigated the impact of foot orthoses and exercise on pain and navicular drop (present for foot posture). Methods: Four databases were used: MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane, from the earliest records to November 2020. Randomized controlled studies focused on adult flatfoot that evaluated the effect of exercise and foot orthoses on pain and navicular drop were extracted. We used data analysis to estimate the relative effect of heterogeneity using I² and publication bias using funnel plots. Results: Ten studies were identified through to November 2020. Active interventions (AIs) were exercise and exercise combined with foot orthoses; passive interventions (PIs) were foot orthoses and added stretching. Both AIs and PIs decreased pain significantly (SMD −0.94, 95% CI −1.35, −0.54 and SMD −1.4, 95% CI −1.87, −0.92). The AIs reduced pain level better than PIs. Controversially, no treatment was found to affect navicular drop. Conclusion: Both exercise and foot orthoses can reduce pain but not realign foot posture. Exercise alone or combined with foot orthoses showed a better effect on adult flatfoot than only wearing foot orthoses. Active intervention was shown to have better efficacy in reducing pain than passive intervention.

Nonsurgical Approach in Management of Tibialis Posterior Tendinopathy With Combined Radial Shockwave and Foot Core Exercises: A Case Series

Tibialis posterior tendinopathy is a common debilitating condition seen by foot and ankle providers. Non-operative management is difficult as patients often present in later stages of the disease. This case series evaluated the combination of radial shockwave therapy and a foot core progression exercise regimen on 10 patients who had failed standard conservative treatment techniques. Median follow-up time was 4 months. Clinically important differences in the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure were met in 9 (90%) and 8 (80%) of patients for activities of daily living and sport sub-scores, respectively. No adverse effects were observed.

Relationships Between Relative Ankle Muscle Ratios, Severity of Symptoms, and Radiologic Parameters in Adolescent Patients With Symptomatic Flexible Flat Feet

Objective

To investigate differences in the relative sizes of the ankle-stabilizing muscles in individuals with versus without flexible flat feet and to determine predictors of symptom severity.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 30 patients with symptomatic flexible flat feet and 24 normal controls. The following were evaluated: foot posture index, resting calcaneal stance position angle, radiographic findings (calcaneal pitch, Meary’s angle, talocalcaneal angle, talonavicular coverage angle [TNCA]), foot function index (FFI), and cross-sectional areas (CSA) of the tibialis anterior (TA), tibialis posterior (TP), and peroneus longus (PL) upon ultrasonographic examination. To address morphometric differences among participants, individual muscle measurements were normalized to proportions of total muscle CSA. Between-group differences were evaluated with independent t-tests. Correlations between muscle ratios, radiographic parameters, and FFI scores were investigated. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine which parameters predicted severe symptoms.

Results

The relative size of the TP was significantly greater and those of the TA and PL were significantly smaller in patients with flat feet than in normal controls. Correlations were found among relative muscle CSA ratios, radiographic parameters, and FFI score. Linear regression analysis confirmed that the TNCA and the relative CSA of the PL were independent predictors of symptom severity.

Conclusion

This study found significant differences in the relative CSAs of the ankle muscles in patients with flexible flat feet versus individuals without flat feet; these differences were significantly correlated with anatomic abnormalities. Symptoms were more severe in patients with relatively greater forefoot abduction and relatively smaller PL.

The Template for Intervention Description and Replication as a Measure of Intervention Reporting Quality: Rasch Analysis

Objective

To determine whether the 12 items of the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) can be combined into a single summary score reflecting intervention reporting completeness and quality.

Design

Systematic review and reanalysis of published data. After a systematic search of the published literature, 16 review articles were retrieved with 489 sets of 12 TIDieR ratings of experimental intervention, comparator, or the 2 combined as reported in primary studies. These 489 sets were recoded into a common format and analyzed using Rasch analysis for binary items.

Setting

Not applicable.

Participants

Not applicable.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Psychometric qualities of a Rasch Analysis-based TIDieR summary score.

Results

The data fit the Rasch model. Infit and outfit values were generally acceptable (range, 0.70-1.45). TIDieR was reasonably unidimensional in its structure. However, the person (here: study) separation ratio was 1.25 with a corresponding reliability of 0.61. In addition, the confidence interval around each estimate of reporting completeness was wide (model standard error of 0.78).

Conclusion

Several Rasch indicators suggested that TIDieR is not a strong instrument for assessing the quality of a researcher's reporting on an intervention. It is recommended that it be used with caution. Improvements in TIDieR itself may make it more helpful as a reporting tool.

Biomechanical effects of three types of foot orthoses in individuals with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction

BACKGROUND

Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) is characterized by degeneration of this tendon leading to a flattening of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot. Foot orthoses (FOs) can be used as a treatment option, but their biomechanical effects on individuals with PTTD are not yet fully understood.

RESEARCH QUESTION

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three types of FOs on gait biomechanics in individuals with PTTD.

METHODS

Fourteen individuals were recruited with painful stage 1 or 2 PTTD based on Johnson and Strom's classification. Quantitative gait analysis of the affected limb was performed in four conditions: shoes only (Shoe), prefabricated FO (PFO), neutral custom FO (CFO) and custom varus FO (CVFO) with a 5° medial wedge and a 4 mm medial heel skive. A curve analysis, using 1D statistical parametric mapping, was undertaken to assess differences in lower limb joint motion, joint moments and muscle activity over the stance phase of gait across conditions.

RESULTS

Decreased hindfoot eversion angles, decreased ankle inversion moments and increased ankle eversion moments were observed with custom FOs compared to the Shoe and PFO conditions (p < 0.001). CFOs and CVFOs induced an increased knee abduction moment compared to Shoe (p < 0.001). No changes in hip kinematics and kinetics or in EMG activity of tested muscles were observed between conditions.

SIGNIFICANCE

Custom orthoses may be more suitable than PFOs to decrease the pathological biomechanical outcomes observed in PTTD. Decreased ankle inversion moments during the stance phase could explain why custom orthoses are effective at reducing pain in PTTD patients. However, clinicians should be careful when prescribing custom orthoses for PTTD since unwanted collateral biomechanical effects can be observed at the knee.

Resistance Exercises in Early Functional Rehabilitation for Achilles Tendon Ruptures Are Poorly Described: A Scoping Review

OBJECTIVES

To (1) describe which resistance exercises are used in the first 8 weeks of treatment for acute Achilles tendon rupture and (2) assess the completeness of reporting of the exercise descriptions.

DESIGN

Scoping review.

LITERATURE SEARCH

We searched the MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) databases.

STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case series (10 or more participants) that reported using resistance exercise in the immobilization period in the first 8 weeks of treatment for acute Achilles tendon rupture were included.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Completeness of exercise description was assessed with the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT) and the Toigo and Boutellier exercise descriptor framework.

RESULTS

Thirty-eight studies were included. Fifty-one resistance exercises were extracted and categorized as isometric exercises (n = 20), heel raises (n = 6), strengthening with external resistance (n = 13), or unspecified (n = 12). A median of 8 (interquartile range, 6-10) of a possible 19 CERT items was reported. The amount of items described of the 13 Toigo and and Boutellier exercise descriptors ranged from 0 to 11.

CONCLUSION

A variety of resistance exercises targeted at the ankle plantar flexors were used as part of early functional rehabilitation after Achilles tendon rupture. However, most studies provided inadequate description of resistance exercise interventions. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50(12):681-691. Epub 23 Oct 2020. doi:10.2519/jospt.2020.9463.

Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome in Novice and Recreational Runners: A Systematic Review

This systematic review evaluates the existing literature about medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) in novice and recreational runners. PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and CINAHL databases were searched until July 2020. Studies covering risk factors, diagnostic procedures, treatment methods and time to recovery of MTSS in novice and recreational runners were selected. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria and were included. The risk factors of MTSS are mainly intrinsic and include higher pelvic tilt in the frontal plane, peak internal rotation of the hip, navicular drop and foot pronation, among others. Computed tomography (CT) and pressure algometry may be valid instruments to corroborate the presence of this injury and confirm the diagnosis. Regarding treatment procedures, arch-support foot orthoses are able to increase contact time, normalize foot pressure distribution and similarly to shockwave therapy, reduce pain. However, it is important to take into account the biases and poor methodological quality of the included studies, more research is needed to confirm these results.

"I need somebody who knows about feet" a qualitative study investigating the lived experiences of conservative treatment for patients with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction

BACKGROUND

Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is a disabling, chronic, progressive tendon condition that detrimentally affects foot, ankle and lower limb function. Research suggests that posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is poorly recognised and difficult to treat. When posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is diagnosed, the clinician is faced with a weak evidence base and guidelines for the common conservative treatments.to guide their management. Moreover, there are no current evidence-based guidelines for the conservative management of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Emerging research suggests that posterior tibial tendon dysfunction not only has a physical impact on the patient, but it also has psychosocial impact on quality of life.Conservative treatments for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction are generally undertaken during early management. The most common are foot orthoses, exercises, bracing, lifestyle changes and injections. Quantitative evidence supporting conservative treatments for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction in relation to function, pain and patient reported outcome measures are reported in the literature.There is a paucity of qualitative research investigating the psychosocial impact of the common treatments for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Interpretative phenomenology is concerned with lived experience which is involves the detailed exploration of experience which is embedded within the social and temporal contexts of the lifeworld of the person. The aim of study research is to investigate the lived experience of conservative treatments for patients who have posterior tibial tendon dysfunction using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.

METHODS

Five participants with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction were purposively recruited from a private podiatry practice and semi-structured interviews were conducted to examine their lived experiences of treatment for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. The data for this study was collected and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.

RESULTS

This research identified three superordinate themes which influenced the lived experience of treatment for these patients (i) adverse experience during the patient journey (ii) treatment burden, and (iii) negative self-concept.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights some of what is anecdotally known about the lived experience of treatment for patients with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, but has never been studied in a qualitative, methodological manner. This study addresses the gap in the qualitative literature. It reveals novel aspects of the lived experience throughout the patient journey, the detrimental impact of treatment burden, loss and negative self-concept. This evidence is important because it highlights the need for a greater understanding of the psychological and social factors that can influence the lived experience of treatment for this group of patients.